Lisfranc injuries are uncommon and can be challenging to manage. There is considerable variation in opinion regarding the mode of operative treatment of these injuries, with some studies preferring primary arthrodesis over traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). We aim to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of the patients treated with ORIF in our unit. This is a retrospective study, in which all 27 consecutive patients treated with ORIF between June 2013 and October 2018 by one surgeon were included with an average follow-up of 2.4 years. All patients underwent ORIF with joint-sparing surgery by a dorsal bridging plate (DBP) for the second and third tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint, and the first TMT joint was fixed with trans-articular screws. Patients had clinical examination and radiological assessment, and completed American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score and Foot Function Index (FFI) questionnaires. Our early results of 22 patients (5 lost to follow-up) showed that 16 (72%) patients were pain free, walking normally without aids, and wearing normal shoes and 68% were able to run or play sports. The mean AOFAS midfoot score was 78.1 (63–100) and the average FFI was 19.5 (0.6–34). Radiological assessment confirmed that only three patients had progression to posttraumatic arthritis at the TMT joints though only one of these was clinically symptomatic. Good clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved by ORIF in Lisfranc injuries with joint-sparing surgery using DBP

Introduction. Intraarticular calcaneal fractures often need open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plate osteosynthesis. The wound complication is one of the common problems encountered following this and affects the outcome adversely. Our study was done to assess how far postoperative slab/cast can avert wound complications. Methods. Out of 42 patients with unilateral intraarticular calcaneal fractures, 20 were offered postoperative slab/cast and this was continued for six weeks. The remaining 22 patients were not offered any plaster. All patients were followed-up for two years. Results. The incidence of wound dehiscence was 2 in the plaster group as well as 8 in the non-plaster group and this was statistically significant (p = 0.02). Also, significantly lower heel widening was reported in the plaster group (p = 0.03). Although, there was no significant difference in the patient-reported outcome (Maryland Foot Score) and the incidence of pain between the two groups, the occurrence of neurological deficit following surgery and the postoperative range of movements were comparable in these two groups. Conclusion. Thus, it may be concluded that postoperative plaster application for the initial six weeks could be a low-cost yet effective way to reduce wound complications following plate osteosynthesis in intraarticular calcaneal fractures

Abstract. Objective. To compare the clinical and radiological outcome between less invasive stabilization system (LISS, Synthes, Paoli, PA.) and open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) for the treatment of extraarticular proximal tibia fractures through the lateral approach. Background. Proximal tibial fractures present a difficult treatment challenge with historically high complication rates. ORIF has been in vogue for long time with good outcome. But these are associated with problems especially overlying skin conditions, delayed recovery and rehabilitation with limited functional outcome. LISS is an emerging procedure for the treatment of proximal tibial fractures. It preserves soft tissue and the periosteal circulation, which promotes fracture healing. Patients and methods. Thirty patients with closed proximal tibial fractures were included in this study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group I (n=15) patients were treated by LISS and group II (n=15) by ORIF. Major characteristics of the two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, mode of injury, fracture location, and associated injuries. All patients were followed up at least 6 months. Results. In each group, 12 patients were united, 2 patients were non- united and one patient showed delayed union. The mean operative time in LISS patients was 79.3 min, while in ORIF patients; it was 122 min. All patients of LISS group were exposed to radiation, while only 40% of ORIF group were exposed. The mean time of union of LISS patients was 10.87weeks. While in ORIF patients, the mean time of union was 21.13 weeks. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding the postoperative complications. Functional outcome was satisfactory in both groups. Conclusion. LISS achieves comparable results with ORIF in extraarticular fractures of the proximal tibia. Although LISS potentially has the radiation hazard, it reduces the perioperative complications with a shortened operation time and minimal soft tissue dissection. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Determine the infection risk of nonoperative versus operative repair of extraperitoneal bladder ruptures in patients with pelvic ring injuries. Pelvic ring injuries with extraperitoneal bladder ruptures were identified from a prospective trauma registry at two level 1 trauma centers from 2014 to 2020. Patients, injuries, treatments, and complications were reviewed. Using Fisher's exact test with significance at P value < 0.05, associations between injury treatment and outcomes were determined.

Of the 1127 patients with pelvic ring injuries, 68 (6%) had a concomitant extraperitoneal bladder rupture.

All patients received IV antibiotics for an average of 2.5 days. A suprapubic catheter was placed in 4 patients. Bladder repairs were performed in 55 (81%) patients, 28 of those simultaneous with ORIF anterior pelvic ring. The other 27 bladder repair patients underwent initial ex-lap with bladder repair and on average had pelvic fixation 2.2 days later. Nonoperative management of bladder rupture with prolonged Foley catheterization was used in 13 patients. Improved fracture reduction was noted in the ORIF cohort compared to the closed reduction external fixation cohort (P = 0.04).

There were 5 (7%) deep infections. Deep infection was associated with nonoperative management of bladder rupture (P = 0.003) and use of a suprapubic catheter (P = 0.02). Not repairing the bladder increased odds of infection 17-fold compared to repair (OR 16.9, 95% CI 1.75 – 164, P = 0.01).

Operative repair of extraperitoneal bladder ruptures substantially decreases risk of infection in patients with pelvic ring injuries. ORIF of anterior pelvic ring does not increase risk of infection and results in better reductions compared to closed reduction. Suprapubic catheters should be avoided if possible due to increased infection risk later. Treatment algorithms for pelvic ring injuries with extraperitoneal bladder ruptures should recommend early bladder repair and emphasize anterior pelvic ORIF.

Advancements in treating distal humerus fractures. We will review and discuss approaches to the elbow to treat different types of fractures. We will discuss the role of soft tissue structures and how they affect elbow function. During this session, we will review the latest techniques for treating the complex articular fractures of the distal humerus to include capitellar and trochlear fractures. Techniques presented will address fixation, reconstruction, and salvaging of complex distal humerus fractures.

Introduction:

Mayo 2A Olecranon fractures are traditionally managed with a tension band wire device (TBW) but locking plates may also be used to treat these injuries.

Introduction. Distal femur fractures around a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are a growing problem for orthopaedic surgeons. The purpose of this study was to identify risks of reoperation for nonunion following open reduction and internal fixation of TKA periprosthetic distal femur fractures (PDFF). Method. Patients with PDFF (AO 33A-C[VB1, C1, D1], Su types 1-3) managed operatively with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria were acute management with a distal femur replacement, less than 6 months of follow-up, and lack of injury or follow-up radiographs. The primary outcome measure was reoperation to achieve bony union. Comparisons were made between cases that did and did not require a reoperation to achieve union. Univariate analysis was used to identify factors to be analyzed in multivariate analysis to determine independent risk factors for the primary outcome. Result. A total of 77 patients met inclusion criteria. Union rate was 69/77 (89.6%). There were no differences between the groups for age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, Su classification, open injury, or mechanism of injury. Multivariate analysis identified risks for nonunion including post-operative malalignment (OR 1.41; CI 1.20-1.64; p<0.001), notching pre-operatively (OR 1.22; CI 1.04-1.42; p=0.012), presence of screws through fracture line (OR 1.28; CI 1.17-1.39; p<0.001), plate length <12 holes (OR 1.16; CI 1.02-1.33; p=0.024) and screw density greater than 0.4 (OR 2.18; CI 1.25-3.78; p=0.006). Conclusion. The reoperation rate to promote union was 10.4%. The study identified post-operative malalignment, notching pre-operatively, presence of screws through fracture line, plate length <12 holes, and proximal screw density greater than 40% as independent risk factors for nonunion

Introduction and Objective. Postoperative management regimes vary following open reduction and internal fixation of unstable ankle fractures. There is an evolving understanding that poorer outcomes could be associated with non-weight bearing protocols and immobilisation. Traditional non-weight bearing cast immobilisation may prevent loss of fixation, and this practice continues in many centres. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the complication rate and functional outcomes of early weight-bearing (EWB) versus late weight-bearing (LWB) following open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures. Materials and Methods. We performed a systematic review with a meta-analysis of controlled trials and comparative cohort studies. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase and the Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched inclusive of all date up to the search time. We included all studies that investigated the effect of weight-bearing following adults ankle fracture fixation by any means. All ankle fracture types, including isolated lateral malleolus fractures, isolated medial malleolus fractures, bi-malleolar fractures, tri-malleolar fractures and Syndesmosis injuries, were included. All weight-bearing protocols were considered in this review, i.e. immediate weight-bearing (IMW) within 24 hours of surgery, early weight-bearing (EWB) within three weeks of surgery, non-weight-bearing for 4 to 6 weeks from the surgery date (or late weight-bearing LWB). Studies that investigated mobilisation but not weight-bearing, non-English language publications and tibial Plafond fractures were excluded from this systematic review. We assessed the risk of bias using ROB 2 tools for randomised controlled trials and ROBINS-1 for cohort studies. Data extraction was performed using Covidence online software and meta-analysis by using RevMan 5.3. Results. After full-text review, fourteen studies (871 patients with a mean age ranged from 35 to 57 years) were deemed eligible for this systematic review; ten randomised controlled trials and four comparative cohort studies. Most of the included studies were rated as having some concern with regard to the risk of bias. There is no important difference in the infection rate between protected EWB and LWB groups (696 patients in 12 studies). The risk ratio (RR) is 1.30, [95% CI 0.74 to 2.30], I. 2. = 0%, P = 0.36). Other complications were rare. The Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) was the widely used patient-reported outcome measure after ankle fracture fixation among the studies. The result of the six weeks OMAS analysis (three RCTs) was markedly in favour of the early weight-bearing group (MD = 10.08 [95% CI 5.13 to 15.02], I. 2. = 0%P = <0.0001). Conclusions. The risk of postoperative complications is an essential factor when considering EWB. We found that the overall incidence of surgical site infection was 6%. When comparing the two groups, the incidence was 5.2% and 6.8% for the LWB and EWB groups. This difference is not clinically important. On the other hand, significantly better early functional outcome scores were detected in the EWB group. These results are not without limitations. Protected early weight-bearing following open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures is potentially safe and improve short-term functional outcome. Further good-quality randomised controlled trials would be needed before we could draw a more precise conclusion

Abstract. Introduction. Intra-articular distal humerus OTA type C fractures are challenging to treat. When osteosynthesis is not feasible one can choose to do a primary arthroplasty of elbow or manage non-operatively. The indications for treatment of this fracture pattern are evolving. Objectives. We present our outcomes and complications when this cohort of patients was managed with either open reduction internal fixator (ORIF), elbow arthroplasty or non-operatively. Methods. Retrospective study to include OTA type C2 and C3 fracture distal humerus of 36 patients over the age of 50 years managed with all the three modalities. Patient's clinical notes and radiographs were reviewed. Results. Between 2016 and 2022, 21 patients underwent ORIF – group 1, 10 patients were treated with arthroplasty – group 2 and 5 were managed conservatively- group 3. The mean age of patients was 62 years in group 1, 70 years in group 2 and 76 years in group 3. The mean range of movement (ROM) arc achieved in the group 1 & 2 was 103 while group 3 was 68. At least follow up was 6 months. 5 patients in group 1 underwent metalwork removal and 2 patients in group 3 under arthroplasty. Conclusion. The outcomes of arthroplasty and ORIF are comparable, but reoperation rates and stiffness were higher in ORIF and conservative group. Surgeon choice and patient factors play important role in decision towards choosing treatment modality. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Fragility ankles fractures in the geriatric population are challenging to manage, due to fracture instability, soft tissue compromise, patient co-morbidities. Traditional management options include open reduction internal fixation, or conservative treatment, both of which are fraught with high complication rates. We aimed to present functional outcomes of elderly patients with fragility ankle fractures treated with tibiotalocalcaneal nails. 171 patients received a tibiotalocalcaneal nail over a six-year period, but only twenty met the inclusion criteria of being over sixty and having poor bone stock, verified by radiological evidence of osteopenia or history of fragility fractures. Primary outcome was mortality risk from co-morbidities, according to the Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI), and patients’ post-operative mobility status compared to pre-operative mobility. Secondary outcomes include intra-operative and post-operative complications, six-month mortality rate, time to mobilisation and union. The mean age was 77.82 years old, five of whom are type 2 diabetics. The average CCI was 5.05. Thirteen patients returned to their pre-operative mobility state. Patients with low CCI are more likely to return to pre-operative mobility status (p=0.16; OR=4.00). Average time to bone union and mobilisation were 92.5 days and 7.63 days, respectively. Mean post-operative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot and Olerud-Molander scores were 53.0 (range 17-88) and 50.9 (range 20-85), respectively. There were four cases of broken distal locking screws, and four cases of superficial infection. Patients with high CCI were more likely to acquire superficial infections (p=0.264, OR=3.857). There were no deep infections, periprosthetic fractures, nail breakages, non-unions. TTC nailing is an effective treatment methodology for low-demand geriatric patients with fragility ankle fractures. This technique leads to low complication rates and early mobilisation. It is not a life-changing procedure, with many able to return to their pre-operative mobility status, which is important for preventing the loss of socioeconomic independence

Standard fixation for intra-articular distal humerus fracture is open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, high energy fractures of the distal humerus are often accompanied with soft tissue injuries and or vascular injuries which limits the use of internal fixation. In our report, we describe a highly complex distal humerus fracture that showed promising healing via a ring external fixator. A 26-year-old man sustained a Gustillo Anderson Grade IIIB intra-articular distal humerus fracture of the non-dominant limb with bone loss at the lateral column. The injury was managed with aggressive wound debridement and cross elbow stabilization via a hinged ring external fixator. Post operative wound managed with foam dressing. Post-operatively, early controlled mobilization of elbow commenced. Fracture union achieved by 9 weeks and frame removed once fracture united. No surgical site infection or non-union observed throughout follow up. At 2 years follow up, flexion - extension of elbow is 20°- 100°, forearm supination 65°, forearm pronation 60° with no significant valgus or varus deformity. The extent of normal anatomic restoration in elbow fracture fixation determines the quality of elbow function with most common complication being elbow stiffness. Ring fixator is a non-invasive external device which provides firm stabilization of fracture while allowing for adequate soft tissue management. It provides continuous axial micro-movements in the frame which promotes callus formation while avoiding translation or angulation between the fragments. In appropriate frame design, they allow for early rehabilitation of joint where normal range of motion can be allowed in controlled manner immediately post-fixation. Functional outcome of elbow fracture from ring external fixation is comparable to ORIF due to better rehabilitation and lower complications. Ring external fixator in our patient achieved acceptable functional outcome and fracture alignment meanwhile the fracture was not complicated with common complications seen in ORIF. In conclusion, ring external fixator is as effective as ORIF in treating complex distal humeral fractures and should be considered for definitive fixation in such fractures

Metacarpal fractures represent up to 33% of all hand fractures; of which the majority can be treated non-operatively. Previous research has shown excellent putcomes with non-operative treatment yet surgical stabilisation is recommended to avoid malrotation and symptomatic shortening. It is unknown whether operative is superior to non-operative treatment in oblique or spiral metacarpal shaft fractures. The aim of the study was to compare non-operative treatment of mobilisation with open surgical stabilisation. 42 adults (≥ 18 years) with a single displaced oblique or spiral metacarpal shaft fractures were randomly assigned in a 1:1 pattern to either non-operative treatment with free mobilisation or operative treatment with open reduction and fixation with lag screws in a prospective study. The primary outcome measure was grip-strength in the injured hand in comparison to the uninjured hand at 1-year follow-up. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score, ranges of motion, metacarpal shortening, complications, time off work, patient satisfaction and costs were secondary outcomes. All 42 patients attended final follow-up after 1 year. The mean grip strength in the non-operative group was 104% (range 73–250%) of the contralateral hand and 96% (range 58–121%) in the operatively treated patients. Mean metacarpal shortening was 5.0 (range 0–9) mm in the non-operative group and 0.6 (range 0–7) mm in the operative group. There were five minor complications and three revision operations, all in the operative group. The costs for non-operative treatment were estimated at 1,347 USD compared to 3,834USD for operative treatment; sick leave was significantly longer in the operative group (35 days, range 0–147) than in the non-operative group (12 days, range 0–62) (p=0.008). When treated with immediate free mobilization single, patients with displaced spiral or oblique metacarpal shaft fractures have outcomes that are comparable to those after operative treatment, despite some metacarpal shortening. Complication rates, costs and sick leave are higher with operative treatment. Early mobilisation of spiral or long oblique single metacarpal fractures is the preferred treatment. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03067454

Fragility ankle fractures are traditionally managed conservatively or with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) fusion is an alternative option for the geriatric patient. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a detailed analysis of the functional and clinical outcomes of hindfoot nailing for fragility ankle fractures presented so far in the literature. A systematic search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, identifying fourteen studies for inclusion. Studies including patients over 60 with a fragility ankle fracture, treated with TTC nail were included. Patients with a previous fracture of the ipsilateral limb, fibular nails, and pathological fractures were excluded. Subgroup analyses were performed according to (1) open vs closed fractures, (2) immediate post-operative FWB vs post-operative NWB, (3) majority of cohort are diabetics vs minority of cohort are diabetics. Meta-regression analyses were done to explore sources of heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed using Egger's test. The pooled proportion of superficial infection, deep infection, implant failure, malunion, and all-cause mortality was 0.10 (95%CI:0.06-0.16; I2=44%), 0.08 (95%CI:0.06-0.11, I2=0%), 0.11 (95%CI:0.07-0.15, I2=0%), 0.11 (95%CI:0.06-0.18; I2=51%), and 0.27 (95%CI:0.20-0.34; I2=11%), respectively. The pooled mean post-operative OMAS score was 54.07 (95%CI:48.98-59.16; I2=85%). The best-fitting meta-regression model included age and percentage of male patients as covariates (p=0.0263), and were inversely correlated with higher OMAS scores. Subgroup analyses showed that studies with a majority of diabetics had a higher proportion of implant failure (p=0.0340) and surgical infection (p=0.0096), and a lower chance of returning to pre-injury mobility than studies with a minority of diabetics (p=0.0385). Egger's test (p=0.56) showed no significant publication bias. TTC nailing is an adequate alternative option for fragility ankle fractures. However, current evidence includes mainly case series with inconsistent outcome measures reported and post-operative rehabilitation protocols. Prospective RCTs with long follow-up times and large cohort sizes are needed to clearly guide the use of TTC nailing for ankle fractures

Abstract. Objectives. The outcomes from patella fracture have remained dissatisfactory despite advances in treatment, especially from operative fixation1. Frequently, reoperation is required following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the patella due to prominent hardware since the standard technique for patella ORIF is tension band wiring (TBW) which inevitably leaves a bulky knot and irritates soft tissue given the patella's superficial position2. We performed a systematic review to determine the optimal treatment of patella fractures in the poor host. Methods. Three databases (EMBASE/Medline, ProQuest and PubMed) and one register (Cochrane CENTRAL) were searched. 476 records were identified and duplicates removed. 88 records progressed to abstract screening and 73 were excluded. Following review of complete references, 8 studies were deemed eligible. Results. Complication rates were shown to be high in our systematic review. Over one-fifth of patients require re-operation, predominantly for removal of symptomatic for failed hardware. Average infection rate was 11.95% which is higher than rates reported in the literature for better hosts. Nevertheless, reported mortality was low at 0.8% and thromboembolic events only occurred in 2% of patients. Average range of movement achieved following operative fixation was approximately 124 degrees. Upon further literature review, novel non-operative treatment options have shown acceptable results in low-demand patients, including abandoning weight-bearing restrictions altogether and non-operatively treating patients with fracture gaps greater than 1cm. Regarding operative management, suture/cable TBW has been investigated as a viable option with good results in recent years since the materials used show comparable biomechanics to stainless steel. Additionally, ORIF with locking plates have shown favourable results and have enabled aggressive post-operative rehabilitation protocols. TBW with metallic implants has shown higher complication rates, especially for anterior knee pain, reoperation and poor functional outcomes. Conclusion. There is sparse literature regarding patella fracture in the poor host. Nevertheless, it is clear that ORIF produces better outcomes than conservative treatment but the optimal technique for patella ORIF remains unclear. TBW with metallic implants should not remain the standard technique for ORIF; low-profile plates of suture TBW are more attractive solutions. Non-operative treatment may be considered for low-demand individuals however any form of patellectomy should be avoided if possible. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Abstract. Objectives. Currently, the golden standard for the management of ankle fractures is open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), a procedure which preserves joint anatomy and function. However, ORIF is associated with high risk of infection, especially in the elderly population, who tend to suffer from osteoporosis and vascular disease. Studies recommend hindfoot nailing (HFN) as a safe and efficient management alternative for this demographic. Unlike ORIF, HFN allows immediate weight-bearing, which has been linked to a lower rate of complications. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of hindfoot nailing in ankle fractures using a case series of 43 patients. Methods. This is a retrospective study with a sample size of 43 patients, that have a mean age of 77.3 years and several medical conditions. These patients experienced ankle fractures that were treated with HFN. Data collected included injury patterns, operative complications, rate of radiological union, comorbidities and changes in mobility and housing before and after surgery. Results. Before their fracture, 62.8% of patients mobilised using a walking stick or a wheeled frame. Following surgery, 52.4% experienced decreased level of mobility. 50% of patients achieved radiological union at the time of data analysis, whereas 52.4% of patients reported a post-operative complication, most commonly soft tissue or bone infection. Conclusions. Our study has a large sample size compared to previous research. The follow-up period varies depending on patient attendance to follow-up clinical appointments. Our patient cohort exhibits significantly lower rates of radiological union, higher incidence of complications and poor post-operative functional outcomes associated with HFN. These data contradict previous studies suggesting HFN for the surgical management of ankle fractures in the elderly and frail population and demonstrate that a more thorough evaluation of HFN is needed

Introduction and Objective. Wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet (WALANT) is being used for a wide variety of hand and wrist surgery. It has recently been used in distal radius fracture fixation. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of the WALANT technique in open reduction internal fixation. Materials and Methods. Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched on 02/03/21 with the following search terms: radius, WALANT, local anesthetic, wide awake surgery. The primary outcome measure was conversion to general anaesthetic and mean intra-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores. Secondary measures were operative times, mean intraoperative blood loss, post-operative functional and radiological outcomes. Results. 110 articles were identified; eight studies were deemed eligible with 212 in the WALANT group and 247 in the comparative groups of regional anaesthesia and general Anaesthesia (GA). Two patients in the WALANT group required conversion to general anaesthesia due to anxiety rather than pain. Intra-operative VAS pain scores in the WALANT and regional anaesthetic group were 1.75 and 2.86 respectively (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in Q-DASH scores, range of motion or radiological outcomes. There was a slight increase in mean blood loss in the WALANT group compared with those given a GA or regional anaesthetic with tourniquet (22.5ml vs 12.15ml, p<0.001). Conclusions. The WALANT technique is a viable option for anaesthetic when performing distal radius fracture fixation. It is well tolerated, giving similar post-operative outcomes to other anaesthetic methods. It is a potentially useful technique in a centre with an underresourced anaesthetic department or for patients who may not tolerate regional and general anaesthetic methods. Adequate patient counselling prior to the procedure should be performed with appropriate patient selection

Abstract. Objectives. Current literature on pilon fracture includes a range of different management strategies, however there is no universal treatment algorithm. We aim to determine clinical outcomes in patients with open and closed pilon fractures, managed using a treatment algorithm applied consistently over the span of this study. Methods. 135 patients over a 6-year period were included. Primary outcome was AOFAS score at 3, 6, 12-months post-injury. Secondary outcomes include time to partial weight-bear (PWB), full weight-bear (FWB), bone union time, follow-up time. AO/OTA classification was used (43A: n=23, 43B: n=30, 43C: n=82). Treatment algorithm consisted of fine wire fixator (FWF) for severely comminuted closed fractures (AO/OTA type 43C3), or open fractures with severe soft tissue injury (GA type 3). Otherwise, open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) was performed. When required, minimally invasive osteosynthesis was performed in combination with FWF to improve joint congruency. Results. Mean AOFAS score 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment for open and closed fracture patients were 44.12 and 53.99 (p=0.007), 62.38 and 67.68 (p=0.203), 78.44 and 84.06 (p=0.256), respectively. 119 of 141 fractures healed without further intervention (84.4%). Average time to union was 51.46 and 36.48 weeks for open and closed fractures, respectively (p=0.019). On average, open, and closed fracture patients took 12.29 and 10.76 weeks to PWB (p=0.361); 24.04 and 20.31 weeks to FWB (p=0.235), respectively. Common complications for open fractures were non-union (24%), post-traumatic arthritis (16%); for closed fractures they were post-traumatic arthritis (25%), superficial infection (22%). Open fracture was a risk factor for non-union (p=0.042;OR=2.558,95% CI 1.016–6.441), bone defect (p=0.001;OR=5.973,95% CI 1.986–17.967), and superficial infection (p<0.001;OR=4.167,95% CI 1.978–8.781). Conclusions. FWF with minimally invasive osteosynthesis, where required for severely comminuted closed fractures, and FWF for open fractures with severe soft tissue injury, are safe methods achieving low complication rates and good functional recovery

Introduction and Objective. Lower limb fractures are amongst the most common surgically managed orthopaedic injuries, with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as the conventional method of treatment of the fibula. In recent years, dedicated intramedullary implants have emerged for fibula fixation in tandem with the move towards minimally invasive surgery in high-risk patients. This is the largest multicentre review to date with the aim of establishing the clinical outcomes following intramedullary nail (IMN) fixation of the fibula and to identify the absolute indication for fibula IMN fixation. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study of adult patients in all UK hospitals, who underwent fibula nail fixation between 01/01/2018 and 31/10/2020 was performed. Primary outcome measures included time to union, infection rate, other post-operative complications associated with the fixation and length of hospital stay. The secondary outcome measure was to identify the indication for fibula nailing. Data tabulation was performed using Microsoft Excel and analysis was performed using SPSS Version 23 (SPSS Statistics). Results. 2 Major Trauma Centres (MTCs) and 9 Trauma Units (TUs) were eligible for inclusion. 102 patients were included and 91% were classified as ankle fractures of 68% (n=69) were Weber B, 24% (n=24) Weber C and 8% (n=9) were either distal tibial fractures with an associated fibula fracture or pilon fractures. The mean age was 64 years of which 45 were male patients and 57 were female. The average BMI was 30.03kg/m. 2. and 44% of patients were ASA 3. 74% of patients had poor pre-op skin condition including swelling and open wounds. The calculated infection rate for fibula nail was 4.9% and metal-work complication rate was 4.9%. The average time to union was 13 weeks and length of inpatient stay was 15 days (SD +/− 12 days). Conclusions. MEFNO has demonstrated that fibula nail is an ideal implant in patients who have a physiologically higher risk of surgery, poor skin condition and a complex fracture pattern. The time to union, complication and infection risks are lower than that reported in literature for ankle ORIFs

Introduction and Objective. Joint malleolar fractures have been estimated around 9% of all fractures. They are characterized by different both early and late complications. Among the latter, arthrofibrosis and early secondary arthrosis represent the two most common ones. Moreover, these two complications could be considered related to each other. Their real cause is still under investigation, even if residual post-operative hematoma and acute post-traumatic synovitis appear to be the most accredited. Supporting this hypothesis, joint debridement and the evacuation of the post-operative hematoma could represent a possible solution. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the role of arthroscopic lavage and debridement during internal fixation in order to prevent late joint complications. Materials and Methods. Sixty consecutive patients who reported dislocated articular ankle fractures with surgical indication of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) have been included in this study. 27 patients underwent ORIF surgery associated with arthroscopic washout and debridement, while 33 patients, representing the control group, underwent just internal reduction and osteosynthesis. Patients with pure dislocations, non-articular fractures, polytrauma, previous local trauma, metabolic and connective pathologies were excluded. Follow-up was performed at 40 days (T1), 3 (T2) and 6 months (T3) after trauma for all patients. If necessary, some have been re-evaluated 12 months after the trauma. Efficacy of the treatment was evaluated through the VAS scale, Maryland scale, search for local complications such as dehiscence or infections, and finally radiographic evaluation. T-Student was estimated in order to individuate statistical significance. Results. VAS scale showed higher values for the case group than the control group with mean values of 2.7 and 4.2 at T1 and 2.1 and 3.8 at T2, respectively. At 6 months follow-up, the VAS values resulted similar with 2.6 for the case group and 2.8 for the control group. The same projections were found for the Maryland scale, with values of 61.5 and 40.7 at T1, 80.8 and 68.0 at T2 and 87.8 and 85.0 with no significant differences at T3 respectively. No significant differences were detected for complications or radiographic evaluation. Conclusions. Our study has shown significance differences in terms of pain and time for recovery only in the very short term follow up. Although our study, due to the specific limits, cannot be considered diriment, on the basis of the data, we could hypothesize that the aforementioned hypothesis may remain valid for the non-acute hematoma or that the cause of the arthrofibrosis should be sought somewhere else. However, evidence is low, and further research is needed

Introduction and Objective. Despite the low incidence of pilon fractures among lower limb injuries, their high-impact nature presents difficulties in surgical management and recovery. Current literature includes a wide range of different management strategies, however there is no universal treatment algorithm. We aim to determine clinical outcomes in patients with open and closed pilon fractures, managed using a treatment algorithm that was applied consistently over the span of this study. Materials and Methods. This retrospective study was conducted at a single institution, including 141 pilon fractures in 135 patients, from August 2014 to January 2021. AO/OTA classification was used to classify fractures. Among closed fractures, 12 had type 43A, 18 had type 43B, 61 had type 43C. Among open fractures, 11 had type 43A, 12 had type 43B, 27 had type 43C. Open fractures were further classified with Gustilo-Anderson (GA); type 1: n=8, type 2: n=10, type 3A: n=12, type 3B: n=20. Our treatment algorithm consisted of fine wire fixator (FWF) for severely comminuted closed fractures (AO/OTA type 43C3), or open fractures with severe soft tissue injury (GA type 3). Otherwise, open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) was performed. When required, minimally invasive osteosynthesis (MIO) was performed in combination with FWF to improve joint congruency. All open fractures, and closed fractures with severe soft tissue injury (skin contusion, fracture blister, severe oedema) were initially treated with temporary ankle-spanning external fixation. For all open fracture patients, surgical debridement, soft tissue cover with a free or pedicled flap were performed. For GA types 1 and 2, this was done with ORIF in the same operating session. Those with severe soft tissue injury (GA type 3) were treated with FWF four to six weeks after soft tissue management was completed. Primary outcome was AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score at 3, 6 and 12-months post-treatment. Secondary outcomes include time to partial weight-bear (PWB) and full weight-bear (FWB), bone union time. All complications were recorded. Results. Mean AOFAS score 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment for open and closed fracture patients were 44.12 and 53.99 (p=0.007), 62.38 and 67.68 (p=0.203), 78.44 and 84.06 (p=0.256), respectively. 119 of the 141 fractures healed without further intervention (84.4%). Average time to bone union was 51.46 and 36.48 weeks for open and closed fractures, respectively (p=0.019). Union took longer in closed fracture patients treated with FWF than ORIF (p=0.025). On average, open and closed fracture patients took 12.29 and 10.76 weeks to PWB (p=0.361); 24.04 and 20.31 weeks to FWB (p=0.235), respectively. Common complications for open fractures were non-union (24%), post-traumatic arthritis (16%); for closed fractures they were post-traumatic arthritis (25%), superficial infection (22%). Open fracture was a risk factor for non-union (p=0.042; OR=2.558, 95% CI 1.016–6.441), bone defect (p=0.001; OR=5.973, 95% CI 1.986–17.967), and superficial infection (p<0.001; OR=4.167, 95% CI 1.978–8.781). Conclusions. The use of a two-staged approach involving temporary external fixation followed by definitive fixation, provides a stable milieu for soft tissue recovery. FWF combined with MIO, where required for severely comminuted closed fractures, and FWF for open fractures with severe soft tissue injury, are safe methods achieving low complication rates and good functional recovery