Aims. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess and investigate the safety and efficacy of using a distal tibial osteotomy compared to proximal osteotomy for limb lengthening in children. Methods. In this study, there were 59 consecutive tibial lengthening and deformity corrections in 57 children using a circular frame. All were performed or supervised by the senior author between January 2013 and June 2019. A total of 25 who underwent a distal tibial osteotomy were analyzed and compared to a group of 34 who had a standard proximal tibial osteotomy. For each patient, the primary diagnosis, time in frame, complications, and lengthening achieved were recorded. From these data, the frame index was calculated (days/cm) and analyzed. Results. All patients ended their treatment with successful lengthening and deformity correction. The frame index for proximal versus distal osteotomies showed no significant difference, with a mean 48.5 days/cm (30 to 85) and 48.9 days/cm (28 to 81), respectively (p = 0.896). In the proximal osteotomy group, two patients suffered complications (one refracture after frame removal and one failure of regenerate maturation with subsequent valgus deformity) compared to zero in the distal osteotomy group. Two patients in each group sustained obstacles that required intervention (one necessitated guided growth, one fibula lengthening, and two required change of wires). There was a similar number of problems (pin-site infections) in each group. Conclusion. Our data show that distal tibial osteotomies can be safely employed in limb lengthening for children using a circular frame, which has implications in planning a surgical strategy; for example, when treating a tibia with shortening and distal deformity, a second osteotomy for proximal lengthening is not required. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(11):1273–1278

Aims. Open tibial fractures are limb-threatening injuries. While limb loss is rare in children, deep infection and nonunion rates of up to 15% and 8% are reported, respectively. We manage these injuries in a similar manner to those in adults, with a combined orthoplastic approach, often involving the use of vascularised free flaps. We report the orthopaedic and plastic surgical outcomes of a consecutive series of patients over a five-year period, which includes the largest cohort of free flaps for trauma in children to date. Methods. Data were extracted from medical records and databases for patients with an open tibial fracture aged < 16 years who presented between 1 May 2014 and 30 April 2019. Patients who were transferred from elsewhere were excluded, yielding 44 open fractures in 43 patients, with a minimum follow-up of one year. Management was reviewed from the time of injury to discharge. Primary outcome measures were the rate of deep infection, time to union, and the Modified Enneking score. Results. The mean age of the patients was 9.9 years (2.8 to 15.8), and 28 were male (64%). A total of 30 fractures (68%) involved a motor vehicle collision, and 34 (77%) were classified as Gustilo Anderson (GA) grade 3B. There were 17 (50%) GA grade 3B fractures, which were treated with a definitive hexapod fixator, and 33 fractures (75%) were treated with a free flap, of which 30 (91%) were scapular/parascapular or anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps. All fractures united at a median of 12.3 weeks (interquartile range (IQR) 9.6 to 18.1), with increasing age being significantly associated with a longer time to union (p = 0.005). There were no deep infections, one superficial wound infection, and the use of 20 fixators (20%) was associated with a pin site infection. The median Enneking score was 90% (IQR 87.5% to 95%). Three patients had a bony complication requiring further surgery. There were no flap failures, and eight patients underwent further plastic surgery. Conclusion. The timely and comprehensive orthoplastic care of open tibial fractures in this series of patiemts aged < 16 years resulted in 100% union and 0% deep infection, with excellent patient-reported functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1160–1167

Aims. The treatment of tibial aplasia is controversial. Amputation represents the gold standard with good functional results, but is frequently refused by the families. In these patients, treatment with reconstructive limb salvage can be considered. Due to the complexity of the deformity, this remains challenging and should be staged. The present study evaluated the role of femoro-pedal distraction using a circular external fixator in reconstructive treatment of tibial aplasia. The purpose of femoro-pedal distraction is to realign the limb and achieve soft tissue lengthening to allow subsequent reconstructive surgery. Methods. This was a retrospective study involving ten patients (12 limbs) with tibial aplasia, who underwent staged reconstruction. During the first operation a circular hexapod external fixator was applied and femoro-pedal distraction was undertaken over several months. Subsequent surgery included reconstruction of the knee joint and alignment of the foot. Results. The mean follow-up was 7.1 years (2 to 10). The mean age of the patients at the time of the application of the fixator was 2.3 years (1.1 to 5.0). The mean time under distraction was 139.7 days (81.0 to 177.0). A mean fibular distalization of 38.7 mm (14.0 to 67.0) was achieved. Pin infections occurred in four limbs (33.3%) and osteitis in one. A femoral fracture occurred in one patient. Premature removal of the frame was not required in any patient. Sufficient realignment of the leg as well as soft tissue lengthening was achieved in all patients, allowing subsequent reconstruction. All patients were able to mobilize fully weight bearing after reconstruction. Functional outcome was limited in all limbs, and five patients (50.0%) required additional reconstructive operations. Conclusion. Regarding the functional results in the treatment of tibial aplasia, amputation remains superior to limb salvage. The latter procedure should only be performed in patients whose parents refuse amputation. Femoro-pedal distraction efficiently prepares the limb by realigning the leg and soft tissue lengthening. Minor complications are frequent, but usually do not hinder the continuation of distraction. Even though a fully weight-bearing limb is achieved, the functional outcome of reconstructive treatment remains limited. Recurrent deformities frequently occur and may require further operations. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(9):1248–1255

Aims. We wished to examine the effectiveness of tibial lengthening using a two ring Ilizarov frame in skeletally immature patients. This is a potentially biomechanically unstable construct which risks the loss of axial control. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 24 boys and 26 girls, with a mean age of 8.6 years (4 to 14), who underwent 52 tibial lengthening procedures with a mean follow-up of 4.3 years (4.0 to 16.9). Tibial alignment was measured before and after treatment using joint orientation lines from the knee and a calculation of the oblique plane axis. Results. The mean percentage length gain was 20% (13 to 31) with a mean bone-healing index (BHI) of 34 days per centimetre (20 to 54). Age at surgery and location of the osteotomy site showed a strong relationship as the location of the osteotomy migrated more proximally with age. However, no significant correlation was found between BHI and the position of the osteotomy. The coronal and sagittal joint orientation of the lengthened tibias were within the normal range in 67% and 92% of cases, respectively. The oblique plane angulation calculation revealed a statistically significant change pre- to post-operatively in both magnitude (p < 0.05) and direction (p < 0.01), but without clinical consequence. The majority of complications were minor (n = 40 in 27 patients; 1.48 complications per segment lengthened) with no residual disability reported. Conclusion. Two-ring tibial lengthening is effective in maintaining segmental alignment, efficient in callous production and relatively comfortable for the patient with few significant complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1276–82

We describe three cases of infantile tibia vara resulting from an atraumatic slip of the proximal tibial epiphysis upon the metaphysis. There appears to be an association between this condition and severe obesity. Radiologically, the condition is characterised by a dome-shaped metaphysis, an open growth plate and disruption of the continuity between the lateral borders of the epiphysis and metaphysis, with inferomedial translation of the proximal tibial epiphysis. All patients were treated by realignment of the proximal tibia by distraction osteogenesis with an external circulator fixator, and it is suggested that this is the optimal method for correction of this complex deformity. There are differences in the radiological features and management between conventional infantile Blount’s disease and this ‘slipped upper tibial epiphysis’ variant

Aims. Following the introduction of national standards in 2009, most major paediatric trauma is now triaged to specialist units offering combined orthopaedic and plastic surgical expertise. We investigated the management of open tibia fractures at a paediatric trauma centre, primarily reporting the risk of infection and rate of union. Patients and Methods. A retrospective review was performed on 61 children who between 2007 and 2015 presented with an open tibia fracture. Their mean age was nine years (2 to 16) and the median follow-up was ten months (interquartile range 5 to 18). Management involved IV antibiotics, early debridement and combined treatment of the skeletal and soft-tissue injuries in line with standards proposed by the British Orthopaedic Association. Results. There were 36 diaphyseal fractures and 25 distal tibial fractures. Of the distal fractures, eight involved the physis. Motor vehicle collisions accounted for two thirds of the injuries and 38 patients (62%) arrived outside of normal working hours. The initial method of stabilisation comprised: casting in nine cases (15%); elastic nailing in 19 (31%); Kirschner (K)-wiring in 13 (21%); intramedullary nailing in one (2%); open reduction and plate fixation in four (7%); and external fixation in 15 (25%). Wound management comprised: primary wound closure in 24 (39%), delayed primary closure in 11 (18%), split skin graft (SSG) in eight (13%), local flap with SSG in 17 (28%) and a free flap in one. A total of 43 fractures (70%) were Gustilo-Anderson grade III. There were four superficial (6.6%) and three (4.9%) deep infections. Two deep infections occurred following open reduction and plate fixation and the third after K-wire fixation of a distal fracture. No patient who underwent primary wound closure developed an infection. All the fractures united, although nine patients required revision of a mono-lateral to circular frame for delayed union (two) or for altered alignment or length (seven). The mean time to union was two weeks longer in diaphyseal fractures than in distal fractures (13 weeks versus 10.8 weeks, p = 0.016). Children aged > 12 years had a significantly longer time to union than those aged < 12 years (16.3 weeks versus 11.4 weeks, p = 0.045). The length of stay in hospital for patients with a Gustilo-Anderson grade IIIB fracture was twice as long as for less severe injuries. . Conclusion. Fractures in children heal better than those in adults. Based on our experience of deep infection we discourage the use of internal fixation with a plate for open tibial fractures in children. We advocate aggressive initial wound debridement in theatre with early definitive combined orthopaedic and plastic surgery in order to obtain skeletal stabilisation and soft-tissue cover. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:544–53

Statement of purpose of study: To determine how effective Flexible Intramedullary Nails are in treating tibial and femoral fractures in adolescents. Summary of Methods used: Retrospective review of consecutive adolescent patients treated over a seven year period with Flexible Intramedullary Nails for tibial and femoral fractures. Statement of Conclusion: We conclude that the higher than expected rates of malunion and delayed union suggest that other treatments should be considered when treating adolescents with unstable tibial or femoral fractures. Introduction Flexible intramedullary nails (FIN) are increasingly used in the management of paediatric tibial and femoral fractures. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the use of FIN in older children. The aim of this study was to determine how effective FIN's are in treating tibial and femoral fractures in adolescents. Methods Hospital records were used to identify all patients aged 11 years or older under going FIN for tibial and femoral fractures between 2003 and 2009. Radiographs and case notes were reviewed to identify complications. Results 35 consecutive adolescent patients underwent FIN for tibial (n=21) and femoral fractures (n=15) with a mean age of 12.9 years. 2 femoral and 9 tibial fractures were open. Eight patients sustained multiple injuries. Mean radiographic follow up was 29 weeks. 60% (n=9) and 38% (n=9) of femoral and tibial fractures respectively malunited. Fracture severity was associated with increased malunion for both tibial and femoral fractures (P=0.046 and P=0.044 respectively). There were no cases of non-union. 2 femoral fractures took longer than 20 weeks to unite and 7 tibial fractures took longer than 16 weeks to unite. One patient developed post operative compartment syndrome, one patient developed deep infection and two patients were treated with post operative traction for loss of fracture position. Discussion Previous publications from multiple centres, including ours, have demonstrated excellent results of FIN for tibial and femoral fractures in the general paediatric population. However, concerns have recently been raised about the use of FIN in older, heavier children and with unstable fracture patterns. This is the first published series of adolescent patients undergoing FIN. We conclude that the higher than expected rates of malunion and delayed union suggest that other treatments should be considered when treating adolescents with unstable tibial or femoral fractures

Between 2005 and 2010 ten consecutive children with high-energy open diaphyseal tibial fractures were treated by early reduction and application of a programmable circular external fixator. They were all male with a mean age of 11.5 years (5.2 to 15.4), and they were followed for a mean of 34.5 months (6 to 77). Full weight-bearing was allowed immediately post-operatively. The mean time from application to removal of the frame was 16 weeks (12 to 21). The mean deformity following removal of the frame was 0.15° (0° to 1.5°) of coronal angulation, 0.2° (0° to 2°) sagittal angulation, 1.1 mm (0 to 10) coronal translation, and 0.5 mm (0 to 2) sagittal translation. All patients achieved consolidated bony union and satisfactory wound healing. There were no cases of delayed or nonunion, compartment syndrome or neurovascular injury. Four patients had a mild superficial pin site infection; all settled with a single course of oral antibiotics. No patient had a deep infection or re-fracture following removal of the frame. The time to union was comparable with, or better than, other published methods of stabilisation for these injuries. The stable fixator configuration not only facilitates management of the accompanying soft-tissue injury but enables anatomical post-injury alignment, which is important in view of the limited remodelling potential of the tibia in children aged > ten years. Where appropriate expertise exists, we recommend this technique for the management of high-energy open tibial fractures in children

We report the results of a retrospective review of patients that underwent distal tibial deformity correction with transphyseal or supramalleolar osteotomy with or without tibial lengthening. The aims of the procedures performed were to obtain equal leg length, restore the alignment of the ankle joint and tibio—fibular relationship. Supramalleolar osteotomy enables deformity correction, can be combined with lengthening and is appropriate where the tibio—fibular relationship is normal. When the tibio—fibular relationship is abnormal, as is often the case with bone dysplasias, differential tibio—fibular lengthening can be performed. If physeal arrest has occurred, for example after sepsis, deformity correction can be achieved with a transphyseal osteotomy allowing correction and ensuring epiphysiodesis. When the fibular length is excessive, transphyseal osteotomy can be combined with a fibular shortening. Our review encompassed 12 patients over a period of 10 years with 5 having deformity after previous meningococcal septicaemia, 4 with fibular hemimelia, 2 with a history of previous trauma and 1 with deformity occurring after a compartment syndrome as a consequence of snake bite. Seven transphyseal osteotomies were performed in 5 patients (2 bilateral), 4 with deformity secondary to meningococcal septicaemia and 1 with deformity secondary to previous trauma. After 1 transphyseal osteotomy there was recurrent distal tibial deformity (14%) which occurred within 1 year requiring a later supramalleolar dome osteotomy. Of the other 6 transphyseal osteotomies all healed with no residual leg—length inequality or deformity. Seven patients underwent supramalleolar osteotomies with all healing and recurrent deformity occurring in 1 patient (14%). Future lengthening is required in 2 patients and 1 patient will undergo a subtalar joint arthrodesis for a painful valgus hindfoot. Distal tibial deformity correction is challenging but our results show that providing the stated principles are adhered to, successful management with an acceptable recurrent deformity rate is possible

Background. Complex tibial fractures are difficult to treat. The costs associated with hospitalization can be substantial, yet it is unknown how these vary depending upon the type of implant used. There have been multiple studies on economics of tibial fractures but none of these studies actually focussed on costing of illizarov and taylor spatial frames. We discuss the cost analysis of 200 tibial fractures treated with illizarov or taylor spatial frames. The purpose of this study was to compare the cost of treatment of complex tibial fractures with reimbursement given to the hospital in treating such injuries. Methods. We evaluated the economical data of 200 patients with complex tibial fractures treated with illizarov frame or taylor spatial frame from May 2005 to May 2010. Demographic data, fracture classification and method of surgical treatment along with the length of hospital stay were recorded in detail. The total cost calculated was then compared to the range of reimbursement price based on HRG (human Resource Group) coding. The implant cost was determined from the buying cost of institution. Results. All fractures were sub-classified based on AO classification. Average age of the patients operated was 43.4 years. 30 percent of the patients had multiple bone fractures. 196 fractures healed in a mean time of 18.3 weeks. The average cost of treating isolated tibial fracture with illizarov frame was 5058.2 pounds. The average cost of treating tibial fractures in a polytrauma patient was 18285.4 pounds in our series. The reimbursement to the hospital varied considerably ranging from 1600 pounds to 13000 pounds. Conclusion. Hospital source utilization for tibial fractures treated with illizarov and TSF is quite high compared to the reimbursement being given to hospitals for treating such patients. This can be as low as £ 1600 as acute phase tariff to 13000 pounds in poly trauma patients and the implant cost can vary from 20% to 150% of the total reimbursement cost. Current recording system for these fractures is unclear resulting in discrepancy between resource utilization and reimbursement thus resulting in substantial loss of remuneration for hospitals that perform these procedures

We reviewed three infants with destructive osteomyelitis involving the proximal tibial epiphysis at a follow-up of eight to 22 years. All cases showed early radiographic destructive changes in the medial or lateral aspects of the epiphysis and metaphysis. Despite the ominous early appearance of the epiphysis, all cases showed spontaneous re-ossification of the epiphysis with restoration of the tibial condyle and preservation of joint congruity. The patients, however, developed a valgus or varus deformity which was treated satisfactorily with one to three proximal tibial osteotomies. The potential for regeneration of the epiphysis following infantile osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia suggests these cases should be treated expectantly with regard to joint congruity

The study describes a technique of tibial autograft to augment posterior instrumented spinal fusion in a population of paediatric patients with severe idiopathic, neuromuscular or syndromic scoliosis who are at a higher risk of postoperative pseudarthrosis and reports patient outcomes in terms of union rate, donor site morbidity and cost. Patients were identified from a review of waiting list and operating room records between 2007–2014. Surgery was performed by the senior author. Information on patient demographics, underlying diagnosis, age at surgery, revision surgery and length of follow-up was obtained from clinic notes. Parents of children were followed up with a structured telephone questionnaire regarding ambulatory status, post-operative pain, infection, further surgery and general satisfaction. Four hundred and nine patients underwent posterior instrumented spinal fusion, during the study period. Forty-two patients’ fusions were augmented with tibial graft, 40 of whom participated in the study. There were no cases of donor site infection, compartment syndrome, tibial fracture or perioperative mortality. In 85% of cases leg pain had resolved within 6 weeks, and 100% within 6 months of surgery. There were 6 cases of revision spinal surgery, 3 for infection, 2 for sacroiliac screw removal and 1 for sacroiliac screw revision. There were no clinical cases of spinal pseudarthrosis in this series. All parents were satisfied by the clinical outcome of both the tibial and spinal surgeries. Spinal fusion utilising tibial autograft is advocated as a simple, safe and cost-effective method of providing significant structural autograft to support fusion for a population of patients with high risk of junctional pseudarthrosis. With the exception of transient post-operative pain, the procedure was without any serious donor site morbidity. The outcomes of this study were as expected and in keeping with previous reports

Survivors of infantile meningococcal septicaemia often develop progressive skeletal deformity as a result of physeal damage at many sites, particularly in the lower limb. Distal tibial physeal arrest typically occurs with sparing of the distal fibular physis leading to a rapidly progressive varus deformity. There have been reports of isolated cases of this deformity, but to our knowledge there have been no papers which specifically describe the development of the deformity and the options for treatment. Surgery to correct this deformity is complex because of the patient’s age, previous scarring and the multiplanar nature of the deformity. The surgical goal is to restore leg-length equality and the mechanical axis at the end of growth. Surgery should be planned and staged throughout growth in order to achieve the best functional results. We report our experience in six patients (seven ankles) with this deformity, who were managed by corrective osteotomy using a programmable circular fixator

Introduction. We report 3 cases from different centres of infantile tibia vara in which the deformity was due to slippage of the proximal tibial epiphysis on the metaphysis; the aim of this study was to define the features of this previously unreported condition, and their implications for management. Method. Three cases of tibia vara secondary to atraumatic slippage of the upper tibial epiphysis on the metaphysis were identified from three different centres. The case notes and imaging studies were retrospectively reviewed to distinguish common clinical and radiographic features. Results. There were one male and two females, all of non-Caucasian origin, (age 3–7 years). All patients' weights were above the 97th centile for age. In all cases there was an infero-medial subluxation of the tibial epiphysis over a dome shaped proximal tibial metaphysis, with disruption of continuity between their lateral borders. The height of the medial tibial plateau was preserved in all cases. New bone formation suggests this is a chronic process. The evolution of one case indicates that pathogenesis is shared with infantile Blount's disease. A gradual deformity correction was performed in all cases using circular external fixation, with the proximal ring secured to both the proximal epiphysis and metaphysis. Conclusion. Slipped upper tibial epiphysis is an uncommon but distinct cause of tibia vara. The radiological features are completely different from those previously described for infantile tibia vara and not encompassed by the existing classification. The unusual morphology has consequences for treatment. Management is analogous to a slipped upper femoral epiphysis – the physis has to be stabilized to the metaphysis and an osteotomy performed to restore the mechanical axis. We believe this is best achieved with a circular external fixator because this permits multiaxial correction including translation and rotation

Aims. Meningococcal septicaemia can result in growth arrest and angular deformities. The aim of this case series was to review the pattern of involvement in the lower leg. Patients and Methods. The notes and radiographs of all patients presenting with a growth arrest or deformity affecting the lower leg following meningococcal septicaemia between 1995 and 2010 were reviewed. There were fourteen patients, eight girls and six boys. The mean age of the patients at the time of presentation was 9.6 years. Results. There was a variety of deformities with some patients exhibiting several deformities in the same limb and/or bilateral deformities. Some of the deformities were complex. Nine patients had a lower limb length discrepancy (mean 4.8cms, range: 1 to 13cms). There were a total of 27 lower limb deformities; three patients had bilateral lower limb deformities. In 14 the proximal tibia was involved causing genu varum in 12 cases and genu valgum in two cases. Seven distal tibia deformities all resulted in varus deformity. In all cases, the fibula was spared. Discussion. In this series involvement of the tibial physeal growth plates was frequently asymmetric and with two exceptions resulted in a varus deformity. The medial and anterior proximal tibial physis seems particularly susceptible to the sequelae of meningococcal septicaemia whereas the fibula physeal plates were always spared. These observations confirm the work of other authors and this characteristic pattern of involvement is likely to reflect the vascular anatomy of the physeal plates. The fibula may be protected from damage because of the nature of its blood supply. Modern limb reconstruction techniques, particularly the Spatial frame now permit correction of these complex and difficult deformities

We describe the reconstruction of a defect of the medial malleolus which was the result of an accident in a ten-year-old child. A graft from the iliac crest, with the apophyseal cartilage and perichondrium, was used for reconstruction of the medial malleolus, the growth plate and the adjacent metaphyseal defect, respectively. The soft-tissue defect was covered with a free scapular flap with microvascular anastomosis. Three years after the injury stability of the ankle is excellent with adequate growth of the reconstructed epiphyseal plate.

Aims. Osteofibrous dysplasia (OFD) is a rare benign lesion predominantly affecting the tibia in children. Its potential link to adamantinoma has influenced management. This international case series reviews the presentation of OFD and management approaches to improve our understanding of OFD. Methods. A retrospective review at three paediatric tertiary centres identified 101 cases of tibial OFD in 99 patients. The clinical records, radiological images, and histology were analyzed. Results. Mean age at presentation was 13.5 years (SD 12.4), and mean follow-up was 5.65 years (SD 5.51). At latest review, 62 lesions (61.4%) were in skeletally mature patients. The most common site of the tibial lesion was the anterior (76 lesions, 75.2%) cortex (63 lesions, 62.4%) of the middle third (52 lesions, 51.5%). Pain, swelling, and fracture were common presentations. Overall, 41 lesions (40.6%) presented with radiological deformity (> 10°): apex anterior in 97.6%. A total of 41 lesions (40.6%) were treated conservatively. Anterior bowing < 10° at presentation was found to be related to successful conservative management of OFD (p = 0.013, multivariable logistic regression). Intralesional excision was performed in 43 lesions (42.6%) and a wide excision of the lesion in 19 (18.8%). A high complication rate and surgical burden was found in those that underwent a wide excision regardless of technique employed. There was progression/recurrence in nine lesions (8.9%) but statistical analysis found no predictive factors. No OFD lesion transformed to adamantinoma. Conclusion. This study confirms OFD to be a benign bone condition with low rates of local progression and without malignant transformation. It is important to distinguish OFD from adamantinoma by a histological diagnosis. Focus should be on angular deformity, monitored with full-length tibial radiographs. Surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients and predicted by the severity of the initial angular deformity. Surgery should focus more on the deformity rather than the lesion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):302–308

Aims. The Fassier Duval (FD) rod is a third-generation telescopic implant for children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Threaded fixation enables proximal insertion without opening the knee or ankle joint. We have reviewed our combined two-centre experience with this implant. Methods. In total, 34 children with a mean age of five years (1 to 14) with severe OI have undergone rodding of 72 lower limb long bones (27 tibial, 45 femoral) for recurrent fractures with progressive deformity despite optimized bone health and bisphosphonate therapy. Data were collected prospectively, with 1.5 to 11 years follow-up. Results. A total of 24 patients (33%) required exchange of implants (14 femora and ten tibiae) including 11 rods bending with refracture. Four (5%) required reoperation with implant retention. Loss of proximal fixation in the femur and distal fixation in the tibia were common. Four patients developed coxa vara requiring surgical correction. In total, 13 patients experienced further fractures without rod bending; eight required implant revision. There was one deep infection. The five-year survival rate, with rod revision as the endpoint, was 63% (95% confidence interval (CI) 44% to 77%) for femoral rods, with a mean age at implantation of 4.8 years (1.3 to 14.8), and 64% (95% CI 36% to 82%) for tibial rods, with a mean age at implantation of 5.2 years (2.0 to 13.8). Conclusion. FD rods are easier to implant but do not improve on the revision rates reported for second generation T-piece rods. Proximal femoral fixation is problematic in younger children with a partially ossified greater trochanter. Distal tibial fixation typically fails after two years. Future generation implants should address proximal femoral and distal tibial fixation to avoid the majority of complications in this series. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):1048–1055

Aims. Perthes’ disease (PD) often results in femoral head deformity and leg length discrepancy (LLD). Our objective was to analyze femoral morphology in PD patients at skeletal maturity to assess where the LLD originates, and evaluate the effect of contralateral epiphysiodesis for length equalization on proximal and subtrochanteric femoral lengths. Methods. All patients treated for PD in our institution between January 2013 and June 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with unilateral PD, LLD of ≥ 5 mm, and long-leg standing radiographs at skeletal maturity were included. Total leg length, femoral and tibial length, articulotrochanteric distance (ATD), and subtrochanteric femoral length were compared between PD side and the unaffected side. Furthermore, we compared leg length measurements between patients who did and who did not have a contralateral epiphysiodesis. Results. Overall, 79 patients were included, of whom 21 underwent contralateral epiphysiodesis for leg length correction. In the complete cohort, the mean LLD was 1.8 cm (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 2.0), mean ATD difference was 1.8 cm (95% CI -2.1 to -1.9), and mean subtrochanteric difference was -0.2 cm (95% CI -0.4 to 0.1). In the epiphysiodesis group, the mean LLD before epiphysiodesis was 2.7 cm (95% CI 1.3 to 3.4) and 1.3 cm (95% CI -0.5 to 3.8) at skeletal maturity. In the nonepiphysiodesis group the mean LLD was 2.0 cm (95% CI 0.5 to 5.1; p = 0.016). The subtrochanteric region on the PD side was significantly longer at skeletal maturity in the epiphysiodesis group compared to the nonepiphysiodesis group (-1.0 cm (95% CI -2.4 to 0.6) vs 0.1 cm (95% CI -1.0 to 2.1); p < 0.001). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that LLD after PD originates from the proximal segment only. In patients who had contralateral epiphysiodesis to balance leg length, this is achieved by creating a difference in subtrochanteric length. Arthroplasty surgeons need to be aware that shortening of the proximal femur segment in PD patients may be misleading, as the ipsilateral subtrochanteric length in these patients can be longer. Therefore, we strongly advise long-leg standing films for THA planning in PD patients in order to avoid inadvertently lengthening the limb. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1736–1741

Aims. Eight-plates are used to correct varus-valgus deformity (VVD) or limb-length discrepancy (LLD) in children and adolescents. It was reported that these implants might create a bony deformity within the knee joint by change of the roof angle (RA) after epiphysiodesis of the proximal tibia following a radiological assessment limited to anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. The aim of this study was to analyze the RA, complemented with lateral knee radiographs, with focus on the tibial slope (TS) and the degree of deformity correction. Methods. A retrospective, single-centre study was conducted. The treatment group (n = 64 knees in 44 patients) was subclassified according to the implant location in two groups: 1) medial hemiepiphysiodesis; and 2) lateral hemiepiphysiodesis. A third control group consisted of 25 untreated knees. The limb axes and RA were measured on long standing AP leg radiographs. Lateral radiographs of 40 knees were available for TS analysis. The mean age of the patients was 10.6 years (4 to 15) in the treatment group and 8.4 years (4 to 14) in the control group. Implants were removed after a mean 1.2 years (0.5 to 3). Results. No significant differences in RA (p = 0.174) and TS (p = 0.787) were observed. The limb axes were significantly corrected in patients with VVD (p < 0.001). The change in tibial slope (∆TS) did not correlate (r = -0.026; p = 0.885) to the plate’s position on the physis when assessed by lateral radiographs. Conclusion. We were not able to confirm the reported change in the bony morphology of the proximal tibia on AP radiographs in our patient population. In addition, no significant change in TS was detected on the lateral radiographs. A significant correction of the VVD in the lower limb axes was evident. Position of the implant did not correlate with TS change. Therefore, eight-plate epiphysiodesis is a safe and effective procedure for correcting VVD in children without disturbing the knee joint morphology. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1412–1418