The revised Tokuhashi score has been widely used to evaluate indications for surgery and predict survival in patients with metastatic spinal disease. Our objective was to determine whether the score accurately predicted survival in those with MSCC. Retrospective analysis. All patients with MSCC presenting to our unit were included in this study from October 2003 to December 2009. Patients were divided into three groups – Tokuhashi score 0 – 8, 9 – 11 and 12 -15. Neurological outcome and survival. A total of 109 patients with MSCC were managed in our unit during this time. Mean age of patients was 61 years (range 7 - 86). Mean and median survival was 350 (5-2256) and 93 days in the 0-8 group, 439 (8-1902) and 229 days in the 9-11 group, and 922 (6-222) and 875 days in the 12-15 group; p = 0.01. All patients underwent decompression and stabilisation surgery. The rate of consistency between the prognostic score and actual survival was 64% (0-8), 64% (9-11) and 69% (12-15). Overall the consistency was 66%. There was no difference in neurological outcome between the 3 groups. There was a significant difference in the mean survival between groups. There was a moderate consistency between predicted and actual survival in this group of patients who all had cord compression. All patients had undergone some form of decompression and stabilisation surgery regardless of the overall revised Tokuhashi score

Purpose: To identify local and systemic risk factors for the development of pathologic fractures and determine the value of the Tokuhashi Score in patients with known asymptomatic lytic spinal metastases secondary to breast cancer. Method: A prospective cohort study was carried out on 51 patients with lytic spinal metastases secondary to breast cancer identified as having either purely lytic or mixed disease. The Tokuhashi Score, developed to estimate life expectancy for patients with symptomatic spinal metastases being considered for surgery, was calculated for each of the 51 patients. The score consists of six parameters each of which is rated from 0–2. Initial and follow up CT images and pain and function data were obtained every four months for one year. A final review of patient charts was performed two years later to determine if each patient was still alive. Results: Tumour burden was predominantly blastic and mixed rather than lytic. There was no progression of lytic tumour burden over the 12-month period, however there was progression of blastic tumour load. Eleven compression fractures occurred in seven patients; no burst fractures occurred during the study. No correlation between tumour burden (lytic, blastic or both) and risk of fracture was found. A weak correlation between bone mineral density and length of time elapsed from diagnosis of metastatic disease and fracture risk was found. Pain and functional data results were not related to tumour load. Tokuhashi score did correlate with survival, however actual survival in our population was far longer than that found in previous studies. Negative progesterone status was found to be negatively associated with life expectancy. Conclusion: Metastatic vertebral disease in breast cancer patients has a predominantly blastic and mixed appearance with current pharmacologic therapies. Pathologic fracture risk appears to be more related to bone mineral density than tumour burden in this population. Tokuhashi score does correlate with life expectancy in patients with relatively asymptomatic spinal metastases. Having a progesterone receptor negative tumour has a significantly negative impact on life expectancy

Background: Recent evidence suggests that surgical intervention with radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone. Predicting the life expectancy is critical in decision making whether to go for palliative or definitive surgery. Aim: To assess the accuracy of Modified Tokuhashi’s score (MTS) in predicting survival in patients with metastatic spinal tumours and cord compression; and to assess the incidence and role of early referral and diagnosis. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected two years’ data. Medical record was reviewed for the source of referral, delay in symptom onset to diagnosis and treatment, types of tumours, Karnofsky score to assess patients’ disability, Modified Tokuhashi score to assess the expected survival and final outcome. Results: 37 patients were included. Age ranged from 39 to 87 years(avg:64, median:66).30%(n=11) patients presented with cord compression and 70%(n=26) with instability pain. Cancer diagnosis had already been established in 57% cases off which 57% were referred from oncology and 43% from haematology. Remaining 43% patients were referred from GPs(68%) and medical specialties in the hospital(32%).51% patients presented early(< 3 months) and 22% presented late(> 6 months). Functional outcome improved in 58% patient following surgical intervention in early referral group(avg MTS:9.45) and improved in 61.5% patients in late referral group(avg MTS:9.5). In patients with cord compression, average MTS was 6.6. Expected survival was < 3 months in 45.4% and 3–12 months in the remaining patients. 81%(n=9) patients of this group had surgical intervention resulting in satisfactory functional outcome in 36%. 3 patients had surgery done within 24 hours and another 4 within 72 hours(median:58). In patients without cord compression, average MTS was 10.1. Expected survival was > 12 months in 84%. Surgical intervention was done in 84.6%(n=22) patients. 43% patients had posterior decompression and stabilisation with average MTS of 8.5 and satisfactory outcome in 56% patients. 13.5% patients had 2-stage anterior and posterior stabilisation with average MTS of 11.2 and satisfactory outcome in 100%. Average time from referral to definitive treatment was 17 days(mean:8, mode:8). Overall functional outcome was satisfactory in 84% patients. 30% patients died subsequently due to deterioration of their tumour-related problems with mainly Lung CA(36%) and Lymphoma(36%). Average MTS in these patients was 6.8. 5 patients died within 3 months of surgery. Conclusion: Modified Tokuhashi score was consistent with patients’ expected survival and functional outcome. There was no major difference in functional outcome in relation to early or late referral. We conclude that Modified Tokuhashi score is helpful to make a decision for intervening surgically

Study design: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 448 patients with a variety of spinal metastases. Objective. To compare the predictive value of the Tokuhashi scoring system (T12) and its revised edition (T15) for life expectancy both in the entire study group as well as in the various primary tumor subgroups. Summary of background data. In 1990 Tokuhashi and coworkers formulated a one point-addition-type prognostic scoring system with a total sum of 12 points for preoperative prediction of life expectancy as an adjunct in selecting appropriate treatment. Because the site of the primary tumor influences ultimate survival, the scoring system was revised in 2005 to a total sum of 15 points based on the origin of the primary tumor. Methods. This study included 448 patients with vertebral metastases, all of whom underwent surgical treatment during November 1992 to November 2009 at the Aarhus University Hospital. Data was retrieved from the Aarhus Spinal Metastases Algorithm. Scores based on the T12- and T15 scoring systems were calculated prospectively for each patient. All the patients were divided into three survival groups with different life expectancies according to their score points in both scoring systems. Furthermore, we divided all the patients into different groups dictated by the site of their primary tumor. The predictive value of each scoring system, both in the entire group and in each subgroup determined by the original tumour site, was evaluated by the Log-rank-test. The McNemar's test was used to compare the differences in accuracy rates between these two scoring systems. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier methods. Probability value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result. For the 448 patients with vertebral metastases, both the T12 and T15 scoring systems showed statistically significant predictive value (T12 group p<0.0001, T15 group p<0.0001, Log-rank test). The correlation between predicted survival period and real survival was significantly higher in T15 (p<0.0001, McNemar's test) than in T12. The further analyses by type of metastases showed that the predictive value of T12 and T15 was found in the prostate (p=0.0003), breast (p=0.0385), other tumor group (p<0.001) and lymphoma (p<0.05). Only T12 displayed predictive value in the colon group (p=0.0011). The accuracy rate of prognosis in T15 was significantly higher in those groups with spinal metastases originating from prostate (p=0.0032), breast (p<0.0001) and lung (p=0.0076). Conclusion. Both the T12 and T15 scoring systems have significant preoperative predictive value in terms of predicting the survival period for the entire vertebral metastases patient group as well as in the prostate, breast, lymphoma, and colon tumor groups. The accuracy rate was significantly improved in T15 for the total study group and in the subgroups of prostate, breast, and lung tumor

Previous studies have shown improved outcome following surgery for spinal cord compression due to metastatic disease. Further papers have shown that many patients with metastatic disease are not referred for orthopaedic opinion. The aims of this paper are to study the survival and morbidity of patients with spinal metastatic disease who receive radiotherapy. Do patients develop instability and progressive neurological compromise? Can we predict which patients will benefit from surgery?. Retrospective review of patients receiving radiotherapy for pain relief or cord compression as a result of metastatic disease. Patients were scored with regards to Tomita and Tokuhashi, survival and for deterioration in neurology or spinal instability. 94 patients reviewed. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year or until deceased. Majority of patients had a primary diagnosis of lung, prostate or breast carcinoma. Mean Tomita score of 6, Tokuhashi score 7, and mean survival following radiotherapy of 8 months. 11:94 patients referred for surgical opinion. Poor correlation with Tomita scores (-0.25) & Tokuhashi scores (0.24) to predict survival. Four patients developed progressive neurology on follow-up. One patient developed spinal instability. The remainder of the patients did not deteriorate in neurology and did not develop spinal instability. All patients with normal neurology at time of radiotherapy did not develop spinal cord compression or cauda equina at a later date. This study suggests that the vast majority of patients with spinal metastatic disease do not progress to spinal instability or cord compression, and that prophylactic surgery would not be of benefit. The predictive scoring systems remain unreliable making it difficult to select those patients who would benefit. The referral rate to spinal surgeons remains low as few patients under the care of the oncologists develop spinal complications

Spinal metastases are seen in 10–30% of cancer patients. Twenty percent of these metastases occur in the lumbo-sacral spine. Lumbo-sacral spine has different mechanical properties and encloses the cauda equina. Few studies took interest in this spinal segment. The objective of this study is to evaluate prognostic factors of lumbo-sacral spinal metastasis treated in our center. We retrospectively reviewed 376 patients who were operated in our center from 2010 to 2018. Eighty-nine patients presented lumbo-sacral metastases and thus were included. Data collected included age, smoking, tumor histology, American spinal injury association (ASIA) score, modified Tokuhashi score, modified Bauer score, ambulation status and adjuvant treatment. The mean population age was 60.9 years old (35–85). The tumor histology was predominantly lung (19 patients, 21.3%), breast (13 patients, 14.6%), kidney (11 patients, 12.4%) and prostate (9 patients 10.1%). Twenty-two patients (24.7%) were unable to walk preoperatively. Seventy-nine patients (88.8%) underwent a posterior open approach with corpectomy in 65 patients (73%). Eighteen patients regained ambulation post-operatively (81.8%). The mean survival was 24.03 months (CI95% 17,38–30,67, Range 0–90) and the median of survival was 9 months (CI95% 4.38–13.62). Better preoperative ASIA score had a significant favorable effect (p=0.03) on survival. Patients who regained their ability to walk had better survival (25.1 months (CI95% 18.2–32) VS 0.5 months (CI95% 0–1.1). Postoperative radiotherapy had a benefic effect on survival (p=0.019): Survival Increased from 10.5 months (CI95% 2.4–18.7) to 27.6 months (CI95% 19.5–35.8). The modified Tokuhashi and the modified Bauer scores underestimated the survival of the patients with lumbosacral metastases. Lumbosacral spinal metastases has better survival than expected by Tokuhashi and Bauer score. Surgical procedure have an important impact on survival and the ability to walk

Aims

Radiotherapy is a well-known local treatment for spinal metastases. However, in the presence of postoperative systemic therapy, the efficacy of radiotherapy on local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) in patients with spinal metastases remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of post-surgical radiotherapy for spinal metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to identify factors correlated with LC and OS.

Patients with solitary spinal metastases from Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) have better prognosis and survival rates compared to other spinal metastatic disease. Adjuvant therapy has been proven ineffective. Selected patients can be treated with Total En bloc Spondylectomy (TES) for solitary intra-osseous metastasis in the thoracolumbar spine secondary to renal cell carcinoma. Five patients with solitary vertebral metastasis secondary to RCC underwent TES for radical resection of the spinal pathology after pre-operative embolisation. The procedure involves en bloc laminectomy and corpectomy with posterior instrumented fusion and anterior instrumentation with cage reconstruction following the spondylectomy. All patients were fully staged pre-operatively and assessed according to the Tokuhashi scoring system. Recurrence of spinal metastasis and radiological failure of reconstruction. All patients demonstrated full neurological recovery and reported significant pain relief. One patient died at 11 months post-op due to a recurrence of the primary. The other four are well at 24, 45, 52 and 66 months post-op without evidence of recurrence in the spine. There were no major surgical complications. Careful patient selection is required to justify this procedure. The indication is limited to solitary intra-osseous lesions where complete resection of the tumour is possible. The main advantage of this treatment is that it affords significant pain relief and restores spinal stability whilst minimizing local recurrence

The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the outcome of patients with metastatic spinal disease who underwent minimally invasive fixation of the spine for intractable pain or spinal instability. This is a prospective audit of patients with metastatic spinal cord disease who have undergone minimally invasive fixation of the spine from August 2009 until the present date. This was assessed by pre and post-operative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), EQ5D and Tokuhashi scores. Intra- and post-operative complications, time to theatre, length of inpatient stay, analgesia requirements, mobility, chest drain requirement and post-operative HDU and ITU stays were also recorded. So far, 10 patients have met the criteria. There were no intra-operative complications. Post-operatively, there were no complications, chest drains, increase in analgesia or stay on the HDU or ITU. All patients showed an improvement in mobility. The mean post-operative day of mobilisation was 2 days, post-operative days until discharge 5.3 days and length of inpatient stay was shorter than traditional surgery. Blood loss was minimum except one patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who needed transfusion intraoperatively. ODI, VAS and EQ-5D scores were calculated and were significantly improved compared to preoperatively. This novel approach to management of metastatic spinal disease has resulted in improved mobility, short inpatient stays without the need for chest drains, HDU or ITU and an improved the quality of life in pallliative patients. This is a completely new strategy to treat the pain in these patients without the usual associated risks of surgery and has major advantages over traditional surgical techniques which may preclude this group of patients having any surgical stabilisation procedure at all

Previous studies have shown improved outcome following surgery for spinal cord compression due to metastatic disease. Further papers have shown that many patients with metastatic disease are not referred for orthopaedic opinion. The aims of this paper are to study the survival and morbidity of patients with spinal metastatic disease who receive radiotherapy. Do patients develop instability and progressive neurological compromise?. Do patients require surgery or are the majority adequately treated by oncologists?. Review of patients receiving radiotherapy for pain relief or cord compression as a result of metastatic disease. Patients were scored with regards to Tomita and Tokuhashi, survival and for deterioration in neurology or spinal instability. 94 patients reviewed. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year or until deceased. Majority of patients had a primary diagnosis of lung, prostate or breast carcinoma. Mean Tomita score of 6, Tokuhashi score 7, and mean survival following radiotherapy of 8 months. 11:94 patients referred for surgical opinion. Four patients developed progressive neurology on follow-up. One patient developed spinal instability. The remainder of the patients did not deteriorate in neurology and did not develop spinal instability. All patients with normal neurology at time of radiotherapy did not develop spinal cord compression or cauda equina at a later date. This study suggests that the vast majority of patients with spinal metastatic disease do not progress to spinal instability or cord compression, and that prophylactic surgery would not be of benefit. The referral rate to spinal surgeons remains low as few patients under the care of the oncologists develop spinal complications

Purpose of the study: The goal of palliative surgical treatment of vertebral metastases is to avoid, stabilise, or improve neurological disorders and to relieve pain. We propose early treatment for fixation of threatening lesions and extensive release without resection for programmed surgery outside the emergency context. Material and methods: From 2001 to 2005, eighty patients underwent scheduled surgery for threatening or symptomatic lesions. Mean age was 59 years (range 32–82). The primary tumour was: breast (n=35), lung (n=19), kidney (n=8), uterus (n=1), prostate (n=2), ENT (n=3), gastrointestinal (n=5), haematology (n=7). Sixty-six patients presented Frankel B to D neurological involvement. The Tokuhashi score was 8 on average (range 5–9) and the Karnofsky index 57% (range 30–70). Sixty-four patients had visceral metastases. On average 7 levels were instrumented (range 4 to 8). The procedure included laminectomy in all cases. Results: Blood loss was 500 cc (300–2700) and operative time 110″ (65–110). Fifty-nine patients recovered one or more Frankel grade. Six patients (7%) developed a postoperative infection. The actuarial survival at one year was 78%; 95% for patients free of motor neurological involvement and 65% for the others. This difference was significant. Discussion: Spinal metastases should be detected and treated before emergency care is required. At the present time this treatment is well programmed. Fixation without tumour resection enables prolonged survival and allows time for other treatments in a pluridisciplinary management scheme. Several therapeutic options are possible but converge towards improved quality of life. Conclusion: Posterior tumour resection is not useful for palliative surgical management of vertebral metastases. We propose an active approach using a simple well-defined surgical procedure without waiting for development of a neurological emergency

Introduction: Patients with solitary spinal metastases from Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) have better prognosis and show longer survival rates compared to other spinal metastatic disease. Adjuvant control by chemotherapy and hormonal therapy has been proven ineffective to treat this relatively radio resistant tumour, which can often present with both back pain and neurological deficit. Selected patients can be treated with Total En bloc Spondylectomy (TES) for solitary intra-osseous metastasis in the thoracolumbar spine secondary to renal cell carcinoma. Methods: Four patients with solitary vertebral metastasis secondary to RCC underwent TES for radical resection of the spinal pathology after pre-operative embolisation. The procedure involves en bloc laminectomy and corpectomy with posterior instrumented fusion and anterior instrumentation with cage reconstruction following the spondylectomy. All patients were fully staged pre-operatively and assessed according to the Tokuhashi scoring system to determine predictive life expectancy. Results: All patients demonstrated full neurological recovery and reported significant pain relief. One patient died at 11 months post-op due to a recurrence of the primary in the nephrectomy bed. The other three are alive and well at 33, 40 and 54 months post-op with no radiological evidence of tumour recurrence in the spine. There were no major surgical complications. Discussion: Careful patient selection is required to justify this procedure. The indication is best limited to solitary intra-osseous lesions where complete resection of the tumour is possible. The main advantage of this treatment is that it affords significant pain relief and restores spinal stability whilst minimizing local recurrence. Conclusion: TES can improve symptomatic control of isolated solitary spinal metastases of the thoracolumbar spine in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Aims: The validation of two previously published prognostic scoring systems in relation to survival following surgery for metastatic disease of the spine. Methods: 169 patients operated upon for metastatic disease of the spine were retrospectively reviewed and prognostic scores calculated according to the systems of Tokuhashi and Tomita. Surgical approach and strategy, complications and reoperations were also recorded. Patient survival was compared by prognostic group and surgical strategy within and between the two systems. Results: 126 patients were conþrmed dead at a mean of 8.3 months and 43 alive at a mean 31.2 months. Patients with Tokuhashi scores of 9–12 had 50% survivial of 23 months compared to 5 months and 2 months for scores of 5–8 and 1–4 respectively (p< 0.05). Tomita scoring showed a similar trend with 50% survivals of 15 and 5 months for predicted long and medium term groups (p< 0.05). Each prognostic parameter was signiþcantly related to survival for both systems. There was no difference in survival within the better prognostic groups in relation to surgical stratergy. Tomitañs system was less sensitive to early mortality. Conclusions: Both systems are potentially useful in deciding the suitability for surgery in patients with metastatic spinal disease. There use in the emergency, unstaged patient has not been validated here. They may help in comparing patient status in future studies allowing more meaningful analysis of data

Study Design: Descriptive case series. Objective: To report on the outcome of 4 patients treated with Total En bloc Spondylectomy (TES) for solitary intra-osseous metastasis in the thoracolumbar spine secondary to hypernephroma. Summary of background data: Patients with solitary spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have better prognosis and show longer survival rates as compared to other spinal metastatic disease. Adjuvant control by chemotherapy and hormonal therapy has been proven ineffective to treat this relatively radioresistant tumour, which can often present with both back pain and neurological deficit. Methods: Four patients with solitary vertebral metastasis secondary to RCC underwent TES for radical resection of the spinal pathology. The procedure involves en bloc laminectomy and corpectomy with posterior instrumented fusion and anterior instrumentation with cage reconstruction following the spondylectomy. All patients were fully staged pre-operatively and assessed according to the Tokuhashi scoring system to determine predictive life expectancy. 3 of the 4 had pre-operative embolization and all had radical resection of the primary tumour. Results: All patients reported significant pain relief and demonstrated neurological improvement. One patient died at 11 months post-op due to a recurrence of the primary in the nephrectomy bed. 3 were alive and well at 18, 26 and 39 months post-op with no radiological evidence of tumour recurrence. There were no major surgical complications. Conclusions: Careful patient selection is required to justify this procedure. The indication is best limited to solitary intra-osseous lesions where complete resection of the tumour is possible. The main advantage of this treatment is that it affords significant pain relief and restores spinal stability whilst minimizing local recurrence

Introduction. The main symptoms in multiple myeloma are the result of skeletal destruction mainly the vertebral column. The current treatments for multiple myeloma include radiotherapy and chemotherapy but unfortunately it is still incurable. However, the symptoms and quality of life of these patients can be improved by cement augmentation which has gained popularity in the recent years. Aim. To analyse the efficacy and safety of cement augmentation and to assess the survival and outcome of the patients with vertebral fractures secondary to multiple myeloma. Material and Methods. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the data over the last 3 years. Medical records review included correction of vertebral angle (VA), assessment of disability, survival and postoperative improvement in pain and functional status. Results. We reviewed 12 patients with 48 vertebral compression fractures including 9 male and 3 female patients. Mean age was 62.5 years (41–85). 5 patients had single vertebral involvement while 7 had multiple fractures at different levels in thoracolumbar spine. Average length of follow-up was 20.3 months (14–33 months). Based on Modified Tokuhashi score, the expected survival was less than 12 months in 2 patients and more than 12 months in the remaining patients. 11 patients are alive till date with average survival of 26 months (18–42 months) while 1 patient died, 23 months after the initial correction surgery. Prior to correction, the average vertebral angle (VA) was 10.60 (2.30 to 25.20) and after cement augmentation the average VA was 7.00 (1.60–22.80). Mean correction achieved was 3.60. There was no loss of vertebral height in any patient until their latest follow-up. Karnofsky performance score was more than 70 in 5 patients, 50–70 in 6 and less than 50 in 1 patient preoperatively while it improved to more than 70 in all patients postoperatively which indicates improvement in their functional status. All patients reported improvement in their pain level after surgery. No cement leakage or major complication occurred in these patients. Conclusion. Cement augmentation is a safe and effective way of treating the symptoms of multiple myeloma which occur due to vertebral metastases. It results in excellent pain control and improvement in quality of life

Objective: To assess the validity of the Tokuhashi and Tomita scoring systems in the prediction of prognosis following spinal surgery for skeletal metastases. Design: A retrospective cohort study of patients treated in a specialist spinal unit. Subjects: All patients undergoing definitive surgery for metastastes of the spine were considered eligible. Time to death or current length of survival was available in 147. *. of these which was confirmed by the Cancer Registry. Medical and nursing case notes were reviewed and prognostic scores using the methods of Tokuhashi et al, and Tomita et al. were calculated for each patient. *. death data for further patients currently awaited from Cancer Registry. Outcome measures: Mean survival period with 95% confidence intervals for patients grouped according to prognostic score. Results: Thirty-two patients were still alive and 113 had confirmed death dates. Forty-three patients had Tokuhashi scores of 9 or greater with a mean survival of 20.1 months (95% confidence interval 5.8 months) compared to 9.5 months (2.9 months) for scores 6–8 and 3.5 months (1.8 months) for scores below this. Tomita scoring showed a similar trend with those with better prognostic profiles but without the same degree of statistical significance. The overall 30-day mortality was 8.2% with no significant difference between any other groups. Conclusion: In patients presenting with metastatic disease involving the spine, published prognostic profiles offer some guidance to likely survival of the patient and so the appropriateness of surgical treatment

Aims

With recent progress in cancer treatment, the number of advanced-age patients with spinal metastases has been increasing. It is important to clarify the influence of advanced age on outcomes following surgery for spinal metastases, especially with a focus on subjective health state values.