Summary. Despite adoption of robust clinical pathways, narcotic administration within the inpatient setting is highly variable and may benefit from the implementation of standardized multi-modal pain management protocols. Introduction. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) candidates have historically received high doses of opioids within the perioperative period for the management of surgical pain. Healthcare systems have responded by improving opioid prescribing documentation and implementing narcotic-sparing pain protocols into TKA integrated care pathways (ICP). Despite these efforts, there are few technological platforms specifically designed to measure the narcotic burden immediately postoperatively. Here we present an early iteration of an inpatient narcotic administration-reporting tool, which normalizes patient narcotic consumption as an average daily morphine-milligram-equivalence (MME) per surgical encounter (MME/day/encounter) among total knee arthroplasty (TKA) recipients. This information may help orthopaedic surgeons visualize their individual granular inpatient narcotic prescribing habits individually and compared to other surgeons, while taking into consideration patient and procedure specific variables in order to optimize use and curtail unnecessary narcotic prescriptions. Material and Methods. A query of our electronic data warehouse, was performed for patients undergoing elective primary TKA between January 1, 2016 to April 30, 2017. Patients undergoing revision or bilateral procedures were excluded. Patient demographics, inpatient and surgical factors, and inpatient narcotic administration were retrieved. Narcotic type, route and dose were converted into average total Morphine Milligram Equivalents per patient for each post- operative day (figure 1). These MME/day/encounter values were subsequently used determine mean and variance of narcotics prescribed by individual surgeons. A secondary analysis of regional distribution of inpatient narcotic consumption was determined by patient's zip codes. Results. In total, 20 surgeons performed 3,666 primary TKAs. The institutional average narcotic dose administered for a single surgical encounter was 34.45±60.06 MME/day (Figure 1). Average surgeon narcotic prescribing ranged from 18.54 to 42.84 MME/day. Similarly, intra-surgeon variability of narcotic prescribing habits varied from ±20.23 to ±129.02 MME/day. Further visualization of patient breakdown did not demonstrate a trend towards increased narcotic administration or variability for surgeons when compared to race or insurance type. Discussion. Our results suggest that narcotic administration following primary TKA demonstrated a substantial degree of intra-institutional variability for individual surgeons despite the use of standardized clinical pathways. TKA candidates may benefit from the implementation of a more rigid standardization of multi-modal pain management protocols that can control pain while minimizing the narcotic burden. Studies designed to analyze the variability of narcotic use in the post-operative period and determine strategies to minimize inappropriate variation are needed. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Even as the outcomes of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continue to improve, there remain increasing concerns about pain control after surgery and prolonged narcotic use. Cryoneurolysis has been demonstrated to reduce osteoarthritis knee pain for up to 90 days. We hypothesized that postoperative narcotic use could be reduced following preoperative cryoneurolysis of the superficial genicular nerves. Methods. Primary TKA patients were randomized into either a control or cryoneurolysis treatment group. Both followed the same preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative pain management protocol, except the treatment group had cryoneurolysis of their superficial genicular nerves 3–7 days prior to surgery. All patients were prescribed 40 narcotic pills at discharge and pills were counted at 72 hours and at 2,6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The primary endpoint was daily morphine equivalent (DME) based on pill count and secondary endpoints were changes in pain and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS, Jr.) scores. Results. Per-protocol results demonstrated that the DME for the treatment group was significantly lower at 72 hours (10.9 mg vs. 14.9 mg, p=0.0389), 6 weeks (4.2 mg vs. 5.9 mg, p=0.0186) and 12 weeks (2.4 mg vs 3.4 mg p=0.0234). Overall, there was a 29% reduction in the DMEs over the entire 12-week postoperative period. Only 14% of the treatment group consumed opioids past 6 weeks compared to 44% of the control group (p=0.0005). The treatment group demonstrated a greater reduction in pain scores from baseline at 72 hours and 12 weeks. The treatment group also showed significant improvements in KOOS Jr. scores compared to the control group at all timepoints. Conclusions. The results demonstrate that preoperative cryoneurolysis can reduce opioid consumption after TKA. The early cessation of opioid consumption is especially encouraging given the association of prolonged narcotic use with increased complications following surgery. Preoperative cryoneurolysis should be considered as part of a multimodal protocol to reduce opioid consumption and pain and improve function after TKA. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Abstract. Introduction. Adverse reactions to pain medication and pain can delay discharge after outpatient knee arthroplasty (TKA). Pharmacogenomics is an emerging tool that might help reduce adverse events by tailoring medication use based on known genetic variations in the CYP genes determining drug metabolism. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether pre-operative pharmacogenomic testing could optimize peri-operative pain management in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods. This prospective, randomized study was performed in adults undergoing primary TKA. Patients in the experimental group underwent pre-operative pharmacogenomic evaluation and medication adjustments. Medications were not optimized for control patients. The Overall Benefit of Analgesic Score (OBAS) at 24 hours post-op was the primary outcome. Postoperative pain scores (VAS scale), total opioid use, time in recovery, and time to discharge were also compared. Results. 76 patients enrolled. 93% of patients had a poor-intermediate phenotype for at least one of four CYP genes. OBAS did not differ significantly between the two groups (4.2 control vs. 4.7 experimental; 95% CI −1.1 to 2.1) and was below the minimum clinically important difference of 2.0 points. Furthermore, there were no differences in any OBAS subscale including pain, satisfaction, or nausea. There were no differences in time in the recovery area or to discharge from hospital, or narcotic use. Conclusions. Despite many patients having a poor-intermediate phenotype for a CYP gene, pharmacogenomic testing prior to TKA and medication adjustment did not improve anesthesia or pain management outcomes, time to discharge or mean total opioid use after surgery

Introduction. Multimodal pain management strategies are now commonplace in perioperative management of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), although controversy remains regarding the role of adductor canal blocks (ACB) in this algorithm. Proposed benefits include theoretical decreased role of perioperative narcotic pain medication, improved function with physical therapy postoperatively, shorter duration of hospital stay and improved patient satisfaction. Those opposed cite increased cost and risk of complications including inadvertent motor blockade. The purpose of this study was to independently evaluate the effect of adductor canal block on short-term post-operative outcomes including (1) length of stay (LOS), (2) post-operative narcotic utilization, and (3) function with physical therapy in the era of modern TKA. Methods. Our institutional database was utilized to retrospectively identify a cohort of consecutive patients from January 2014-January 2018 who had undergone unilateral primary TKA with a single surgeon utilizing a preoperative single-shot ACB in addition to a standardized multimodal pain regimen versus those that only received the same multimodal pain regimen (no-ACB). The primary reason that a patient did not receive a preoperative block was lack of availability of the block team The time period of interest was selected based on the implementation of our current pain protocols. The multimodal pain regimen consists of: preoperative Tylenol, a periarticular injection intraoperatively including 0.5% Marcaine and Toradol, IV Toradol postoperatively, Percocet, Celebrex and IV narcotic medication for breakthrough pain. These 2 groups were compared utilizing independent sample T-tests with primary endpoints of interest being LOS (in total hours and as %day 1 discharges (%POD1)), distance ambulated with inpatient therapy on postoperative day 1, and inpatient narcotic use as measured in morphine equivalents per hour. A sub-cohort of patients with adductor canal block was then selected based on time of surgery to control for time of discharge and hours in the hospital to isolate the effect of the block. Results. There were 624 patients in the ACB group, with a mean age of 64.5 years. The group without ACB consisted of 69 patients, with a mean age of 67.2 years. The no-ACB group was slightly older (p=0.024) but not significantly different in terms of BMI (32.6 vs 31.7, p=0.291). The ACB group ambulated significantly further with inpatient therapy on postoperative day 1 (75.8 vs 59.9 ft, p=0.008), had a shorter LOS in both total hours and %POD1 (34.8 vs 40.6 hours, p=0.01, 83% vs 66.6%, p=0.01). Finally, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in narcotic utilization postoperatively (2.361 vs 2.0 97, p=0.088). The subcohort of patients that had adductor canal blocks who had their surgery in the afternoon (n=157) were compared to the remainder of the patients to control for LOS data and no statistical differences were seen in either total hospital hours or %POD1. Conclusion. Adductor canal blocks did not decrease post-operative pain medication utilization. The modest improvement in distance ambulated with therapy on POD1 (16 ft) and length of stay (16% greater POD1 discharges) of hospitalization may not support the cost effectiveness of this intervention

Pain, swelling and inflammation are expected during the recovery from total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery. The severity of these factors and how a patient copes with them may determine the ultimate outcome of a TKA. Cryotherapy and compression are frequently used modalities to mitigate these commonly experienced sequelae. However, their effect on range of motion, functional testing, and narcotic consumption has not been well-studied. A prospective, multi-center, randomised trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a cryopneumatic device on post-operative TKA recovery. Patients were randomised to treatment with a cryopneumatic device or ice with static compression. A total of 280 patients were enrolled at 11 international sites. Both treatments were initiated within three hours post-operation and used at least four times per day for two weeks. The cryopneumatic device was titrated for cooling and pressure by the patient to their comfort level. Patients were evaluated by physical therapists blinded to the treatment arm. Range of motion (ROM), knee girth, six minute walk test (6MWT) and timed up and go test (TUG) were measured pre-operatively, two- and six-weeks post-operatively. A visual analog pain score and narcotic consumption was also measured post-operatively. At two weeks post-operatively, both the treatment and control groups had diminished ROM and function compared to pre-operatively. Both groups had increased knee girth compared to pre- operatively. There was no significant difference in ROM, 6MWT, TUG, or knee girth between the 2 groups. We did find a significantly lower amount of narcotic consumption (509 mg morphine equivalents) in the treatment group compared with the control group (680 mg morphine equivalents) at up to two weeks postop, when the cryopneumatic device was being used (p < 0.05). Between two and six weeks, there was no difference in the total amount of narcotics consumed between the two groups. At six weeks, there was a trend toward a greater distance walked in the 6MWT in the treatment group (29.4 meters versus 7.9 meters, p = 0.13). There was a significant difference in the satisfaction scores of patients with their cooling regimen, with greater satisfaction in the treatment group (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in ROM, TUG, VAS, or knee girth at six weeks. There was no difference in adverse events or compliance between the two groups. A cryopneumatic device used after TKA appeared to decrease the need for narcotic medication from hospital discharge to 2 weeks post-operatively. There was also a trend toward a greater distance walked in the 6MWT. Patient satisfaction with the cryopneumatic cooling regimen was significantly higher than with the control treatment.

Introduction. A smartphone-based care platform allows a customizable educational and exercise interface with patients, allowing many to recover after surgery without the need for formal physical therapy (PT). Furthermore, advances in wearable technology to monitor physical activity (PA) provides patients and physicians quantifiable metrics of the patient's recovery. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of a smartphone-based exercise educational platform after primary knee arthroplasty as well as identifying factors that may predict the need for formal physical therapy. Methods. This study is part of a multi-institution, prospective study of patients after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and partial knee arthroplasty (PKA) enrolled in a smartphone with smartwatch-based episode of care platform that recorded multimodal PA (steps, kcal, stairs). Postoperatively, all patients initially followed the smartphone-based exercise program. At the surgeon's discretion, patients were prescribed therapy if needed. The outcome of this study was the need for PT outside the app-based exercise program as well as time to return to preoperative step count. Variables assessed were preoperative weekly step counts (steps/day), weekly postoperative activity level (weekly step count compared to preoperative level), compliance with the exercise program (>75% completion) and patient demographic data including gender, age, BMI and narcotic use. One hundred eighty-eight patients were included in analysis: 45 PKA (24%) and 143 TKA (76%). Step count data was available on 135 patients and physical therapy data on 174. Results. Overall educational compliance was 91% and exercise compliance 34%. By 4-weeks postop, 45.6% of patients reached or exceeded their preoperative step count, including 60% of PKA and 41% of TKA (p=0.05). There was no significant difference in reaching step count based on gender (p=0.7), BMI <40kg/m2 (p=0.9) or age <65-years old (p=0.67). Sixty-three percent of patients that were compliant with the exercise program reached the step count compared to 40% of patients that weren't complaint (p=0.01). One hundred thirty-three patients (76.4%) completed the app-based exercise program without the need for PT, which included 81.4% of PKA patients and 75% of TKA patients (p=0.38). Weekly compliance with the exercise program (>75%) was significantly associated with not needing PT (p<0.001). Other factors that were significantly associated with the need for PT were a high physical activity level in postoperative week 1 (p<0.001) and a low physical activity level in postoperative week 2 (p=0.002). Conclusion. A high percentage of patients after primary knee arthroplasty were able to successfully complete the smartphone-based exercise program without the need for PT. Compliance with the exercise program was an important predictor of success. Postoperative activity level may also indicate the need for therapy as patients who were very active in the first postoperative week and then saw a decline in activity in the second week were more likely to be prescribed PT. With this platform, surgeons can monitor a patient's exercise compliance and postoperative activity level allowing many to recover at home, while being able to identify those within the first few weeks who may need structured physical therapy. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Postoperative pain is a concern for patients undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) and plays an important role in opioid consumption, length of stay, and postoperative function. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in patients who underwent primary TKA comparing femoral and sciatic (F+S) combination motor nerve block versus an adductor canal and the interspace between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee (ACB+IPACK) combination sensory nerve block. Methods. 100 consecutive primary TKA cases performed by a single surgeon using the same surgical approach and implant design were reviewed. The first 50 patients received F+S nerve blocks and the second 50 received ACB+IPACK blocks preoperatively. Both groups also received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Differences in opioid requirements, length of stay (LOS), distance walked, Western Ontario & McMasters University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Knee Society (KSS) function scores, Visual Analog Scores (VAS) for pain at rest and with activity, and postoperative complications were analyzed. There were no differences in the groups with respect to age, sex or BMI. Results. 62% of patients were discharged on postoperative day #1 in the ACB+IPACK group compared to 14% in the F+S group (p<.0001). The ACB+IPACK patients had a shorter LOS (average 1.48 days versus 2.02 days, p<0.0001), ambulated further on postop day #0 (average 21.4 feet versus 5.3 feet, p<0.0001), required less narcotics the day after surgery (average 15.7 versus 24.0 morphine equivalents p<0.0001) and at 2 weeks postoperative (average 6.2 versus 9.3 morphine equivalents, p=0.025), and required less manipulations under anesthesia (1 versus 5, p=0.204). WOMAC, KSS, and VAS scores were not significantly different. Discussion. The use of combination adductor canal and IPACK sensory blocks demonstrated improved early ambulation with decreased opioid use, length of stay, and postoperative manipulations. This study suggests that the use of combination sensory adductor canal and IPACK nerve blocks are superior to motor nerve blocks in patients undergoing primary TKA

Introduction. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) data are variably collected before and after total hip/knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA). We assessed the generalizability of incentivized, prospectively collected PRO data for THA/TKA patient-reported outcome performance measure (PRO-PM) development. Methods. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) received PRO data voluntarily submitted by hospitals in a bundled payment model for THA/TKA procedures. Participating hospitals who collected and successfully submitted these data received an increase in their overall quality score, possibly resulting in a positive impact on model reconciliation payments. PRO data were collected from Medicare Fee-For-Service beneficiaries >= 65 years undergoing elective primary THA/TKA procedures from July 1 to August 31, 2016 at hospitals participating in the model. Pre-operative PRO and risk variable data were collected 0 – 90 days prior to surgery, while post-operative PRO data were collected 270 – 365 days following elective THA/TKA. PRO pre-op and post-op data were matched to Medicare claims data for determination of clinically eligible procedures and clinical comorbidities. We compared the characteristics of patients submitting PRO data to other elective primary THA/TKA recipients in the US. Results. Four patient characteristics were associated with HOOS Jr. mean change scores (sex, narcotic use in past 90 days, other joint pain, and back pain) and four with KOOS Jr. mean change scores (sex, Hispanic ethnicity, other joint pain, and back pain). The frequency of simultaneous bilateral procedures, dementia, trauma, and dialysis were statistically significantly lower in patients submitting PRO data compared to other US Medicare beneficiaries undergoing elective primary THA/TKA, but no difference was greater than 1.5% absolute percentage points between groups. Conclusions. Offering financial incentives in alternative payment models to encourage PRO data collection and submission can produce generalizable data for PRO measure development. The possibility of non-respondent biases will need to be specifically considered in measure development

Aims

To map literature on prognostic factors related to outcomes of revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA), to identify extensively studied factors and to guide future research into what domains need further exploration.

Aims

Patient dissatisfaction following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with manual jig-based instruments has been reported to be as high as 30%. Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) has been increasingly used in an effort to improve patient outcomes, however there is a paucity of literature examining patient satisfaction after RA-TKA. This study aims to identify the incidence of patients who were not satisfied following RA-TKA and to determine factors associated with higher levels of dissatisfaction.

Aims

Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) as part of a periarticular injection protocol continues to be a highly debated topic in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We evaluated the effect of discontinuing the use of LB in a periarticular protocol on immediate postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, and objective functional outcomes.

Aims

Postoperative range of movement (ROM) is an important measure of successful and satisfying total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Reduced postoperative ROM may be evident in up to 20% of all TKAs and negatively affects satisfaction. To improve ROM, manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) may be performed. Historically, a limited ROM preoperatively was used as the key harbinger of the postoperative ROM. However, comorbidities may also be useful in predicting postoperative stiffness. The goal was to assess preoperative comorbidities in patients undergoing TKA relative to incidence of postoperative MUA. The hope is to forecast those who may be at increased risk and determine if MUA is an effective form of treatment.

Aims

The purpose is to determine the non-inferiority of a smartphone-based exercise educational care management system after primary knee arthroplasty compared with a traditional in-person physiotherapy rehabilitation model.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to use pharmacogenetics to determine the frequency of genetic variants in our total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients that could affect postoperative pain medications. Pharmacogenetic testing evaluates patient DNA to determine if a drug is expected to have a normal clinical effect, heightened effect, or no effect at all on the patient. It also predicts whether patients are likely to experience side effects from medicine. We further sought to determine if changing the multimodal programme based on these results would improve pain control or reduce side effects.

Aims

Enhanced perioperative protocols have significantly improved patient recovery following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Little has been investigated the effectiveness of these protocols for revision TKA (RTKA). We report on a matched group of aseptic revision and primary TKA patients treated with an identical pain and rehabilitation programmes.

Aims

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) provides improved early functional outcomes and less postoperative morbidity and pain compared with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Opioid prescribing has increased in the last two decades, and recently states in the USA have developed online Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs to prevent overprescribing of controlled substances. This study evaluates differences in opioid requirements between patients undergoing TKA and UKA.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a machine-learning algorithm to diagnose prosthetic loosening from preoperative radiographs and to investigate the inputs that might improve its performance.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the general postoperative opioid consumption and rate of appropriate disposal of excess opioid prescriptions in patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Objectives

The use of the haptically bounded saw blades in robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) can potentially help to limit surrounding soft-tissue injuries. However, there are limited data characterizing these injuries for cruciate-retaining (CR) TKA with the use of this technique. The objective of this cadaver study was to compare the extent of soft-tissue damage sustained through a robotic-assisted, haptically guided TKA (RATKA) versus a manual TKA (MTKA) approach.

Aims

To date, no study has demonstrated an improvement in postoperative outcomes following elective joint arthroplasty with a focus on nutritional intervention for patients with preoperative hypoalbuminaemia. In this prospective study, we evaluated differences in the hospital length of stay (LOS), rate of re-admission, and total patient charges for a malnourished patient study population who received a specific nutrition protocol before surgery.