Introduction. Medial calcaneal displacement osteotomy with an FDL tendon transfer is a common method of correcting pes planus deformity secondary to grade II tibialis posterior dysfunction. There is currently no evidence that calcaneal displacement alters the centre of pressure in the foot from a medial to a more central position as the normal shape is reconstituted. Materials and Methods. We prospectively evaluated 12 patients undergoing flatfoot reconstruction. Each patient had a preoperative AOFAS hindfoot score, pedobariographs and antero-posterior and lateral radiographs. This was repeated 6 months following surgery. Results. An angle (α) between the central axis of the foot (calcaneum to 2nd metatarsal head) and the centre of pressure (COP) was calculated for each patient both pre and post operatively and analysed using the Shapiro Wilk and the Students t test. Pressures directly under the 1st and 5th metatarsal heads and the calcaneum were also recorded and the pre and post operative differences analysed. The mean change in α angle is 6.1° (p < 0.01). The mean increase in pressure on the 1st metatarsal head is 460kPa (p = 0.08). The pressure changes on the 5th metatarsal head and the calcaneum are not statistically significant. The mean AOFAS score increases from 39.2 preoperatively to 82.8 postoperatively (p = 0.0019). The Meary angle improves from a mean of 12.7° to 5.7° (p = 0.027) and the calcaneal pitch improves from15.1° to 18.2° (p = 0.12). Conclusion. The medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy is able to significantly lateralise the centre of pressure in the foot and also increases the pressure under the 1st metatarsal head to more closely represent the parameters of the normal foot. The shape of the foot as judged radiographically and the clinical outcomes (AOFAS) are also improved

Introduction. Shoes with a rocker sole are commonly prescribed following forefoot surgery to redistribute pressure towards the heel. By shifting the body weight backwards, does the rocker shoe adversely effect balance and so disturb normal muscle activity? This study investigated the effects of the Darco post-operative shoe, and the impact of a contralateral shoe raise, on forefoot pressure, posture and balance. Materials and Methods. Fourteen healthy volunteers were investigated (age 36 ±10.8 yrs 11 females) either wearing (1) left Darco shoe and right standard shoe with/without a 5cm temporary shoe raise (Algeos Ltd) (2) two standard shoes. Postural sway was measured while standing with eyes open/closed and on/off a foam block. Dynamic balance was measured while stepping forwards/backwards and walking. Measurements of foot pressure (TECSKAN Inc USA), 3D body motion (Codamotion, UK) and surface electromyography of lower limb muscles were taken. Results were analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA. Results. The rocker shoe was associated with a 84% (±14) decrease in mean peak medial forefoot pressure a posterior shift of 0.9 cm (±1) in the centre of pressure (COP) and a 223% (±127) increase in tibialis anterior activity (P<0.05). Postural sway and whole body motion while stepping did not change. The shoe raise decreased peak loading in the Darco shoe and resulted in a smaller shift in the COP. Discussion and Conclusions. The increase in tibialis anterior activity helps maintain balance by compensating for the posterior shift in the centre of pressure. In people with weakness in the anterior muscles a rocker shoe may adversely affect balance. A contralateral shoe raise reduces the posterior shift in the COP but, due to a decrease in total loading through the whole foot, forefoot offloading is similar. A contralateral shoe raise may therefore aid balance while maintaining forefoot offloading

It has been suggested that extracorporeal shockwave therapy is a safe and effective treatment for pain relief from recalcitrant plantar fasciopathy (PF). However, the changes in gait and associated biomechanical parameters have not been well characterised. We recruited 12 female patients with recalcitrant PF who had a mean age of 59 years (50 to 70) and mean body mass index of 25 kg/m. 2. (22 to 30). The patients reported a mean duration of symptoms of 9.3 months (6 to 15). Shockwave therapy consisting of 1500 impulses (energy flux density 0.26 mJ/mm. 2. ) was applied for three sessions, each three weeks apart. A pain visual analogue scale (VAS) rating, plantar pressure assessment and motion analysis were carried out before and nine weeks after first shock wave therapy. It was demonstrated that patients increased their walking velocity and cadence as well indicating a decrease in pain after shockwave therapy. In the symptomatic foot, the peak contact pressure over the forefoot increased and the contact area over the digits decreased. The total foot impulse also decreased as did stance duration. The duration the centre of pressure remained in the hindfoot increased in the symptomatic foot after shockwave therapy. The differences in centre of pressure trajectory at baseline decreased at final follow-up. In conclusion, shockwave therapy not only decreased the pain VAS rating but also improved the gait parameters of the symptomatic foot in PF patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1088–93

Aims

The purpose of this study was to analyse the biomechanics of walking, through the ground reaction forces (GRF) measured, after first metatarsal osteotomy or metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) arthrodesis.

Injuries to the foot in athletes are often subtle and can lead to a substantial loss of function if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. For these injuries in general, even after a diagnosis is made, treatment options are controversial and become even more so in high level athletes where limiting the time away from training and competition is a significant consideration.

In this review, we cover some of the common and important sporting injuries affecting the foot including updates on their management and outcomes.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1299–1311.

Hallux rigidus was first described in 1887. Many aetiological factors have been postulated, but none has been supported by scientific evidence. We have examined the static and dynamic imbalances in the first metatarsophalangeal joint which we postulated could be the cause of this condition. We performed a finite-element analysis study on a male subject and calculated a mathematical model of the joint when subjected to both normal and abnormal physiological loads.

The results gave statistically significant evidence for an increase in tension of the plantar fascia as the cause of abnormal stress on the articular cartilage rather than mismatch of the articular surfaces or subclinical muscle contractures. Our study indicated a clinical potential cause of hallux rigidus and challenged the many aetiological theories. It could influence the choice of surgical procedure for the treatment of early grades of hallux rigidus.