Prompt mobilisation after the Fracture neck of femur surgery is one of the important key performance index (‘KPI caterpillar charts’ 2021) affecting the overall functional outcome and mortality. Better control of peri-operative blood pressure and minimal alteration of renal profile as a result of surgery and anaesthesia may have an implication on early post-operative mobilisation. Aim was to evaluate perioperative blood pressure measurements (duration of fall of systolic BP below the critical level of 90mmHg) and effect on the post-operative renal profile with the newer short acting spinal anaesthetic agent (prilocaine and chlorprocaine) used alongside the commonly used regional nerve block. 20 patients were randomly selected who were given the newer short acting spinal anaesthetic agent along with a regional nerve block between May 2019 and February 2020. Anaesthetic charts were reviewed from all patients for data collection. The assessment criteria for perioperative hypotension: Duration of systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm of Hg and change of pre and post operative renal functions. Only one patient had a significant drop in systolic BP less than 90mmHg (25 minutes). 3 other patients had a momentary fall of systolic BP of less than 5 minutes. None of the above patients had mortality and had negligible change in pre and post op renal function. Only one patient in this cohort had elevation of post-operative creatinine levels but did not have any mortality. Only 1 patient died on day 3 post operatively who had multiple comorbidities and was under evaluation for GI cancer. Even in this patient the peri-operative blood pressure was well maintained (never below 90mmHg systolic) and post-operative renal function was also shown to have improved (309 pre-operatively to 150 post-operatively) in this patient. The use of short-acting spinal anaesthesia has shown to be associated with a better control of blood pressure and end organ perfusion, less adverse effects on renal function leading to early mobilisation and a more favourable patient outcome with reduced mortality, earlier mobilisation, shorter hospital stay and earlier discharge in this elderly patient cohort

Introduction. Methoxyflurane can cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity at anaesthetic doses but has excellent analgesic properties and no nephrotoxic effects in patients without preexisting disease. Approved for use in the UK and Ireland in 2015, it is currently being used in emergency departments for analgesia during fracture reduction. During the Covid emergency, with theatre access severely restricted and many patients unwilling to use inhaled Nitrous oxide, Penthrox had the potential to provide adequate pain relief to aid frame removals and minor procedures in the clinic. Materials and Methods. Patients presenting to the Limb Reconstruction Unit Elective clinic and requiring frame removal or minor procedures were included in the study. Patients with renal, cardiac or hepatic disease, history of sensitivity to fluorinated anaesthetic agents and those on any nephrotoxic or enzyme inducing drugs were excluded. Verbal consent was obtained, the risks and benefits explained and the procedure was done in a side room in the clinic. Besides patient and procedure details, the Visual Analog Score and Richmond Agitation Scale was noted and patient's satisfaction documented. The results were presented as numbers, means and averages. Results. A total of 39 patients were included in the study of which 17 had Ilizarov frames removed, 10 had Hexapod Removals, 9 had heel rings removed and 3 others had an ex fix removed. Eleven patients required/ requested extra pain relief in the form of oral analgesia. All patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the experience. One patient had a wire jam during removal and required a GA for removal. Conclusions. Patient satisfaction was very high (>95%) with good results and allowed frame removals and minor procedures to be done in the clinic during the Covid pandemic. It also cut expenses and has potential for regular future use

Conventional teaching advises against using adrenaline with local anaesthetic near end-arteries due to risks of irreversible vasospasm, however there are benefits of adjunctive adrenaline including enhanced anaesthetic effect, prolonged duration and temporary haemostasis. Retrospective analysis was undertaken for all elective finger and distal palmar surgery using digital nerve or field blocks performed by four orthopaedic hand surgeons, during a two-year period in a large teaching hospital. Data collected from theatre databases and clinical notes included procedure type, anaesthetic agent, adrenaline use, tourniquet use and evidence of post-operative digital ischaemia or wound complications. 230 procedures (mean age 59 years) were performed, including 158 cases with plain anaesthetic only (2%, 1% Lidocaine or 0.25% Bupivicaine in 150, 4 and 4 cases respectively) and 72 cases with 0.25% Bupivicaine and adrenaline (1:200,000.) Mean anaesthetic volume was 7.5ml (7.2ml vs 8.0ml without and with adrenaline respectively.) Tourniquet was used in all cases without adrenaline but was not used in 21 (29%) of cases with adrenaline. Mean tourniquet time in each group was 16 minutes. Two post-operative infections occurred in the group without adrenaline with none in the adrenaline group and there were no cases of digital necrosis in either group. In the elective setting, adjunctive adrenaline with local anaesthetic does not increase the risk of post-operative infections or digital ischaemia. For proximal finger surgery, where digital tourniquets are often restrictive, using adrenaline can prevent the need for painful arm tourniquets

When transferring tissue regenerative strategies involving skeletal stem cells to human application, consideration needs to be given to factors that may affect the function of the cells that are transferred. Local anaesthetics are frequently used during surgical procedures, either administered directly into the operative site or infiltrated subcutaneously around the wound. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of commonly used local anaesthetics on the morphology, function and survival of human adult skeletal stem cells. Cells from three patients who were undergoing elective hip replacement were harvested and incubated for two hours with 1% lidocaine, 0.5% levobupivacaine or 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride solutions. Viability was quantified using WST-1 and DNA assays. Viability and morphology were further characterised using CellTracker Green/Ethidium Homodimer-1 immunocytochemistry and function was assessed by an alkaline phosphatase assay. An additional group was cultured for a further seven days to allow potential recovery of the cells after removal of the local anaesthetic. A statistically significant and dose dependent reduction in cell viability and number was observed in the cell cultures exposed to all three local anaesthetics at concentrations of 25% and 50%, and this was maintained even following culture for a further seven days. This study indicates that certain local anaesthetic agents in widespread clinical use are deleterious to skeletal progenitor cells when studied in vitro; this might have relevance in clinical applications

Single shot interscalene blocks are an effective analgesic for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. However, patients receiving these blocks are often found to be in significant pain when the block wears off, usually in the late evening or early hours of the morning. Overnight admission is currently routine in our unit, to ensure adequate analgesia can be administered during this period. Recent studies have suggested that adding dexamethasone to the local anaesthetic agent can prolong the duration of the block. We carried out a prospective study to assess whether addition of dexamethasone to brachial plexus blocks could reduce patient's post-operative analgesic demands and allow safe discharge on the same day after surgery. Twenty-six patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery during a morning theatre list, had ultrasound guided brachial plexus blocks using a mixture of 0.25% bupivacaine 20–30ml with 2–3mg of dexamethasone. All were admitted to the ward afterwards for analgesia and physiotherapy. Pain numerical rating scores (0–10) were recorded at rest in recovery one hour postoperatively by the attending anaesthetist and on active movement of the shoulder joint 24 hours after surgery by the attending physiotherapist. A standardised analgesia regime was prescribed with regular and as required medication, including as required strong opiates. Mean pain scores in recovery were 0.31 and on the morning after surgery were 2.38. Sixteen out of 26 required no further analgesia, with only 3 out of the 10 who did requiring opiates. The use of dexamethasone provides adequate analgesia for a prolonged period for most patients after brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery and does not result in a significant analgesic requirement when the block wears off. This may provide support for avoiding overnight admission in selected patients after arthroscopic shoulder surgery

It has been reported that some of the local anaesthetic agents possess antimicrobial activity against clinically-significant bacteria. Although bupivacaine exhibits a bacteriostatic effect at concentrations above 0.25% there are concerns that it might interact with some of the other antibiotics administered to patients. Whilst these interactions may be potentially benign, the risk is that they are antagonistic and that local bupivacaine might predispose the patient to a higher risk of infection. Bupivacaine is commonly administered as a local anaesthetic following knee arthroplasy; the purpose of this study was to assess its potential interactions with gentamicin eluting from the cement used to fix the device. A strain of Saphylococcus aureus (29213) with established susceptible Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for gentamicin was used. This organism was inoculated into four types of broth; Mueller-Hinton broth (MH), MH with different concentrations of gentamicin, MH with 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine and MH with various combinations of gentamicin and bupivacaine. The broths were incubated at 37C and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 24 hours post inoculation the number of bacteria remaining were counted. From these data kill-curves were generated describing the absolute and individual rates of killing seen with bupivacaine and gentamicin alone and when in combination. Bupivacaine showed a bacteriostatic effect only at concentrations of 0.25% and higher. All concentrations of gentamicin above or equal to the expected MBC showed bactericidal effect. However, in combination with both strengths of Bupivacaine (0.25 and 0.125%) the bacteriocidal effect of gentamicin was seen at a lower concentration and the rate of killing of bacteria was enhanced. Bupivacaine has bacteriostatic effect at concentrations above 0.25% in line with published data. In these experiments we have shown that the use of bupivacaine together with gentamicin does not reduce the bactericidal property of the antibiotic and that the bactericidal effect of gentamicin appears to be enhanced by bupivacaine. This would suggest that the local use of bupivacaine is unlikely to increase the risk of infection in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty and may actually be beneficial

Introduction. Many determinants of the length of stay (LOS) for primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been described. Multimodal, pre-emptive analgesia, age, walking aid score and stair score are some of them. Single shot peripheral nerve block is a popular method to provide prolonged analgesia in immediate post operative period after TKA. Delayed recovery from the nerve block can delay the rehabilitation programme and subsequently lengthen the LOS when the multi disciplinary team discharge criteria are well defined and standardized. The aim of this study is to calculate the incidence of delayed recovery from the sciatic and femoral nerve block administered in cases of primary TKA and its influence on LOS. Methods. All the patients undergoing primary TKA and receiving forty milliliters of 0.375% of Bupivacaine for sciatic and femoral nerve block since April 2010 till January 2011 have been included in the study. Patients demographics, date and day of operation, time of nerve block, complete recovery from the nerve block post operatively and date of discharge were recorded prospectively. Results. Total 34 patients were included in the study. 24 patients recovered from the effect of peripheral nerve block on the post operative day one and 10 patients recovered on the post operative day two. Mean LOS of patients recovered on post operative day one is 4.8 days and mean LOS of those who recovered on post operative day 2 is 5.6 days. Conclusion. Almost one third of the patients receiving forty milliliters of 0.375% of Bupivacaine for sciatic and femoral nerve block recovered late. Delayed recovery from nerve block seems to increase the duration to achieve the discharge criteria after primary TKA. This information can be used favorably to influence the outcome by altering the concentration and amount of anaesthetic agent used

Background: Nerve Root pain is a problem caused by mechanical compression from disc herniation or foraminal stenosis, which stimulates an inflammatory response. We present a review of the evidence for corticosteroid infiltration in nerve root infiltration (NRI). Methods: Medline, Embase, trial registries, conference proceedings and article reference lists were searched to identify randomised controlled trials of the use of NRI in the treatment of radicular pain. For the purpose of this meta-analysis, the control group “no steroid” was chosen to encompass various subtypes. The primary outcomes were Oswestry Disability Scores (ODI) and Visual Analogue Scores (VAS) for pain. Outcomes were compared at 3 and 6 months from injection. For the purpose of the meta-analysis, repeat injection and progression to surgery are grouped as a composite endpoint. Results: We identified 96 papers; but only 5 RCT’s which included 402 patients receiving NRI; 202 were randomised to receiving steroids. No trials reported significant intergroup differences in baseline VAS or ODI. At 3 months there was no significant difference in VAS or ODI between the groups. Only two trials reported ODI data at 6 months but a significant effect in favour of the control arm was noted (P = 0.040). Four of the five trials reported the need for further injection or surgery due to failure but no significant difference between the groups was found (P = 0.038). Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that the addition of steroids to local anaesthetic agents or placebo solutions confers no additional benefit, but the theoretical risk of infection. Further information is needed on hospital stay, economic and long term responses, and is required to counter confounding with small trials and study numbers, and any methodological heterogeneity

Introduction & Aims: The X-stop interspinous process decompression system is being used as an alternative to laminectomy in the treatment of neurogenic claudication. To date the clinical outcomes are favourable, but the economic value has not been established within the NHS financial model. Objective: To compare the average hospital costs of performing an x-stop procedure (under general or local anaesthetic) to a laminectomy in patients with neurogenic claudication. Design: A retrospective analysis of average length of stay, anaesthetic and operative times, equipment and anaesthetic agent costs. Sources included theatre management systems, the British National Formulary and Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust in-patient stay data. The study period was from April 2005 to October 2006. The number of patients in the two groups were 318 (laminectomy) and 75 (X-stop). Results: In comparison to laminectomy, patients under-going an X-stop procedure have a reduced average length of in-patient stay (3 versus 5 days), reduced anaesthetic time (25 versus 29 minutes) and operative duration (40 versus 128 minutes). The average cost for each procedure is £3346 for an X-stop under general anaesthetic (profit £119), £2835 for a laminectomy (profit £1177) and £2237 for an X-stop as a day case (profit £1228). Conclusions: Tariff reimbursement is an important consideration to ensure insertion of these devices is profitable for the hospital. Our results show that even with the additional cost of the implant device, an X-stop procedure under general anaesthetic remains profitable in comparison to a laminectomy, whilst a day-case X-stop procedure is more profitable. Additional savings are be made by reduced bed and theatre occupancy. Future studies will differentiate costs of 1- and 2-level X-stop procedures, complication rates and revision surgery

Aim: To assess the efficiency of pre-emptive analgesia in a clinical setting as opposed to closely controlled animal models, looking at postoperative pain scores, total analgesia requirement and amount of general anaesthetic agent required during surgery. Methods and Results. Subject to exclusions, 40 patients undergoing day-case arthroscopy of the knee (mean age 44 years, ASA grade 1–2) were randomized into two treatment groups. All patients had general anaesthesia. The trial group received an injection of 15mI 0.5% Bupivicaine / 1/200,000 adrenaline pre-emptively. After surgery a placebo injection was given of 15ml normal saline in an identical manner. The control group received the opposite order. Additional post-operative analgesia, if required, was administered in recovery. This was recorded, also total dose of propofol used, time to awakening, visual analogue pain score at 15 / 30 / 60 minutes, postoperative nausea and vomiting at 30 minutes and the number of delayed discharges. Although no difference was observed in postoperative pain scores at 15, 30 or 60 minutes, a trend for the trial group to require less analgesia in recovery was observed (Chi squared =9.74, p=0. 1) but this was not statistically significant. There was no difference in mean dose of propofol used in either group, 15mg/kg/hr (. sd. =2.85) trial versus 14.6mg/kg/hr (. sd. =1.96) control. Conclusion: Local anaesthetic given pre-emptively appears to be no more effective at controlling pain in the immediate postoperative period than the current standard practice of postoperative injection. It’s effect in clinical practice may be less dramatic than that observed in more controlled animal models and a larger study may be required to show a statistically significant difference

This is the first time that the principle of the mould—the principle of guiding the repair of nature for the purpose of recreating a destroyed or damaged structure, has been applied to surgery. The evolution of the method to its present encouraging stage is the result of the co-operative, professional family spirit of the Massachusetts General Hospital. We all share in it. We share it with the general surgeon because of his contributions to surgical technique. We share it with the "medical man" because of his pre-operative and post-operative care of the patient; because of his guidance as to when, and when not, to operate; and because of the many friendly arguments which are productive of so much good. We share it with the anaesthetist because of his clinical judgment of the patient, his selection of anaesthetic agent, and his continuous, conscientious administration of the anaesthetic throughout the operation. I am going to change from "we" to "I." I owe so much to my assistants, from the first to the last: Bill Rogers, Eddie Cave, George Van Gorder, Paul Norton, Milton Thompson, Otto Aufranc, and Carroll Larson. I want to thank them all for helping to carry the load, for remembering the things that I forgot, and for making helpful suggestions which often led to improvement in surgical technique or to the construction of a useful instrument. I want to pay tribute to the staff of the Orthopaedic Service of the Massachusetts General Hospital and to thank its members for kindly scepticism, constructive criticism, and neverfailing loyal support. The subject of this lecture, "Evolution of Mould Arthroplasty of the Hip Joint," is appropriate for a Moynihan lecture. It is not the work of one man alone. It is the work of one man, supported by a co-operative, helpful, and friendly hospital staff. This is what Lord Moynihan strove so hard to bring about at a time when surgeons viewed one another as rivals. To quote Dr William Mayo: "It is to Lord Moynihan's everlasting credit that, largely as a result of his unceasing efforts, surgeons came to consider themselves as fellow-workers in a cause."

Purpose: Intraarticular use of anaesthetic agents is common for postoperative pain relief after arthroscopic knee surgery. In this study, we have evaluated and compared the effects of Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine and Tramadol both invivo and invitro experimental rat models on articular cartilage and chondrocytes. Materials and Methods: Invivo Experiment: 1. Injections: Thirty mature Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230 – 300 g were randomized into 3 groups. Bupivacaine (Group 1), Levobupivacaine (Group 2) and Tramadol (Group 3) were injected into the right knee joints and physiological 0.9% saline into the left. 2. Histopathologic Analysis: The specimens were fixed, decalcified and stained with Hematoxylen and Eosin (H& E) and Toluidin Blue. All slides were examined by the same pathologist, who was blinded to the injectate used in each joint. All samples were evaluated histopathologically according to the recommendation of International Cartilage Repair Society’s osteoarthritis and cartilage histopathology grading and staging system. Invitro Experiment: Articular cartilage cells of the rats were cultured and seeded. Cartilage cell seeded samples (104 cells/mL) were incubated in three different anesthetic agents (0,5%); Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Tramadol respectively. Cell Titer 96TM Nonradioactivity Cell Proliferation (MTS) assay was used to determine the cell density on the samples. Results:. Invivo: There were pathologic changes like cartilage hypertrophy, active chronic inflammation with abscess formation, cellular proliferation, focal vertical fissures and focal discontunity on cartilage matrix at superficial zone in all three groups on the drug injected sides. Although those histopathologic findings were not found statistically significant when compared the OARSI grade, OA stage and OA score with the control groups (p> 0.05), statistically significant higher OARSI grade, OA stage and OA scores were detected when compared the Levobupivacaine injected group after 10 days with the Levobupivacaine injected group after 48 hours (p< 0.01 [ p=0.008]). Invitro: MTS results show that 0.5% Tramadol is cytotoxic to rat chondrocyte in vitro after 30 min of exposure. Also the cell number in both Bupivacaine and Levobupivacaine treated wells showed decrease throughout 15, 30 and 60 min exposures. Conclusion: No report has been appointed comparing the effects of the mentioned three drugs both invivo and invitro. Although chondrotoxicity of Bupivacaine was less harmful than Levobupivacaine and Tramadol, these findings suggest that local anesthetics negatively affect articular cartilage and chondrocytes. Given that chondrocyte loss has been implicated in the development of chondrosis and osteoarthritis, orthopaedic surgeons should be careful in their preference for pain control with intraarticular drug injections after arthroscopic procedures

Aims

Ankle fractures are common injuries and the third most common fragility fracture. In all, 40% of ankle fractures in the frail are open and represent a complex clinical scenario, with morbidity and mortality rates similar to hip fracture patients. They have a higher risk of complications, such as wound infections, malunion, hospital-acquired infections, pressure sores, veno-thromboembolic events, and significant sarcopaenia from prolonged bed rest.

Aims

Single-shot adductor canal block (ACB) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for postoperative analgesia is a common modality. Patients can experience breakthrough pain when the effect of ACB wears off. Local anaesthetic infusion through an intra-articular catheter (IAC) can help manage breakthrough pain after TKA. We hypothesized that combined ACB with ropivacaine infusion through IAC is associated with better pain relief compared to ACB used alone.

Aims

Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) as part of a periarticular injection protocol continues to be a highly debated topic in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We evaluated the effect of discontinuing the use of LB in a periarticular protocol on immediate postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, and objective functional outcomes.

Aims

Spinal deformity surgery carries the risk of neurological injury. Neurophysiological monitoring allows early identification of intraoperative cord injury which enables early intervention resulting in a better prognosis. Although multimodal monitoring is the ideal, resource constraints make surgeon-directed intraoperative transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring a useful compromise. Our experience using surgeon-directed TcMEP is presented in terms of viability, safety, and efficacy.

Aims

Current guidelines consider analyses of joint aspirates, including leucocyte cell count (LC) and polymorphonuclear percentage (PMN%) as a diagnostic mainstay of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). It is unclear if these parameters are subject to a certain degree of variability over time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the variation of LC and PMN% in patients with aseptic revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Aims

Current guidelines recommend surgery within 48 hours among patients presenting with hip fractures; however, optimal surgical timing for patients on oral anticoagulants (OACs) remains unclear. Individual studies are limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous outcomes. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of pre-injury OACs on time-to-surgery (TTS) and all-cause mortality among older adults with hip fracture treated surgically.