Anterior debridement, grafting of the defect and posterior instrumentation as a single-stage procedure is a controversial method of managing pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Between 1994 and 2005, 37 patients underwent this procedure at our hospital, of which two died and three had inadequate follow-up. The remaining 32 were reviewed for a mean of 36 months (12 to 66). Their mean age was 48 years (17 to 68). A significant pre-operative neurological deficit was present in 13 patients (41%). The mean duration of surgery was 285 minutes (240 to 360) and the mean blood loss was 900 ml (300 to 1600). Pyogenic organisms were isolated in 21 patients (66%). All patients began to mobilise on the second post-operative day. The mean hospital stay was 13.6 days (10 to 20). Appropriate antibiotics were administered for 10 to 12 weeks. Early wound infection occurred in four patients (12.5%), and late infection in two (6.3%). At final follow-up, the infection had resolved in all patients, neurological recovery was seen in ten of 13 (76.9%) and interbody fusion had occurred in 30 (94%). The clinical outcome was excellent or good in 30 patients according to Macnab’s criteria. This surgical protocol can be used to good effect in patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis when combined with appropriate antibiotic therapy

Four infants between 2 and 13 weeks of age developed vertebral osteomyelitis. Their symptoms were different from those of children with discitis in that our patients were systemically ill, there was almost complete dissolution of involved vertebral bodies with either normal or nearly normal adjacent vertebral endplates, and three of the four children had recurrence of infection. The importance of long-term antibiotic treatment is emphasised. Years later the radiographic appearance of these children can be identical to congenital kyphosis with either anterior failure of segmentation or posterior hemivertebrae. The treatment should be the same as for congenital kyphosis with early bracing in extension and early fusion for progressive kyphosis

The June 2015 Spine Roundup360 looks at: Less is more in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis; Paracetamol out of favour in spinal pain but effective for osteoarthritis; Local wound irrigation to reduce infection?; Lumbar facet joint effusion: a reliable prognostic sign?; SPORT for the octogenarian; Neurological deterioration following traumatic spinal cord injury; PROMS in spinal surgery

Aim. Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is an infection of the spine mostly caused by bacterial pathogens. The pathogenesis leading to destruction of intervertebral discs (IVD) and adjacent vertebral bodies (VB) is poorly described. We aimed to investigate the connection between infection, bone- and disc-metabolism in VO patients. Method. Fourteen patients with VO (infection group) and 14 patients with incomplete burst fractures of the spine (fracture group as controls) were included prospectively. Demographic data, treatment details, laboratory infection markers, and patient-reported outcome were assessed. Tissue biopsies from affected IVDs and adjacent VBs were analyzed for mRNA-expression levels of 18 target genes including chemokines, adipokines and genes involved in bone-metabolism by RT-qPCR. Results. The Receptor activator of NF-κB/Osteoprotegerin (RANK/OPG) expression ratio was elevated in VB and IVD of the infection group (p<0.001 and p=0.028, respectively). The RANK-ligand (RANKL)/OPG expression ratio was elevated in VB of the infection group (p<0.01). Expressions of the chemokines IL8 and CCL20 were higher in VB samples of the infection group. The expression of leptin was higher in IVD tissue, the mRNA expression of omentin and resistin was lower in VBs of the infection group. OPG mRNA expression was lower in infected VB and in IVD tissue compared to the fracture group. Conclusions. We identified similar expression patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis in VBs and IVDs of patients with VO. This finding suggests that common immuno-metabolic pathways are involved in mechanisms leading to tissue degradation in VBs and IVDs during VO

Introduction: Purpose of this study is to evaluate retrospectively 61 cases of spinal infections, unrelated to previous spinal surgical treatment. We included patients with drug addiction. Objective of this study is to analyze the results of treatment using a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. This procedure may allow a systematic and comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and management of vertebral osteomyelitis. For instance, despite advances in imaging, this pathology is easily missed and treatment is often delayed. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 61 patients aged 15–83 (average 52y) treated between January 1997 and March 2001. All patients received plain radiographs, gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Ga-67 and Tc-99 scintigraphy. A total of 36 patients underwent CT- guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: the coltures of spinal specimen were positive in 47% (17/36) of cases. Blood coltures were positive in 65% (13/20). Results: Staphylococcus Aureus was the main organism followed by Mycobacterium Tubercolosis and Staphylococcus Epidermidis. All patients received intravenous antibiotics. Neurologic impairment was present in 13 (26%) patients who underwent surgery. All patients with paresis recovered completely after surgical decompression (100%). Patients with nonsurgical spondylodiscitis were treated with bed rest and bracing. They reported residual back pain not frequently 22% (8/36) than patients treated surgically 38% (5/13). Conclusions: the outcome of patients with vertebral osteomyelitis in general is favourable when appropriate treatment is picked even if vertebral osteomyelitis is a rare condition and because of this often overlooked initially. Delay in diagnosis may results in spine impairment, more hospitalisation time and more cost. We suggest diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in order to simplify the treatment

Introduction: Haematogenous pyogenic spinal infection encompasses spondylodiskitis, septic discitis, vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess. Management of pyogenic spinal infection can involve conservative methods and surgical intervention. We carried out a retrospective review of 48 cases of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis presenting over a twelve-year period to the National Spinal Injuries Unit of the Republic Of Ireland. Our objective was to analyze the presentation, aetiology, management and outcome of 48 cases of non-tuberculous pyogenic spinal infection. Methods: Both the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry (HIPE) System and the National Spinal Injuries Unit Database were used to identify our study cohort. The medical records, blood results, radiologic imaging and bacteriology results of all patients identified were reviewed. Results: The average age of presentation was 59 years with an almost even distribution between males and females. Most patients took between three and six weeks to present to hospital. Diagnosis was confirmed by serological testing of inflammatory markers and radiological imaging. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Staph. aureus (75% of cases). 94% of cases were managed by conservative measures alone, including antibiotic therapy and spinal bracing. However, in 6% of cases surgical intervention was required due to neurological compromise or mechanical instability. Conclusions: With this large cohort of non-tuberculous, pyogenic spinal infections from the NSIU, we conclude that Staph. aureus is the predominent pathogen. In the vast majority, conservative management with antibiotic therapy and spinal bracing is very successful. However in 6% of cases surgical intervention is warranted and referral to a specialist centre is appropriate

Haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVO) is a relatively rare disorder which accounts for 2–4% of all cases of infectious bone disease. In recent years, the incidence of spinal infections seems to have increased according to the growing number of intravenous drug users in young people and with the use of intravenous access devices, genitourinary surgery and manipulation in the elderly. Men are more frequently affected than women, with an average age of onset in the fifth and sixth decade of life. The onset of symptoms is typically insidious, with neck or back pain often underestimated by the patient. The early diagnosis is also difficult due to the non-specific nature of laboratory and radiographic findings. The frequent observation of back pain also makes the diagnosis a challenge in most cases. Several studies in the literature report an average delay in the diagnosis of HVO from 2 to 6 months after the beginning of the symptoms. In this article we review the clinical features and the diagnostic approach to HVO in order to optimise treatment strategies and follow-up assessment. From 1997 to 2003 we treated 153 patients affected by vertebral osteomyelitis. The localisation was cervical in 11.5% of the cases, thoracic in 31% and lumbar in 57.5% cases. In all, 92 CT needle biopsies were performed without any complications. We were able to identify the microbiological pattern in 57% of cases (the most represented bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobaterium tuberculosis) whereas in 47% of cases we could not identify any micro-organismus. Treatment was conservative in 112 cases and surgical in 41 cases. Most of the studies in the literature consider HVO as a challenge for the physician: symptoms are not specific and sub-acute or chronic presentation is most common. In general, a delay in diagnosis is the rule rather than the exception. This is an easily missed infectious process, particularly in the elderly, in whom degenerative radiographic changes and conditions resulting in back pain, such as osteoporotic fractures or spinal metastases, are common and signs of sepsis may not become manifest. However, persisting localised back pain and tenderness with elevated ESR should prompt the physician to also consider HVO, although fever and leucocytosis may often not be present. Once HVO is suspected, a long series of imaging and laboratory tests, and if necessary surgical procedures, must be initiated. The purpose of this study is to formulate a systematic, comprehensive and simple approach to the management of this disease following the diagnostic algorithm suggested

Aim. bone and joint infection (BJI) in aging population, continues to be associated with significant morbi-mortality. In western Europeans countries, the Gram positive BJI are preponderant. Vancomycin was the “gold standard” and the full treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Dalbavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptideanalog of teicoplanin class of antibiotics with bactericidal activity and a long half-life. The use of dalbavancin in BJI could be an option. Methods. during November 2017 and April 2019, Dalbavancin was used in monotherapy as salvage option in BJI: 1500 mg, 1. st. (D1) and 8. th. day (D8), repeated if needed. The clinical and biological follow up was for 6 months if osteomyelitis or BJI without prosthesis and 1 year if prosthesis (PJI). Results. the demographics of 16 patients are: 75.0% men (n=12), mean age 77.8 years [64–90], 37.5% (n=6) diabetes, 68.8% (n=11) renal failure, 37.5% (n=6) atrial fibrillation, 18.8% (n=3) cardiac bioprosthesis, 31.2% (n=5) lower limb arteriopathy, and one patient with active neoplasia. The BJI characteristic's: 50% (n=8) secondary to health care;5 vertebral osteomyelitis; 12 lower limb BJI : 8 joint infection of witch 6 PJI (4 knee, 2 hip) and 4 foot osteomyelitis; 2 shoulder PJI; 3 patients had 2 or more localisations of BJI. In 68.8% (11/16) BJI, bacteraemia occurred with 68.8% (n=11) of possible or certain infective endocarditis (Duke criteria) and 37.5% (n=6) of deep abscess. The DAIR was of 83.4% (5/6). Monobacterian biopsy in 75.0% (n=12). Out of 32 micro-organisms, 25 were Dalbavancin susceptible:56.0% (14/25) Staphylococcus aureus (10 methicillin susceptible), 3 Streptococcus, 5 Enterococcus faecalis, 2 Corynebacterium, 1 coagulase negative staphylococcus. Mean of 1. st. antibiotherapy: 18.3 days [0–49], with 2 patients who had dalbavancine as only antibiotic. Number of dalbavancine doses: 75% (n=12) patients had 2 injection (D1, D8), 18.8% (n=3), 4 injections D1, D8, D28 and D35 and 1 patient had one dose. Principal reason of changing by dalbavancine: 50% (8/16) poor tolerance of antibiotics, 12.5% (2/16) poor compliance of patient, 18.8% (3/16) poor efficacy of 1. st. antibiotherapy, 18.8 %(3/16) only for the patient's comfort. Clinically success: 75% (12/16) with 5 patients in follow up today. Three patients died and one is cured with teicoplanin and rifampicin. Three patients presented side effects: one diarrhea, one headache and one transient asthenia. No renal damage was found and no allergy. Conclusion. This report highlights the potential role of dalbavancin in treating unstable and weak patients who require long-term antimicrobial therapy with fewer antibiotic choices

Aim. Spondylodiscitis and vertebral osteomyelitis can lead to long-term sequelae if not diagnosed and treated promptly and appropriately. The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH) has devised a new spinal infection referral system within the UK that allows cases to be discussed in a specialist multi-disciplinary (MDT) forum. National guidelines were devised in 2013 to help guide treatment, which recommends both tissue biopsies from the affected region and a MRI of the entire spine. The aims of this study were to assess the current treatment and referral practices and compare them with the set guidelines. It is hypothesised that a high percentage of patients are started on antibiotics without a biopsy or a positive set of blood cultures, a low percentage of patients are referred without undergoing a MRI of the full spine and that there is a long delay in referral to the MDT. Method. A retrospective case study analysis was carried out on all spinal infection referrals received by the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital over a 2-year period (2014–16), using the standards set by the current national guidelines. Clinical features, haematology results, imaging, biopsy results, treatment and outcome were all reviewed. Three key areas were addressed; whether antibiotics were commenced before positive cultures or biopsy, whether a MRI of the entire spine was performed and the time taken for referral from the onset of symptoms. Results. A total of 49 cases were identified, the average age was 56 years and the majority were male (67%). The most common organisms grown were staphylococcus aureus and mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lumbar (37%) and thoracic (31%) spine were the most predominant regions affected. As predicted only 42% of the patients were referred with a whole spine MRI, only 33% had a biopsy and 29% had positive blood cultures before starting antibiotics. The average time to referral was 62 days overall (10 days for acute referrals). Conclusions. This multicentre study highlights a number of key concerns with both the referral and treatment of spinal infections. New national infection guidelines recommend a tissue sample prior to antibiotics; however this study showed that only 45% of patients had either a biopsy or positive blood culture before starting antibiotics. The time to referral was prolonged and the majority of patients did not receive a whole spine MRI. Overall this confirms the study's hypothesis and the need for better management of this complex and debilitating condition

We report two cases of Serratia marcescens infection at the sites of spinal fractures and emphasise the fact that neurological deterioration soon after spinal fracture may be due to acute vertebral osteomyelitis

Aims

Gram-negative infections are associated with comorbid patients, but outcomes are less well understood. This study reviewed diagnosis, management, and treatment for a cohort treated in a tertiary spinal centre.

Introduction. Spondylodiscitis is a combination of discitis and spondylitis. It is very rare to have an isolated discitis without associated vertebral osteomyelitis. It is relatively uncommon in developed nations. However, this disease can lead to severe disability and even death if left untreated. Antibiotics is the mainstay of treatment but cases with neurological compromise would need prompt surgical decompression and stabilisation. Recovery in serious cases is often a lengthy process, requiring long hospital stay. Our unit conducted a review as it is noted spondylodiscitis is becoming more common in elderly and immunocompromised groups. Patients and methods. Retrospective study of spondylodiscitis presented to our unit over the last three years is conducted. Medical records and charts are reviewed, with a focus on disease presentation, risk factors, causative organisms and when surgery becomes necessary. Results. 61 cases are identified, average age 62. Lumbar vertebrae is the most affected region (36%), 15% showed multi-level involvement. Back pain presented in all cases. 75% have at least 1 risk factor. Micro-organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (24.6%), coagulase negative staphylococci (9.8%), methicillin resistant S. Aureus (6.6%), Escherichia coli (6.6%) and mycobacterium tuberculosis (3.3%) and no organism found in 16.4%. 31% of cases required surgical intervention due to neurological deficit or vertebral collapse. 69% were managed conservatively The average inpatient stay was 50 days. CRP decreased as symptoms improve. There is no mortality in this series. Conclusions. We noted a higher than usual presentation of spondylodiscitis in vulnerable patients in our region, often presented late. It is important to recognise this disease early. Once established, patients often require long hospital stay to control disease and regain mobilitiy, even when outpatient anti-biotic therapy is available. A multidisciplinary team approach would be beneficial for the recovery process

Purpose. To report a retrospective study of 103 cases of primary spinal infection, the largest ever such series from the UK, analysing presenting symptoms, investigations, bacteriology and the results of treatment. Method. This is a retrospective review of all patients (54 Male, 49 Female) treated for primary spinal infection in a Teaching Hospital in the UK. Results. Patients predominantly presented with back pain (78%). Mean time from onset of symptoms to presentation was 72 days. The majority of cases involved patients over 50; however a significant peak also occurred amongst patients in their 20s and 30s. Common co-morbidities in the older age group included diabetes mellitus, renal failure and malignancy whereas the prevailing co-morbidity in the younger group was intra-venous drug abuse. White cell count was infrequently elevated in cases of spondylodiscitis but more commonly so with epidural abscess. The CRP was elevated in most cases at presentation and fell by an average of 62% by the time of discharge. Biopsies were performed in 60% of cases with open biopsy significantly more likely to yield a positive culture than percutaneous techniques. Epidural abscess was the most common diagnosis (42%) with spondylodiscitis, isolated vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis occurring less frequently. The most commonly isolated organism was staphylococcus aureus (51%). Of these, ten cases were infected with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). No organism was isolated in 37% of cases. 28 % of patients were treated with antibiotics alone; the remainder also underwent surgery, most frequently by a posterior approach. Fusion was achieved in 42%. 86% of patients improved symptomatically and 89% cases of paraparesis recovered to some degree after surgical decompression. Conclusion. Our overall impression is of the emergence of a young group of patients with primary spinal infections relating to Intravenous Drug Abuse and of increasing incidence of MRSA as a causative organism

Purpose of study. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of Gram negative bacterial vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) within our unit during a 3-year study period and evaluate if this corresponds to published evidence that the occurrence is increasing. Methods. Between May 2007 and May 2010, all patients, over the age of 18 years, suffering from Gram-negative VO were identified and their microbiological diagnoses were evaluated. All patients were treated within a large tertiary spinal surgery unit in Leeds. Results. This study identified 79 patients with haematogenous VO. Of these 79 patients, 10 patients (12.66%) had Gram-negative organisms isolated. These organisms included E. Coli (4), Pseudomonal aeruginosa (3), Klebsiella pneumonia (1), Haemophilus influenza (1) and Enterobacter cloacae (1). Four patients had the causative organism isolated on =2 positive blood cultures, three from biopsy and =2 positive blood culture, one from biopsy alone and two were diagnosed from 1 positive blood culture. Conclusion. VO is a common manifestation of osteomyelitis in adults, representing 2-7% of all cases of osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative aetiological agent in haematogenous spinal infections, accounting for between 40 - 60% of cases. Despite the fact that Gram negative bacteria infections represent a minor proportion of all cases of VO, around 15 - 23%, recent evidence suggests that the microbiology of this disease may be changing and the incidence of Gram-negative bacterial infections are increasing. This has been attributed a variety of factors including, an increasing proportion of individuals with predisposing risk factors such as advanced age, diabetes mellitus, malignancy and better diagnostic techniques. Results from our study show an incidence of Gram-negative VO of 12%, which is less than results quoted in the literature and does not confirm recent evidence that these types of spinal infections are increasing in incidence

Pyogenic haematogenous spinal infection in the elderly, described as spondylodiscitis, vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess is considered a rare but life threatening condition. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that low index of suspicion leads to delayed diagnosis and referral for definitive treatment resulting in increased and perhaps avoidable medical morbidity, social drift including early mortality and to analyse pathological entities, complications and optimum treatment options. We performed a retrospective review of medical records over 10-year period. Post-operative infections and patients under 65 years old excluded. Initial presentation, investigations and differential diagnosis, time to diagnosis, date and day of referral, mode of definitive treatment, pathologic entities, complications and outcomes were noted. Patient outcomes were measured as duration of treatment, length of hospital stay, complications, ambulatory status, complications, discharge destination and death. Outcomes were correlated with delayed diagnosis and referral. 46 elderly (age> 65) patients with a mean age of 71 years (range=65–91). 62% referral from physicians. Fever with malaise associated with chronic LBP was the commonest presenting complaint. There were 31 patients with discitis, 12 epidural abscess and 3 osteomyelitis. Lumbar spine was affected in 63% patients. Time to diagnosis ranged from 2–17 days with mean of 8 days. Mean referral time was 9 days with 39% referrals on Friday. Staphylococcus aureus (47%) was the commonest organism isolated. Duration of hospitalisation ranged from two to twelve weeks. 46% required surgical decompression with four cases of related mortality during acute hospital stay. Time duration to spinal referral had direct correlation with increase in morbidity, social drift and mortality. The incidence of haematogenous spinal infection in the elderly has increased over the years in our series, contrary to popular belief. A high index of suspicion in elderly patients with PUO promotes early diagnosis and optimises outcome

Twenty-seven cases of baterial vertebral osteomyelitis during the period Dec. 1986 to Dec. 1995, were analyzed. The ages of the 13 men and 14 women ranged from 23 to 69 years. The main clinical symptoms were lower back pain and a knocking pain, with only 7 patients presenting with fever at the time of admission. Nineteen patients had white cell counts of more than 9000/cumm, and the sedimentation rate was significnatly elevated in 24 of 27 patients. Operation procedures were performed in 19 patients of which 15 patients underwent anterior fusion and bone graft and 4 patients had debridement only. One patient underwent posterior fusion 4 weeks after the anterior debridement with Harrington instrumentation. Other patients underwent bone biopsy under CT guidance and were treated by intravenous antibiotics and bed rest only. Bone union occurred after a period of between 2 months and eleven months. Surgery was indicated if an abscess was present, neurological complications occurred, instability. Pyogenic infection of the spine has been regarded as rare or uncommon. Kuloskil in 1936 reported the earliest large series of 102 cases. It may present diagnostic difficulties, as it often had an insiduous onset. Lower back pain is often ignored, and radiological changes may take weeks or months to develop. Neurological compromise can and does occur when treatment is delayed. Howerver, the increasing use of diagnostic instruments including CT scan and MR imaging has markedly improved the diagnostic rate. From 1986 to 1995 we reviewed 27 cases with proven osteomyelitis of the spine by pathology. This is a report of our experience with clinical presentation, diagnosis and surgical treatment of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine

Background: Pyogenic haematogenous spinal infection in the elderly, described as spondylodiscitis, vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess is still considered a rare but life threatening condition. Objective: To test our hypothesis that low index of suspicion leads to delayed diagnosis. Late referral for definitive treatment may result in increased and perhaps avoidable medical morbidity, social and psychological drift, including early mortality. Method: Retrospective review of medical records over 10-year period. Patient pool obtained from theatre records, radiology and coding departments. Post-spinal operative infections and patients under 65 years old excluded. Initial presentation, admitting speciality, initial investigations and differential diagnosis, time to diagnosis, date and day of referral, mode of definitive treatment, pathologic entities, complications and outcomes were noted. Patient outcomes were measured as duration of treatment, length of hospital stay, complications, ambulatory status, complications, discharge destination and death. Outcomes were correlated with delayed diagnosis and referral. Results: Single largest series [n=46] of elderly [age> 65] patients with pyogenic spinal infections to our knowledge. Age ranged from 65–91 with mean of 71. 62% referral from Physician colleagues. Fever with malaise associated with chronic LBP was the commonest presenting complaint. 34 patients had discitis and 12 had epidural abscess. Time to diagnosis ranged from 2–17 days with mean of 8 days. Mean referral time to spinal team was 9 days with 39% referrals on Friday. Duration of hospital ranged from two weeks to three months. 46% required surgical decompression with four cases of related mortality during acute hospital stay. Conclusions: Time duration to Spinal referral had direct correlation with increase in morbidity, social and psychological drift, and mortality. The incidence of haematogenous spinal infection in the elderly has increased over the years in our series, contrary to popular belief. A high index of suspicion in elderly patients with PUO promotes early diagnosis and optimises outcome

Aims

The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic yield of image-guided biopsy in providing a final diagnosis in patients with suspected infectious spondylodiscitis, to report the diagnostic accuracy of various microbiological tests and histological examinations in these patients, and to report the epidemiology of infectious spondylodiscitis from a country where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, including the incidence of drug-resistant TB.