Aim. Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) that requires early and effective therapy. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology, associated risk factors, and outcome of sepsis in the context of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). Method. This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients treated for PJI from 2017 to 2020. Patients were classified based on the criteria of the European Bone and Joint Infection Society. The presence of sepsis was determined using the SOFA score and SIRS criteria. The cohort with PJI and sepsis (sepsis) was compared to patients with PJI without sepsis (non-sepsis). Risk factors considered were patient characteristics, affected joints, surgical therapy, microbiological findings, preexisting medical conditions, clinical symptoms, and symptom duration. Outcome parameters were mortality, length of hospital stay, and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Results. A total of 109 patients with PJI were identified, of whom 45 patients (41.3%) met the criteria for sepsis. Patients with sepsis had more severe preexisting diseases compared with the non-sepsis cohort (Charlson Comorbidity Index 3.8 vs. 2.8; p≤0.001). An increased odds ratio (OR) for a septic course was found for the comorbidities pneumonia (8.2; p=0.001), myocardial infarction (2.0; p=0.02), atrial fibrillation (3.3; p=0.01), diabetes mellitus (1.2; p=0.04), endocarditis (5.5; p=0.01), and renal disease (2.0; p≤0.001). Infection with Staphylococcus aureus (sepsis 20 vs. non-sepsis 10; p=0.002), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (sepsis 7 vs. non-sepsis 2; p=0.002) and Candida albicans (sepsis 5 vs. non-sepsis 0; p=0.01) were more prevalent in patients with sepsis. In the sepsis cohort, further infectious foci were present in addition to PJI in 57.8% of patients, compared to 18.8% in the non-sepsis cohort. The presence of sepsis was associated with a longer hospital stay (sepsis 68 days vs. non-sepsis 38 days; p=0.001) and longer intensive care unit stay (sepsis 12 days vs. non-sepsis 2 days; p=0.001). In-hospital mortality was ten times higher in the sepsis cohort compared to non-septic patients (sepsis 11/42 vs. non-sepsis 2/64; OR 10.3; p=0.01). Conclusions. In a relevant proportion of patients, PJI can lead to a septic course of disease associated with increased mortality. Particularly in patients with preexisting diseases, increased attention is required, and comprehensive screening for other foci of infection seems mandatory. In addition to highly virulent pathogens such as staphylococci and streptococci, fungal infections should be considered as causative pathogens in septic patients with PJI

Survival of sepsis has been documented worldwide, but little is documented about the long-term health outcomes of multifocal sepsis from acute musculoskeletal infection - the first study of its kind in New Zealand. Children admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) from 1. st. January 2002 to 31. st. December 2017 with a musculoskeletal focus of infection were identified from hospital coding data. Notes review from discharge to present day determined survival and morbidity. Present-day clinical assessment of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems along with questionnaires on health-related quality of life, mental health and sleep were performed. Seventy patients were studied. Seven children died acutely (five Pasifika and two Māori children) indicating 10% mortality. Long-term survival was favourable with no recorded deaths after discharge. Recurrence/chronic infection occurred in 23%, a mean of 1.1 year after discharge. Growth disturbance occurred in 18%, a mean of 3 years after discharge. The hip joint and proximal femur have the worst complications. Children under 2 years are most at risk of long-term disability. No patients had chronic respiratory illness beyond 90 days. Fifteen children had symptoms of acute neurological impairment, three of whom had permanent brain injury. Twenty-six survivors (41%) were assessed a mean of 8.2 years after discharge. Health-related quality of life scores were on par with normative data. Six patients and eight parents screened positive for moderate to severe post-traumatic stress disorder. Paediatric multifocal musculoskeletal sepsis can result in complex illness with long hospital stay and multi-organ complications. Māori and Pasifika children, those under two and those involving the proximal femur/or hip are most at risk. Other outcomes are favourable with no evidence of chronic lung disease or poor quality of life. A period of rehabilitation for children with identified acquired brain injury should be part of discharge planning

This study aimed to identify long-term physical and psychosocial health outcomes in children with overwhelming musculoskeletal sepsis. Children admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) from 1st January 2002 to 31st December 2017 with a musculoskeletal focus of infection were identified. A medical notes review was completed to determine survival and morbidity. Present-day clinical assessment of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems along with questionnaires on health-related quality of life, mental health and sleep were performed. 70 patients were identified over 15 years. Seven children died acutely (five Pasifika and two Māori children) indicating 10% mortality. Recurrence/chronic infection affected 23%. Growth disturbance affected 18%. The hip joint and proximal femur suffered the worst long-term complications. Children under 2 years most at risk of long-term disability. No patients had chronic respiratory illness beyond 90 days. Fifteen children had symptoms of acute neurological impairment, three of whom had permanent acquired brain injury. Twenty-six survivors (41%) were assessed a mean of 8.2 years (SD 4.5, range 2– 18 years) after discharge. Health-related quality of life scores were on par with normative data. All patients who underwent pulmonary function tests had normal results. Six patients and eight parents screened positive for moderate to severe post-traumatic stress disorder. Paediatric multifocal musculoskeletal sepsis can result in complex illness with multi-organ complications for some children. Māori and Pasifika children are most at risk. Children under 2 years and those with proximal femur and/or hip involvement are most likely to have chronic musculoskeletal sequelae and permanent disability. Other outcomes are favourable with no evidence of chronic lung disease or mean reduced quality of life. A period of rehabilitation for children with identified acquired brain injury should be part of discharge planning

A retrospective case control study of all rehabilitated patients who suffered amputations of the lower extremity by sepsis was performed in the HELIOS centre of rehabilitation for amputees, Bad Berleburg, Germany. This study examines patients who had undertaken an amputation of the lower extremity caused by severe sepsis and septic shock. Methods: Case control study. The clinical reports of 448 patients with amputations of the lower extremity clinically rehabilitated from 2010 to 2013 were systematically and statistically evaluated. Sepsis is classified in 4 categories: SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Epidemiology: The mean age of the amputees was 61.33 years, with 25 men and 11 women. Marital status: 16 patients are married (44.44%), 7 divorced, 5 widowed, 7 unmarried, 1 unknown. 24 patients are retired (66.67%). School-leaving qualifications: 22 elementary school (61.11%), 8 secondary school, 1 high school, 5 unknown. Health insurance: AOK 10 patients (27.77%), BEK 7 patients (19.44%), pension insurance 9 patients (25.0%). The medial time of hospitalization in the clinic for rehabilitation of the amputated patients suffering sepsis was 27.23 days. Results: 36 patients, – 8.03 % of all – with 39 amputations, suffered a loss of the lower extremity caused by severe sepsis and septic shock: 1 patient suffered an exarticulation of both hips, 20 patients suffered a transfemoral amputation (1 patient had a transfemoral amputation of both legs), 17 patients lost their leg by transtibial amputation (1 patient had a transtibial amputation of both legs). 13 patients presented a sepsis by MRSA (multiresistant Staph. aureus 36.11%), 8 patients with MSSA (multisensible Staph. aureus), 4 patients with multiresistant Acinetobacter (8.33%), 2 patients with MRSE (multiresistant Staph. epidermidis), 13 patients with other multiresistant germs (36.11%) such as Streptococcus B, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella. Mobility class of amputees at the beginning of hospitalization: class 0 (= non walkers) all 36 patients (100%). Mobility class of amputees at the end of hospitalization: class 0 (= non walkers) are 5 patients (27.78%), class 1 (= only inside walkers) are 5 patients (13.89%), class 2 (= inside and little outside walkers) are 18 patients (50.00%), class 3 (= inside and good outside walkers) are 3 patients (8.33%). Amputation of the lower extremity following severe sepsis and septic shock is not rare – in our group we found more than 8%

The aim of this investigation is to firstly quantify the burden of disease, and secondly qualify the organisms being cultured during debridement to establish their sensitivities to available antibiotics. This study will also look at the concomitant burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in cases of hand sepsis, to establish whether these two disease processes require special consideration and treatment tailoring. The method employed to collect the data will be retrospective collection of patient information, using random sampling. Included patients will be adult patients who undergo debridement and have a sample registered on the National Health Laboratory System (NHLS). The daily intake sheet will be used to collect patients details and these details will then be used to collect results of intra-operative specimens using the NHLS. These patient details will also be used to check patients’ HIV results and HBA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin A1c) results. Majority of the specimens revealed Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA), with a reassuringly low rate of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) when compared to international data. The yield of patients tested for HIV or DM was lower than expected, despite this being the standard of care. The projected impact of this study will be assessment of the current burden of disease and then clarification of our current management strategy, in order to assess if it would be possible to change to a more cost-effective antibiotic with a narrower spectrum of bacteria coverage. The potential exists to not only implement cost saving measures, but also promote antibiotic stewardship by decreasing the practice of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic use

Between September 2004 and December 2005 we carried out a prospective study of all cases of sepsis of the hip in childhood at a South African regional hospital with a large local population, and which also took referrals from nine rural hospitals. The clinical, radiological, ultrasound and bacteriological features were assessed. All the hips were drained by arthrotomy and the diagnosis was confirmed microbiologically and histologically. Hips with tuberculosis were excluded. The children were reviewed in a dedicated clinic at a mean follow-up of 8.1 months (3 to 18). There were 40 hips with sepsis in 38 patients. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Nine (24%) had multi-focal sepsis. Overall, 13 hips (34%) had a full and uncomplicated clinical and radiological recovery and 25 (66%) had complications. All patients treated by arthrotomy and appropriate antibiotics within five days of the onset of symptoms had an uncomplicated recovery. Initial misdiagnosis was associated with a delay to arthrotomy. However, ‘deprivation’, consultation with a traditional healer, maternal educational attainment and distance to a primary health-care facility were not associated with delay to arthrotomy. The early correct diagnosis of this condition, common in the developing world, remains a significant factor in improving the clinical outcome

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between additional rehabilitation at the weekend, and in-hospital mortality and complications in patients with hip fracture who underwent surgery. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Japan using a nationwide multicentre database from April 2010 to March 2018, including 572,181 patients who had received hip fracture surgery. Propensity score matching was performed to compare patients who received additional weekend rehabilitation at the weekend in addition to rehabilitation on weekdays after the surgery (plus-weekends group), as well as those who did not receive additional rehabilitation at the weekend but did receive weekday rehabilitation (weekdays-only group). After the propensity score matching of 259,168 cases, in-hospital mortality as the primary outcome and systemic and surgical complications as the secondary outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results. The plus-weekends group was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality rates compared with the weekdays-only group (hazard ratio 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.8 to 0.92; p < 0.001). Systemic complications such as acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, and sepsis were significantly lower in the plus-weekends group, whereas urinary tract infection (UTI) and surgical complications such as surgical site infection and haematoma were significantly higher in the plus-weekends group. Conclusion. Additional weekend rehabilitation was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality, as well as acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, and sepsis, but was also significantly associated with a higher risk of UTI and surgical complications. This result can facilitate the effective use of the limited rehabilitation resources at the weekend and improve the clinical awareness of specific complications. To establish more robust causal associations between additional rehabilitation over the weekend and clinical outcomes, further prospective studies or randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are warranted. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(8):872–879

In patients with hand sepsis does bedside debridement compared to operating theatre debridement have similar clinical outcomes, hospital cost and time to discharge in a District Hospital setting in South Africa?. A case series of 130 adult patients presenting to a district level orthopaedic unit over 1 year with hand sepsis requiring debridement. All included patients were debrided at the bedside (i.e. the emergency room, ward, OPD) under wrist or digital block. Patients excluded from the study included patients with necrotising soft tissue infections that required debridement in theatre. A cost analysis was done based on operating theatre (OT) costs saved as defined by Samuel1 et al. If an average theatre time of 45 min is taken then the cost saved per patient is approximately R1500 and approximately R300000 for the patients included in the case series. This excludes ward and other hospital costs related to a longer hospital admission. The mean time to discharge for the included patients was 24 hours. This study suggests that bedside debridement can be a viable and cost effective option for selected cases of hand sepsis that can avoid the high cost and time associated with operating theatre debridement with similar outcomes. This has implications for the future treatment of hand sepsis in resource constrained settings were operating theatre time is not only very expensive but also very scarce

Aim. Hospital systems have recently instituted early systemic sepsis recognition systems, where vital signs and laboratory findings are monitored and automatically alert providers to potential sepsis. Although there are very few reports evaluating the use of sepsis alert systems outside of the emergency room or intensive care unit, many hospital systems have made the decision to apply the sepsis alarm protocols to all inpatients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if an alarm system using systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria is a valuable tool to predict systemic sepsis in the immediate postoperative period (POD#0–4) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Method. 10,791 primary and revision TJA patients at one institution, from 2010–2014, were retrospectively reviewed for positive SIRS criteria on each hospital day from the date of surgery to postoperative day four (POD#4). SIRS criteria included temperature > 38°C or < 36°C, heart rate > 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute, and white blood cell (WBC) > 12,000/mm3 or < 4,000/mm3. Additionally, hospital coding data was cross-referenced to identify patients who were diagnosed with systemic sepsis within 10 days after having a TJA. Results. Of the 10,791 patients undergoing a primary or revision TJA, only 1 patient was diagnosed with sepsis within 10 days of TJA, yielding a prevalence of 0.00009. During POD#0–4, 1798 patients would have triggered at least a 2 criteria SIRS alarm, yielding a false positive rate of 16.7% and a positive predictive value for systemic sepsis of 0.06% (95%CI: 0 to 0.31%). 416 patients would have triggered at least 3 criteria SIRS alarm, yielding a false positive rate of 3.9% and positive predictive value of 0.24% (95%CI:0.01 to 1.33%). The SIRS criteria in the one septic patient in this study did become positive, but did so only after the clinical team had already initiated sepsis care. Conclusions. A SIRS based alarm system for sepsis does not appear to have any utility in the postoperative period after TJA. We are concerned that the high false positive rate of these alarms may result in unnecessary sepsis work-ups, extended hospital stays, and potentially degrade the perceived importance of the sepsis alarms in other cohorts of hospital patients. Further research is necessary to determine if TJA patients with a length of stay greater than normal may benefit from an automatic sepsis alarm system

The mechanism by which cells die is important in an immune response and its resolution. The role of apoptosis in sepsis and trauma, and its regulation by cytokines is unclear. During the systemic inflammatory response, rates of human neutrophil apoptosis are decreased. Peritoneal macrophage apoptosis has been induced by nitric oxide and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro but this has not as yet been demonstrated in vivo. We examined the induction and effects of macrophage apoptosis in a model of trauma and sepsis. One hundred female CD-I mice were randomised into four groups: Control, Septic model, challenged with intraperitoneal LPS (1.Img/200ul/mouse), Traumatic model, received hind limb amputation (HLA) and a Combined trauma/septic model. After 24 hrs mice were sacrificed and peritoneal macrophages were assessed for apoptosis by morphology and DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis. Peritoneal lavage from septic models had a decreased percentage of macrophages in comparison to control and trauma groups. The septic model also had a significantly increased incidence of apoptosis in comparison to control and trauma levels. There was no significant difference between control and traumatic groups. These findings demonstrate that in a murine model of sepsis, lipopolysaccharide induces macrophages apoptosis. Modulation of this immune response may have important roles in the management of trauma patients

Introduction. A previous study in South Africa showed the prevalence of HIV related osteo-articular sepsis in children to be around 20% with a high prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (38%) in HIV positive patients. This initial study was conducted at the same time that the polyvalent S pneumoniae vaccine was introduced to the EPI in South Africa (2009). The aim of the current study was to review the epidemiology of osteo-articular infections at two hospitals after the introduction of this vaccine. Methods. A retrospective review of patients presenting to two hospitals, between July 2009 and January 2013, with acute osteo-articular sepsis and pus at arthrotomy. The NHLS laboratory results were reviewed for microscopy, culture and sensitivity as well as white cell count (WCC), C reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Results. A total of 100 cases of acute osteo-articular sepsis were identified during this period. The prevalence of HIV was 15%. The most common bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (22%). There were no Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates grown in either of the two groups. There was no difference in the WCC, CRP and ESR between the HIV negative and positive groups. Conclusion. We have seen a dramatic shift in the bacteriology in paediatric patients with osteo-articular sepsis since the original study in 2009. The incidence of HIV in our study population has declined. This may be due to the introduction of mother to child transmission programmes and increased use of anti-retrovirals. Staphylococcus aureus is now the most common isolated organism in patients with osteo-articular sepsis, regardless of HIV status. The empiric antibiotic therapy of choice in paediatric patients with osteo-articular sepsis remains Cloxacillin. NO DISCLOSURES

Purpose of study. Pin tract infection is a common complication with the use of circular external fixators. HIV infection itself is frequently quoted as a relative contra-indication for the use of circular external fixators for complex trauma and limb reconstruction in HIV seropositive individuals. Methods. Between July 2008 and December 2012, 286 patients were treated with circular external fixators at our tertiary level government hospital. A retrospective review was undertaken to compare the rate and severity of pin tract sepsis in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients. Results. Two-hundred and twenty-three patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pin tract sepsis was found in 51 patients overall (22.8%). The incidences of pin tract sepsis in the seropositive group, seronegative group, and the unknown group are 22.5%, 22.8% and 23.8% respectively, and the differences were not statistically significant. The severity of pin tract sepsis in the individual groups was also similar. Conclusion. Pin tract sepsis is a common complication with the use of circular external fixators. The incidence and severity of pin tract infection is not influenced by HIV infection, and should not in itself deter from the use of circular external fixators for complex trauma and limb reconstruction in HIV seropositive individuals. NO DISCLOSURES

Background:. There is limited evidence regarding HIV infection as a risk factor for delayed union and implants sepsis in patient with fractures treated with surgical fixation. Most studies have included patient with a variety of different fractures and hence very different risks regarding delayed union and implant sepsis. We have looked at a single fracture, closed femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing, to see if HIV infection is a risk factor with for the development of delayed union and implant sepsis. We present a prospective study of 160 patients with closed femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. Primary outcomes were delayed union of more than 6 months and implant sepsis in the first 12 months. Methods:. From February 2011 until November 2012 all patient with closed femoral shaft fractures treated at our hospital were included in the study. Patients were tested for HIV infection and a number of clinical parameters were documented, including: AO fracture score, duration of surgery, level of training of surgeon, comorbidities, CD4 count, high energy injury and number of operations. Results:. Forty (25%) patients were HIV positive. Seven patients had CD4 counts below 350 cells/µL and 12 patients were on ARV's. Four (3%) patients developed implants sepsis and of these 1 (25%) was HIV positive. Two (1%) patients had a delayed union of more than 6 months and both these patients were HIV negative. Conclusion:. HIV is not a risk factor for delayed union and implant sepsis in the first 12 months after surgery. Intramedullary nailing is a safe and effective in the treatment of HIV positive patients with closed femur fractures

Deep vein thrombosis is uncommon in children but can occur given certain circumstances. Protein C deficiency has recently been described in a child with deep vein thrombosis complicating septic arthritis. We present four case reports of children who developed deep vein thrombosis in association with musculoskeletal sepsis. All had evidence of musculoskeletal sepsis and thrombosis. One child died. Prothrombotic screens were performed demonstrating normal haematological parameters in the three surviving children. The high mortality of deep vein thrombosis complicating musculoskeletal sepsis is emphasised, particularly the potential for septic embolic complications. Deep vein thrombosis should be considered in any child with musculoskeletal sepsis and generalised limb swelling. Early recognition and treatment can lead to favourable outcomes

HIV and musculoskeletal trauma have reached epidemic proportions in the developing world especially in sub Saharan Africa. The epidemic has adversely affected health care delivery in limited resource settings. We assessed the outcome of HIV+ patients following spinal surgery for fractures and dislocations. Forty seven HIV+ patients were treated surgically over the past three years. The mean age was 32 years (19–53 years) and included 39 males. The dorsolumbar region was affected in 28 patients and the cervical spine in 19. Motor vehicle collisions (34) accounted for 72% of the injuries. Neurology occurred in 49% of patients (23). The mean CD4 count was 426 (range 98–742). The albumen was 29 gm/d? (range 26–34) and the lymphocyte count was 1.6c/cumm range 1.4–1.9). Twenty eight patients had generalized lymphadenopathy and recent weight loss was noted in 11 patients. Fifteen patients were treated for pulmonary TB and seven patients were on ARVs. The dislocations at the cervical spine commonly occurred at C5/6 (8). Three patients required a posterior cervical release with facetectomy prior to anterior cervical plating which was performed in all patients. The dislocations and unstable burst fractures of the dorsolumbar spine were treated by a one/two level posterior fusion. Post-operative sepsis due to S. aureus occurred in 8 (17%) patients. In four patients with deep infection vacuum dressings were used to clear the sepsis. Post-operative sepsis is best avoided by optimization of patients and meticulous surgery

Aims. Musculoskeletal infection is a devastating complication in both trauma and elective orthopaedic surgeries that can result in significant morbidity. Aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and complications of local antibiotic impregnated dissolvable synthetic calcium sulphate beads (Stimulan Rapid Cure) in the hands of different surgeons from multiple centres in surgically managed bone and joint infections. Methods. Between January 2019 and December 2022, 106 patients with bone and joint infections were treated by five surgeons in five hospitals. Surgical debridement and calcium sulphate bead insertion was performed for local elution of antibiotics in high concentration. In all, 100 patients were available for follow-up at regular intervals. Choice of antibiotic was tailor made for each patient in consultation with microbiologist based on the organism grown on culture and the sensitivity. In majority of our cases, we used a combination of vancomycin and culture sensitive heat stable antibiotic after a thorough debridement of the site. Primary wound closure was achieved in 99 patients and a split skin graft closure was done in one patient. Mean follow-up was 20 months (12 to 30). Results. Overall, six out of 106 patients (5.6%) presented with sepsis and poorly controlled comorbid conditions, and died in the hospital within few days of index surgery. Out of the remaining 100 patients, control of infection was achieved in 95 patients (95%). Persistence of infection was noted in five (5%) patients. Out of these 95 patients that had good control of infection, four patients (4.2%) with gap nonunion needed Masquelet procedure to achieve union. Conclusion. Our multicentre experience confirmed that surgical debridement along with calcium sulphate bead insertion was effective in treating bone and joint infections without any side effects and complications. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(7):516–522

There are unfortunately many reasons a TSA can be painful after implantation, but the most common reason is sepsis. Making the diagnosis can be a major challenge, but the biggest challenge is to think of that as a diagnosis! The most important steps are to first obtain plain radiographs one week after surgery so that you can compare subsequent radiographs to the immediate post-operative films. Progressive radiolucent lines in the glenoid or especially around the humerus are important hints. A loose humeral component is infected until proven otherwise. Next blood work to include CRP and ESR are critical. Other markers of infection have not been used on a widespread basis. If there is concern that there might be rotator cuff pathology and not sepsis, then we obtain an arthrogram CT scan at the time of aspiration. A cell count is helpful but often there is a dry tap. It is important to create a “p. acnes protocol” at your hospital to take cultures out 15 days. If still not sure and revision is necessary then we aspirate the joint at the time of surgery for cell count. The WBC cell count at the time of surgery keeps changing but over 3000 is considered diagnostic. Multiple specimens are sent for frozen section, culture and permanent section. The more WBC per high powered field the more likely there is an infection. Gram stains are worthless and we do not rely on them. We have no experience with implant sonification or use of IL-6

With the rising prevalence of HIV, the number of immunocompromised patients is increasing. Higher rates of wound sepsis following implant surgery in seropositive patients have been anecdotally reported in Central and East Africa, but at any single institution experience with HIV and implant surgery is limited. This is a review of 21 patients, 18 of whom were seropositive, who had infected implants after undergoing elective operations for fractures that presented late (mean time 24 months). In 16 patients radiological union had occurred and the septic implants were removed. The organisms cultured in these patients were Staphylococcus aureus and Group-A Streptococcus. In 14 of the patients, implant removal and antibiotics produced excellent results. Two required a Girdlestone excision of the hip and gentamycin beads. Incision and drainage was performed in three patients who had superficial sepsis. The organism cultured was Group-A Streptococcus. All wounds healed. One patient died of AIDS: aspirate revealed Escherichia coli with mixed organisms. In one patient the organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa and after the nail was removed the patient had a persistent draining sinus. The results suggest that HIV-positive patients are at increased risk of postoperative infection, and that early removal of implants may avoid future septic complications

This study aims to determine the incidence of surgical site infection leading to reoperation for sepsis following minor hand procedures performed outside the main operating room using field sterility in the South African setting. The investigators retrospectively reviewed the records of 485 patients who had WALANT-assisted minor hand surgery outside a main operating theatre, a field sterility setting between March 2019 and April 2023. The primary outcome was the presence or absence of deep surgical site infection that required reoperation within four weeks. Cases included where elective WALANT minor hand procedures, a minimum age of 18 with complete clinical records. The patients were mostly female (54.8%), with a mean age of 56.35 years. The majority of cases were trigger finger and carpal tunnel release. An overall 485 cases were reviewed, the deep surgical site infection rate resulting in reoperation within 4 weeks post-operatively was 1.24% ((95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.0034 to 0.0237); p = 0.009). Minor hand procedures performed under field sterility using WALANT have a low surgical site infection rate. The current study's infection rates are comparable to international surgical site infection rates for similar surgeries performed in main operating rooms using standard sterilisation procedures. Field sterility is a safe and acceptable clinical practice that may improve work efficiency in public sector

Aims. The aim of this study was to identify variables associated with time to revision, demographic details associated with revision indication, and type of prosthesis employed, and to describe the survival of hinge knee arthroplasty (HKA) when used for first-time knee revision surgery and factors that were associated with re-revision. Methods. Patient demographic details, BMI, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, indication for revision, surgical approach, surgeon grade, implant type (fixed and rotating), time of revision from primary implantation, and re-revision if undertaken were obtained from the National Joint Registry data for England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Isle of Man over an 18-year period (2003 to 2021). Results. There were 3,855 patient episodes analyzed with a median age of 73 years (interquartile range (IQR) 66 to 80), and the majority were female (n = 2,480, 64.3%). The median time to revision from primary knee arthroplasty was 1,219 days (IQR 579 to 2,422). Younger age (p < 0.001), decreasing ASA grade (p < 0.001), and indications for revision of sepsis (p < 0.001), unexplained pain (p < 0.001), non-polyethylene wear (p < 0.001), and malalignment (p < 0.001) were all associated with an earlier time to revision from primary implantation. The median follow-up was 4.56 years (range 0.00 to 17.52), during which there were 410 re-revisions. The overall unadjusted probability of re-revision for all revision HKAs at one, five, and ten years after surgery were 2.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2 to 3.3), 10.7% (95% CI 9.6 to 11.9), and 16.2% (95% CI 14.5 to 17.9), respectively. Male sex (p < 0.001), younger age (p < 0.001), revision for septic indications (p < 0.001) or implant fracture (p = 0.010), a fixed hinge (p < 0.001), or surgery performed by a non-consultant grade (p = 0.023) were independently associated with an increased risk of re-revision. Conclusion. There were several factors associated with time to first revision. The re-revision rate was 16.2% at ten years; however, the risk factors associated with an increased risk of re-revision could be used to counsel patients regarding their outcome. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(1):47–55