Increasingly more emphasis is being placed on Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). There are many used and reported in clinical studies, but there are no universally accepted or preferred measures. It is important for a researcher with a non-clinical background to understand how these assessments are performed, the type of information provided by each of the measures, and which diseases states are best reported by each measure.

The NHS Plan (2000) identified the need for change in the way patients are asked to give consent for surgery to make the process more explicit. A new NHS operation consent form was introduced in April 2002 following the Bristol enquiry into deaths associated with Cardiac Surgery.

Methods: We have addressed the obtaining of consent for surgery as an evidence-based exercise. The published literature has been reviewed and we have attempted to accurately quantify the success rates for surgery, complication rates and poor outcomes in order to identify what the likely benefits and risks are for our common operations –

Shoulder – Arthroscopic Sub-Acromial Decompression, Anterior stabilisation, Rotator Cuff repair, excision lateral end of clavicle and Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Evidence was therefore been categorised into 4 levels:

National & International published results

Results: We have taken the standard NHS Consent Form and modified it in a printed format to present to the patient a clearer description of the anticipated outcome from their surgery (with percentages). This evidence based consent form was evaluated in a combined prospective and retrospective survey of 60 patients who attended our pre-operative assessment clinic. We will present the results of the survey and demonstrate the standardised Consent Forms.

Conclusions: The majority of the information the patient wished to know was Level 4 evidence!

Background. The purpose of this study was to determine if thresholds regarding the percentage of maximal improvement in the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (ASES) score exist that predict “excellent” patient s­atisfaction (PS) following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Methods. Patients undergoing RSA using a single implant system were evaluated pre-operatively and at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined thresholds to predict “excellent” PS by evaluating the percentage of maximal improvement for SST and ASES. Pre-operative factors were analyzed as independent predictors for achieving SST and ASES thresholds. Results. 198 (SST) and 196 (ASES) patients met inclusion criteria. For SST and ASES, ROC analysis identified 61.3% (p<.001) and 68.2% (p<.001) maximal improvement as the threshold for maximal predictability of “excellent” satisfaction respectively. Significant positive correlation between the percentage of maximum score achieved and “excellent” PS for both groups were found (r=.440, p<.001 for SST score; r=0.417, p<.001 for ASES score). Surgery on the dominant hand, greater baseline VAS Pain, and cuff arthropathy were independent predictors for achieving the SST and ASES threshold. Conclusion. Achievement of 61.3% of maximal SST score improvement and 68.3% of maximal ASES score improvement represent thresholds for the achievement of “excellent” satisfaction following RSA. Independent predictors of achieving these thresholds were dominant sided surgery and higher baseline pain VAS scores for SST, and rotator cuff arthropathy for ASES. Keywords. Percentage of maximal improvement; Predictors; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Score; Simply Shoulder Test; Reverse shoulder Arthroplasty; Satisfaction. Level of Evidence. Level III

Among the advanced technology developed and tested for orthopaedic surgery, the Rizzoli (IOR) has a long experience on custom-made design and implant of devices for joint and bone replacements. This follows the recent advancements in additive manufacturing, which now allows to obtain products also in metal alloy by deposition of material layer-by-layer according to a digital model. The process starts from medical image, goes through anatomical modelling, prosthesis design, prototyping, and final production in 3D printers and in case post-production. These devices have demonstrated already to be accurate enough to address properly the specific needs and conditions of the patient and of his/her physician. These guarantee also minimum removal of the tissues, partial replacements, no size related issues, minimal invasiveness, limited instrumentation. The thorough preparation of the treatment results also in a considerable shortening of the surgical and of recovery time. The necessary additional efforts and costs of custom-made implants seem to be well balanced by these advantages and savings, which shall include the lower failures and revision surgery rates. This also allows thoughtful optimization of the component-to-bone interfaces, by advanced lattice structures, with topologies mimicking the trabecular bone, possibly to promote osteointegration and to prevent infection. IOR's experience comprises all sub-disciplines and anatomical areas, here mentioned in historical order. Originally, several systems of Patient-Specific instrumentation have been exploited in total knee and total ankle replacements. A few massive osteoarticular reconstructions in the shank and foot for severe bone fractures were performed, starting from mirroring the contralateral area. Something very similar was performed also for pelvic surgery in the Oncology department, where massive skeletal reconstructions for bone tumours are necessary. To this aim, in addition to the standard anatomical modelling, prosthesis design, technical/technological refinements, and manufacturing, surgical guides for the correct execution of the osteotomies are also designed and 3D printed. Another original experience is about en-block replacement of vertebral bodies for severe bone loss, in particular for tumours. In this project, technological and biological aspects have also been addressed, to enhance osteointegration and to diminish the risk of infection. In our series there is also a case of successful custom reconstruction of the anterior chest wall. Initial experiences are in progress also for shoulder and elbow surgery, in particular for pre-op planning and surgical guide design in complex re-alignment osteotomies for severe bone deformities. Also in complex flat-foot deformities, in preparation of surgical corrections, 3D digital reconstruction and 3D printing in cheap ABS filaments have been valuable, for indication, planning of surgery and patient communication; with special materials mimicking bone strength, these 3D physical models are precious also for training and preparation of the surgery. In Paediatric surgery severe multi planar & multifocal deformities in children are addressed with personalized pre-op planning and custom cutting-guides for the necessary osteotomies, most of which require custom allografts. A number of complex hip revision surgeries have been performed, where 3D reconstruction for possible final solutions with exact implants on the remaining bone were developed. Elective surgery has been addressed as well, in particular the customization of an original total ankle replacement designed at IOR. Also a novel system with a high-tibial-osteotomy, including a custom cutting jig and the fixation plate was tested. An initial experience for the design and test of custom ankle & foot orthotics is also in progress, starting with 3D surface scanning of the shank and foot including the plantar aspect. Clearly, for achieving these results, multi-disciplinary teams have been formed, including physicians, radiologists, bioengineers and technologists, working together for the same goal

Aim: To evaluate patient satisfaction and the effectiveness of a telephone clinic designed to follow up patients who have received shoulder or elbow surgery. Method: Following wound checks in the community, patients are followed up in our department at six weeks, then three and six months respectively to assess level of progress and answer any questions patients may have. As outcome measures are already assessed by physiotherapists, a telephone clinic was devised to make better use of Consultant time. Patients were contacted by telephone at a pre-determined time by an extended scope practitioner physiotherapist who used a set of standard questions to obtain information about the patients’ progress. An opportunity was then given to the patients to discuss any issues they may have with regards to their treatment so far. Urgent hospital follow – up was arranged for patients requiring it depending on their level of progress and problems identified. Patients’ satisfaction and opinions with regards to the use of the telephone as a method of post-operative follow -up were ascertained by an independent researcher. Results: 50 patients were contacted over a 12-week period. Patients were satisfied by the level of information they were provided with and their subsequent management as a result of the telephone clinic. Patients particularly commented on the advantages of getting information at home with the avoidance of problems associated with attending for a hospital appointment. Three patients were given an urgent follow-up appointment as a result of the information gleaned during the telephone clinic. These included a patient with a stitch abscess and two with adhesive capsulitis. Conclusion: Telephone clinic follow up is an effective and safe method for monitoring patient progress post – operatively following shoulder or elbow surgery. It is well received by patients who save the time and effort associated with attending for a hospital consultation that often only lasts a few minutes. In the subject group identified the method of questioning was sufficiently sensitive to identify problems that required further management

BACKGROUND. Abnormal glenoid version positioning has been recognized as a cause of glenoid component failure caused by the rocking horse phenomenon. In contrast, the importance of the glenoid inclination has not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The computed tomography scans of 152 healthy shoulders were evaluated. A virtual glenoid component was positioned in 2 different planes: the maximum circular plane (MCP) and the inferior circle plane (ICP). The MCP was defined by the best fitting circle of the most superior point of the glenoid and 2 points at the lower glenoid rim. The ICP was defined by the best fitting circle on the rim of the inferior quadrants. The inclination of both planes was measured as the intersection with the scapular plane. We defined the force vector of the rotator force couple and calculated the magnitude of the shear force vector on a virtual glenoid component in both planes during glenohumeral abduction. RESULTS. The inclination of the component positioned in the MCP averaged 95° (range, 84°–108°) and for the ICP averaged 111° (range, 94°–126°). A significant reduction in shear forces was calculated for the glenoid component in the ICP vs the MCP: 98% reduction in 60° of abduction to 49% reduction in 90° of abduction. CONCLUSION. Shear forces are significantly higher when the glenoid component is positioned in the MCP compared with the ICP, and this is more pronounced in early abduction. Positioning the glenoid component in the inferior circle might reduce the risk of a rocking horse phenomenon. Copyright © 2015 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

A commonly misunderstood principle in medical literature is statistical significance. Often, statistically non-significant or negative results are thought to be evidence for equivalence; mistakenly validating treatment modalities and putting patients at risk. This study examines the prevalence of misinterpretation of negative results of superiority trials in orthopaedic literature and outlines the need for a non-inferiority or equivalence research design. Four orthopaedic journals – Journal of Paediatric Orthopaedics A, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume, Journal of Arthroplasty and Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery – were hand searched to identify all randomised control trials (RCTs) published within the time periods 2002–2003, 2007–2008 and 2012–2013. The identified RCTs were read and classified by study methodology, results obtained, and interpretation of results. A total of 237 RCTs were identified. When analysing the primary outcomes, 117 (49.4%) studies yielded negative results and 120 (50.8%) yielded positive results. Out of the 237 articles, 231 (97.5%) used superiority methodology and 6 (2.5%) used non-inferiority or equivalence methodology. Of the 231 studies that used superiority methodology, 115 (49.8%) obtained negative results; and 45 (39.1%) of those misinterpreted the negative results for equivalence. While no statistical differences were seen, there was an upward trend in utilising non-inferiority and equivalence methodologies over time. Given the frequency of misinterpreted negative results, there is an evident need for a more appropriate research methodology that shows equivalence of treatment methods. A non-inferiority or equivalence study design can address orthopaedic clinical dilemmas more suitably when trying to show one treatment is no worse or is equal to another treatment. Regarding orthopaedic treatment modalities as equivalent when studies show negative statistical results can be detrimental to patients and their clinical outcomes. A non-inferiority methodology can be used to accurately depict no difference between treatment methods rather than attempting to show one treatment method as superior

Thirty years ago, rotator cuff surgery was exceedingly uncommon and shoulder arthroplasty almost unknown. Surgery for shoulder instability was largely empirical, non-anatomical and frequently unsuccessful. With the help of arthroscopy and MR scanning, a complex array of labral, ligament and tendon pathologies can now be recognised and treated, precisely and predictably. Anatomy-restoring arthroscopic techniques have largely replaced open stabilisation surgery. As life expectancy rises and citizens remain active into their seventh and eighth decades, the call for rotator cuff surgery has risen dramatically. Complex tendon transfers have expanded the indications for cuff surgery. Open repair has in part been supplanted by increasingly sophisticated arthroscopic techniques. The potential use of orthobiologics and stem cells promises further advances in the foreseeable future. Following the successful development of humeral hemiarthroplasty, and later of total shoulder replacement, surgical techniques and clinical indications for arthroplasty are now well refined. Predictable outcomes have been further enhanced by the present generation of ‘anatomic’ prostheses. More recently, the ‘rediscovery’ and improvement of semi-constrained (reverse) prostheses has transformed the previously dismal outlook for sufferers of cuff arthropathy and similar conditions. Many Australian Orthopaedic Association trainees undertake post-specialisation fellowships in shoulder surgery, both at home and abroad, and there is a steady flow of young overseas fellows through Australian shoulder units. The Shoulder and Elbow Society of Australia, founded in 1990 as a loose grouping of interested colleagues, now boasts over 70 active members. Australian surgeons and researchers are well represented in the prestigious Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery and Australian shoulder surgery has come of age

Introduction In view of the legal claim for quality assurance in Germany, complete documentation and a professional evaluation of shoulder arthroplasty procedures are indispensable. Under the auspices of German AO International (DAOI), the German Society of Orthopeadics and Orthopeadic Surgery (DGOOC), the German Society of Trauma Surgery (DGU) and the German Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (DVSE), and in collaboration with the MEM Institute for Evaluative Research in Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Bern, the nationwide online Shoulder Arthroplasty Register was implemented. Register setup The German Shoulder Arthroplasty Register consists of three online questionnaires, covering surgery for primary shoulder arthroplasty, follow-up examination, and revision surgery. Registered surgeons can access the questionnaires via Internet. For easier administration in clinics, paper copies of the questionnaires are also available. Online validation procedures check all entered data for completeness and plausibility. After passing these checks, data are sent to the central database. The centralization of the data collection is crucial for data unification and validity. Advantages Participating surgeons benefit from descriptive real-time statistics of their patients, and constant benchmarking of their performance in comparison with the whole register is possible. With the documentation of complications, implant failures and revision surgery, quality assurance reports can be easily produced. Furthermore, X-ray images of special cases can be uploaded. Perspective The German Shoulder Arthroplasty Register was launched in January 2006 and documentation is ongoing. First scientific results will be available in 2007

Introduction: Glenohumeral arthritis secondary to chronic cuff deficiency not only leads to serious compromise in shoulder function but also poses a surgical challenge. There is no consensus regarding management of this problem although different arthroplasty options have been tried with variable results. We present our experience with managing this difficult problem using a shoulder resurfacing and subscapularis Z-plasty in order to improve shoulder movements, pain and function. Patient and Methods: This study was conducted on 30-patients with rotator cuff arthropathy operated by a single surgeon at a district general hospital. There were 21 female and 9 male patients with mean age 73 years (range 62–85 years). The average duration of symptoms prior to treatment was 5.45 years (range 2–15 years). Twenty patients had uncemented shoulder resurfacing while remaining ten patients had cemented resurfacing procedure. The mean follow-up was 21 months (range 36–18 months). The patients were assessed at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months postoperatively with European Society for shoulder and Elbow Surgery Score (ESSES) and radiograph at each visit. Results: The ESSES score significantly improved from a mean of 47.5 preoperatively to 77.5 postoperatively, with most improvement being in subjective scoring (pain and ADL) followed by improvement in external rotation and forward flexion movement due to lengthening of subscapularis by Z-plasty. The VAS score for pain improved from average 7.4 preoperatively to 0.9 at 6 months postoperatively. On subjective scoring most patients reported good to excellent result at 6 months following surgery. There was no difference in outcome scores between cemented and uncemented resurfacing groups. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. Our early results with shoulder resurfacing in management of rotator cuff arthropathy are encouraging. This bone conserving surgery may serve as an alternative to major procedures like reverse shoulder arthroplasty in selected group of patients

Background: Increasing number of shoulder & elbow surgeries are performed arthroscopically. Accurate and ethical coding is challenging as it has become synonymous with reimbursement. Aims & Objectives: To review the existing pattern of Coding for Shoulder & Elbow arthroscopy and ascertain its appropriateness/accuracy for surgical procedures & co-morbidities. Materials & Methods: A retrospective study of all patients who underwent shoulder and elbow arthroscopies over four consecutive months was conducted. The excel sheet provided by coding department, Hospital notes – clinic letters, clinician’s entries, theatre notes & theatre lists – were reviewed. Of the 104 cases, 89 were available for analysis (75 shoulder & 14 elbow). Results: The accuracy of primary procedural code was 91% though this fell to 71% when the entire description of performed surgery was considered. The procedural codes did not specifically reflect the surgery performed and lacked reproducibility. Co-morbidities were coded accurately in 57% of the patients. There were wide variations in coding for acromioplasty and distal end clavicle resections (12 instances) performed as a part of SAD. Biceps tenotomy/tenodesis often went uncoded (5 instances). The coding accuracy was low for shoulders as compared to the elbow. Discussion: Coding is a universal language of communication amongst healthcare professionals. Its accuracy is important for data quality, audit and research. Genuine limitations of OPCS4.3 codes (esp. Shoulder eg. capsular release) exists which needs to be updated/amended to reflect advances in surgical practice. Reimbursement which is based on HRG codes are generated from OPCS4.3 (for surgeries) and ICD-10 codes (for co-morbidities) is less for arthroscopy as compared to open procedures in the NHS unlike in BUPA where it is equal

The deltopectoral approach is a common approach for Shoulder joint replacements where a normal subscapularis tendon is divided. Despite meticulous attention to the subscapular repair, suboptimal return of function was found on clinical examination in 92% of patients (Miller S L: Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery. 12(1): 29–34, February 2003). Therefore the aim was to study the integrity of the Subscapularis tendon in patients with Shoulder joint Replacements both clinical and ultrasound examination. Methods: A cohort of 25 subjects who had undergone Copeland Shoulder replacements through deltopectoral approach were included. All patients had same technique of tendon-to-tendon repair and postoperative rehabilitation. After ethics committee approval subjects were evaluated prospectively with Lift off test, Belly press test and the Constant score. Average follow-up was 29.6 months. An experienced Radiologist performed the Ultrasound examination. Results: Ultrasound examination showed 8 % (2 of 25) had full thickness rupture of subscapularis with 44% (11 of 25) showed mild to moderate atrophy of subscapularis muscle and 12%(3 of 25) severe atrophy. 20%(5 of 25) had Lift off test and Belly press test positive. 40%(10 of 25) had either or both of these tests positive. 60%(15 of 25) had clinical or radiological evidence of reduced function (Fisher exact test, P < 0.01). Constant score are 37.5 with full thickness tears compared to 59.4 with intact subsapularis tendon. Conclusion: Subscapularis tendon function following shoulder replacement had received poor attention. It is deficient in over 60% of patients with joint replacement through Deltopectoral approach with tendon-to-tendon repair. We therefore conclude for this study that alternative techniques of subscapularis tendon repair or alternative approaches to the shoulder joint need to be considered to improve the functional outcome in these patients

Purpose: Few studies have investigated the relationship between patients requiring rotator cuff surgery and their body mass index (BMI). The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the association between BMI and pre-operative pain and function in patients awaiting rotator cuff repair surgery as measured by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (ASES) form and Simple Shoulder Score (SST). A second objective was to evaluate the role of several other factors in predicting patient pre-operative scores. Method: Patients selected for this study were those who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair performed by the same surgeon between 2002 and 2007. Their medical record included documentation of age, height, weight, smoking status, worker’s compensation status (WCB), and pre-operative ASES and SST scores. Correlation between BMI and ASES and SST scores was performed to determine the association between these variables. In addition, multiple stepwise regression was performed to assess the predictive value of other demographic and lifestyle factors. Results: Fifty-four patients were included in the study (39 men, 15 women). No significant correlation was found between BMI and either ASES or SST scores. Based on multiple regression analysis, only WCB status was identified as a significant predictor of pre-operative ASES score (p=0.003) while sex, age, BMI, and smoking status were not. Patients with WCB claims had lower ASES scores than those without. Sex was found to have the strongest association with SST scores (r2 = 0.502) with men having greater SST scores than women. The model with the most significant value in predicting SST scores included sex, WCB and smoking status (r2 -= 0.640). Patients that did not fall under a WCB claim and were non-smokers had better SST scores pre-operatively. Conclusion: BMI did not have a significant relationship to ASES and SST scores in patients awaiting rotator cuff repair surgery. A prospective study including pre- and post-surgical follow-up and a detailed analysis of the role between BMI and other demographic and lifestyle factors would be beneficial. Such a risk factor analysis may shed light on the indications for rotator cuff surgery or non-operative management, depending on the patient population