The purpose of this study was to report the outcome of ‘isolated’ anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures treated with anatomical endoscopic reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft at a mean of 15 years (14.25 to 16.9). A total of 100 consecutive men and 100 consecutive women with ‘isolated’ ACL rupture underwent four-strand hamstring tendon reconstruction with anteromedial portal femoral tunnel drilling and interference screw fixation by a single surgeon. Details were recorded pre-operatively and at one, two, seven and 15 years post-operatively. Outcomes included clinical examination, subjective and objective scoring systems, and radiological assessment. At 15 years only eight of 118 patients (7%) had moderate or severe osteo-arthritic changes (International Knee Documentation Committee Grades C and D), and 79 of 152 patients (52%) still performed very strenuous activities. Overall graft survival at 15 years was 83% (1.1% failure per year). Patients aged < 18 years at the time of surgery and patients with > 2 mm of laxity at one year had a threefold increase in the risk of suffering a rupture of the graft (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no increase in laxity of the graft over time.

ACL reconstructive surgery in patients with an ‘isolated’ rupture using this technique shows good results 15 years post-operatively with respect to ligamentous stability, objective and subjective outcomes, and does not appear to cause osteoarthritis.

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the biomechanical properties and mode of failure of four methods of fixation of hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts. The fixation methods investigated included titanium round headed cannulated interference (RCI) screws, bioabsorbable RCI screws, Endobuttons and Bollard fixation. A 2-strand equine extensor tendon graft model was used because a previous study has shown it to have equivalent biomechanical properties to that of 4-strand human semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts. Method: Thirty-two stifle joints were obtained from skeletally mature pigs, the soft tissues were removed and the ACL and PCL were sacrificed. Tibial tunnel preparation was standardised using the Mayday rhino horn jig to accurately position a guide wire over which an 8mm tunnel was drilled. A 2-strand equine tendon graft was then introduced into the tibial tunnel and secured with either a titanium RCI screw, a bioabsorbable RCI screw, an Endobutton or an expansile Bollard. The proximal part of the graft was attached to the crosshead of a materials testing machine using the Soffix. Five of each method of fixation were tested mechanically to ultimate failure and under cyclical loading. Results: The mean ultimate tensile loads (UTL) were: titanium RCI screw = 444 N, bioabsorbable RCI screw = 668 N, Endobutton = 999 N and Bollard = 1153 N. The mode of failure for all RCI screws involved progressive tendon slippage past the screw. Under cyclic loading conditions the titanium and bioabsorbable RCI screws rapidly failed after several hundred 5 to 150 N cycles due to tendon damage and slippage. Both the Bollards and Endobuttons survived 1500 cycles at 50–450N, with less tendon slippage. Conclusion: Titanium and bioabsorbale RCI screws provide poor initial fixation of tendon grafts used for ACL reconstruction and fail rapidly under cyclic loading. Both Bollards and Endobuttons provide sufficiently high UTL’s and survive cyclic loading to allow early postoperative mobilisation and rehabilitation. Caution must be used in the early postoperative period when using interference screws to secure a hamstring tendon graft because early progressive tendon slippage may result in excessive graft elongation and early clinical failure

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the biomechanical properties and mode of failure of 4 methods of fixation used for hamstring tendon ACL grafts. The fixation methods investigated included titanium round headed cannulated interference (RCI) screws, bioabsorbable RCI screws, Endobuttons and Bollard fixation. It has been previously shown that a 2 strand tailored equine tendon-Soffix graft has equivalent biomechanical properties to a 4 strand human hamstring tendon-Soffix graft [. 1. ,. 2. ], therefore this model was used for the graft in the study. Materials and Method: 32 stifle joints were obtained from skeletally mature pigs, the soft tissues were removed and the ACL and PCL were sacrificed. Tibial tunnel preparation was standardised using the Mayday Rhino horn jig to accurately position a guide wire. An 8 mm cannulated reamer was then used over the guide wire to create the final tibial tunnel. A back radiusing device was then placed into the tibial tunnel to chamfer the posterior margin of the tunnel exit to prevent abrasion and fretting of the graft. A 2 strand equine tendon-Soffix graft was then introduced into the tibial tunnel and secured with one of the four fixation methods. The proximal part of the graft was attached to the cross head of the materials testing machine using the Soffix. Five of each method of fixation were tested mechanically to failure and three of each method were cyclically loaded for 1000 cycles between 5 to 150 N, followed by 2000 cycles at 50 to 450 N. Results: The mean ultimate tensile loads (UTL) were: titanium RCI screw = 444 N, bioabsorbable RCI screw = 668 N, Endobutton = 999 N and Bollard = 1153 N. The mode of failure for all RCI screws involved tendon slippage past the screw. Two Endobutton failures were encountered and one Bollard pull out occurred. Under cyclic loading conditions the titanium and bioabsorbable RCI screws failed rapidly after several hundred 5 to 150 N cycles due to tendon graft damage and progressive slippage. Both the Bollards and Endobuttons survived 1500 cycles at 50 to 450 N, with less tendon slippage occurring. Conclusion: Titanium and bioabsorbable RCI screws provide poor initial fixation of tendon grafts used for ACL reconstruction, having significantly lower UTL’s than both Endobutton and Bollard fixation. Under cyclic loading titanium and bioabsorbable RCI screws fail rapidly due to progressive tendon slippage, whereas Bollards and Endobuttons survive cyclic loading. Both Bollard fixation and Endobuttons provide sufficiently high UTL’s and survive cyclic loading to allow early postoperative mobilisation and rehabilitation. Caution must be used in the early postoperative period when using interference screws to secure a hamstring tendon graft because progressive tendon slippage may result in excessive graft elongation and early clinical failure

We compared initial fixation strength of two commonly used tibial side hamstring ACL reconstruction fixation implants – the RCI interference screw and the Intrafix device. Using a sheep model 36 hamstring grafts were prepared and implanted into the distal femoral metaphyseal bone using either a RCI screw or an Intrafix device. They were then pulled out until failure using an Instron Materials Testing Machine. Maximum strength of graft fixation and mode of failure were recorded. The average strength of the graft was 48kg using the RCI screw and 90 kg using the Intrafix device. This difference was statistically significant. The maximum pull-out strength was 91kg for the RCI screw and 130 kg for the Intrafix device. The most common mode of failure in the RCI screw fixation was graft shredding on the screw and whole graft pullout whereas in the Intrafix device it was intratendinous failure. The Intrafix device demonstrated a clear strength advantage over the RCI screw with regard to initial fixation strength. The Intrafix device may reduce tibial side graft creep which is a problem with hamstring ACL reconstruction

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the biomechanical properties and mode of failure of four methods of fixation of hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts. A 2-strand equine extensor tendon graft model was used because a previous study has shown it to have equivalent biomechanical properties to that of 4-strand human semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts. Method: Twenty stifle joints were obtained from 10 skeletally mature pigs, the soft tissues were removed and the ACL and PCL were sacrificed. Tibial tunnel preparation was standardised using the Mayday rhino horn jig to accurately position a guide wire over which an 8mm tunnel was drilled. A 2-strand equine tendon graft was then introduced into the tibial tunnel and secured with either a titanium round headed cannulated interference (RCI) screw, a bioabsorbable RCI screw, an Endobutton or an expansile Bollard. Five of each method of fixation were tested mechanically to ultimate failure and under cyclical loading. Results: The mean ultimate tensile loads (UTL) were: titanium RCI screw = 444 N, bioabsorbable RCI screw = 668 N, Endobutton = 999 N and Bollard = 1153 N. Under cyclic loading conditions the titanium and bioabsorbable RCI screws rapidly failed after several hundred 5 to 150 N cycles due to tendon damage and slippage. Both the Bollards and Endobuttons survived 1500 cycles at 50-450N, with less tendon slippage. Conclusion: Titanium and bioabsorbale RCI screws provide poor initial fixation of tendon grafts and fail rapidly under cyclic loading. Both Bollards and Endobuttons provide sufficiently high UTL’s and survive cyclic loading to allow early postoperative rehabilitation

Aim: To determine if a side-to-side difference in laxity occurs with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction utilizing a hamstring tendon and standard RCI (Smith and Nephew) interference screw fixation, and if this can be affected by the use of a reverse thread RCI screw in right-sided knees. Methods: This was a prospective study of 80 patients undergoing right-sided ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft. Females were excluded in case of there being a sex difference in postoperative laxity with HT graft. The study group comprised of 36 males utilising standard RCI screws (STD) and 44 males utilising reverse-thread RCI screws (REV). The same technique was used on all patients and all procedures were carried out by the same surgeon. The patients were evaluated at six and 12 months following the surgery with KT1000, IKDC assessment, and Lysholm Knee Score. Results: At the follow-up after 12 months, the average side-to-side differences using KT1000 testing were 2.0 mm (STD) and 1.0 mm (REV) using manual maximum, and 1.7 (STD) and 1.0 (REV) using KT20. Both results were statistically significant. In addition, 33% of the STD group had a manual maximum of ≥3mm compared with 11% of the REV group (p< 0.01). Accordingly, there was a higher incidence of grade I instability (Lachman) in the STD group (23% of STD group; 8% of REV group, p=0.04). Conclusion: The use of a reverse-thread interference (RCI) screw for femoral fixation in right-sided hamstring tendon ACL reconstructions in males significantly decreased side-to-side laxity at the 12 month review when compared with standard RCI fixation

The aim was to compare the initial pull out strengths of various interference screw devices used for tibial fixation of hamstring grafts and the effect of concentric or eccentric screw position. Quadrupled tendon grafts were harvested from freshly killed sheep. The grafts were then prepared and fixed in the distal femur using various devices (Intrafix, RCI screw, Wedge screw +/− transfix pin, screw and post) in both concentric and eccentric positions. A single load to failure test was then performed. The highest pull out strength was with the Intrafix device inserted concentrically (mean 941N). This was significantly higher than the wedge screw inserted concentrically (737N) (p=0.015). This in turn had significantly greater initial pull out strength than the wedge eccentric with post or pin (p=0.03) and the RCI screw (464N) (p=0.00036). In this sheep model the Intrafix device inserted concentrically had a significantly greater initial pull-out strength than the other interference screws tested. Concentric positioning of an interference screw gave significantly greater initial pullout strength of a quadruple hamstring graft than eccentric positioning. Addition of a cross pin or post made no difference to initial pullout strength

The aim of this study was to determine current practice in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction amongst BASK members. This was an internet-based survey where members were invited to complete a questionnaire on ACL reconstruction. Of the 365 BASK surgeons performing ACL reconstruction, 241 completed the questionnaire (response rate 66%). 147(61%) of surgeons used both hamstring and patellar tendon grafts, 71(29%) used only hamstrings and 21(9%) used patellar tendon only. All surgeons used ipsilateral autograft. 157 (65%) used the transtibial technique for femoral tunnel placement with 80(33%) using the anteromedial portal technique. Of those using the anteromedial portal, the most common femoral fixation devices were the Endobutton (34%) and RCI screw (34%). Interference screw fixation (81%) was the most common tibial fixation in the same group of surgeons with the RCI screw being the most common (63%). 19% (45/241) of surgeons were performing double bundle ACL reconstructions in select cases. Hamstring femoral fixation was with a suspension device in 79% and interference screw in 18%. Of those using a suspension device the Endobutton was most common (48%) followed by Transfix (26%) and Rigidfix (19%). Tibial fixation was most commonly achieved by interference screw (57%) followed by Intrafix (30%). With patellar tendon graft the most popular femoral fixation was with an interference screw (66%) followed by suspension (34%). All surgeons used interference screw for tibial fixation. 90% of surgeons (217) allow immediate full weight-bearing as tolerated irrespective of fixation type with 8% delaying full weight bearing between 1 and 3 weeks. The results show the wide spread of variation in practice of ACL reconstruction. With recent renewed interest in a more anatomic placement of tunnels, the use of the anteromedial portal may continue to increase. With such a wide variation in techniques, grafts and fixation implants used, a register may help assess outcomes

Introduction. Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) tendon transfer is a well-recognised salvage operation for irreparable tendon Achilles (TA) ruptures and intractable Achilles tenonopathy. Several case series describes the technique and results of arthroscopic FHL tendon transfers. We present a comparative case series of open and arthroscopic FHL tendon transfers from Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. Methods. For the arthroscopic FHL transfers in most cases the patients were positioned semi prone with a tourniquet. A 2 or 3 posterior portal technique was used and the tendon was secured using an RCI screw. The rehabilitation was similar in both groups with 2 weeks in an equinus backslab followed by gradual dorsiflexion in a boot over the following 6 weeks. Anticoagulation with oral aspirin for 6 weeks was used. A retrospective case note review was performed. Results. There were 12 arthroscopic (8 males, 4 female) and 16 open procedures (9 male, 7 female). Both had a mean age of 56. 1 arthroscopic FHL was lost to follow up. There were no concomitant procedures in the arthroscopic group. In the open group the TA was repaired in 7 cases (3 of these involved z-shortening). There was 1 plantaris interposition, 1 V-Y advancement and 1 gastrocnemius advancement. Degenerate tendon was excised in 1 severe re-rupture of a calcified tendinopathic achilles. There was no difference in tourniquet time between the groups (arthroscopic 69mins vs open 64 mins, p=0.64). There were no complications in the arthroscopic group. In the open group there was 1 superficial wound infection, 1 nerve injury & 1 delayed DVT at 3 months. Conclusion. Arthroscopic FHL transfer is a safe and effective surgical option when no other achilles procedures are required. The soft tissue insult is minimal, making it a good option for patients with poor soft tissues or neurovascular compromise

Aim: To confirm previous studies and reports of tunnel widening following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. To report the medium term behaviour and the effect of tunnel widening on the clinical results. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the ACL database comparing BPTB autograft versus HT autograft and interference screw fixation was carried out. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon using an identical endoscopic, single-incision, surgical technique and a single method of fixation (7 x 25mm Titanium RCI screws). Patients who had a radiographic series at two and five years were included in the study. All patients had an isolated ACL injury. Patients underwent a continuous follow up evaluation including clinical examination IKDC, Lysholm knee score and KT-1000 man max testing. Tibial tunnel widening was calculated from lateral radiographs digitalised and corrected for magnification. The tunnel shape was classified according to Peyrache. Results: The median HT tunnel area increased significantly for the first two years (p = 0.00) and was unchanged from two to five years. The median PT tunnel area decreased significantly during the first two years (p = 0.03), and decreased again from two to five years (p = 0.02). A significant difference in tunnel shape existed between HT and PT groups (p = 0.00). Conclusion: Tibial tunnel widening was confirmed in 79% of HT and 24% of PT ACL reconstructions utilising a single Titanium RCI screw fixation in each. Graft choice was shown to influence tibial tunnel shape; 21% of HT developed a cavity shape and 29% of PT exhibited tunnel disappearance. All patients with a decrease in tunnel area had a negative pivot shift. This was significantly different from the tunnel-widening group

Purpose of Study: To prospectively evaluate the outcome of single surgeon endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons drilling femoral tunnel independent of the tibial tunnel. Methods and Results: 28 patients underwent endoscopic ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon in a DGH setting. All patients had symptomatic ACL deficiency proven by either MRI or previous arthroscopy. All patients were prospectively scored using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, the Lysholm score, Tegner activity score and the SF36 score. In each patient, an ipsilateral four-strand semi-tendinosus/gracilis tendon graft was used. The femoral tunnel was drilled through the anteromedial portal independent of the tibial tunnel as per the technique described by Leo Pinczewski, Sydney, Australia. This technique was used to place the femoral end of the graft in a more lateral position than obtained by the traditional transtibial technique. The ACL graft was fixed using RCI interference screws. All patients underwent standard accelerated rehabilitation program. All patients were reviewed clinically and radiologically at a mean follow-up 9 months. A significant improvement was noted in all the scores at the time of follow-up. Radiologically all femoral and tibial tunnels were satisfactorily placed with the femoral tunnels being in the 10 o’clock or 2 o’clock position with no evidence of tunnel widening. None of the grafts had failed. We feel that this technique may allow better rotational stability following ACL reconstruction

The results of PLLA screws for ACL reconstruction have demonstrated no significant clinical differences when compared to metallic screws up to two years. However, studies examining PLLA-HA screws are lacking, as are medium term outcomes of bioresorbable screws. This study aims to compare the clinical outcome of ACL reconstruction with a PLLA-HA to a titanium screw, and to assess the extent of resorption of the PLLA-HA screw at two and five years after ACL reconstruction. Forty patients were randomised to receive either a PLLA-HA or titanium RCI interference screw for ACL reconstruction. Both examiners and patients were blinded to screw type. Patients were prospectively reviewed at 24 and 60 months after surgery with full IKDC assessment, Instrumented Ligament Testing, Lysholm knee score. MRI scans were performed at two and five years following surgery. Five years after surgery, one patient with a titanium screw had an ACL graft rupture and had undergone revision surgery. Of the remaining 39 patients, 38 (97%) were reviewed at five years. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the volume of the tibial (p=0.89) or femoral (p=0.22) tunnels at five years. Significant screw resorbtion at five years was seen in 77% on the tibial side and 88% on the femoral side in the PLLA group. Good ossification was evident on five year MRI in 94% of the tibial screws and 56% of the femoral screws. In the PLLA-HA group peri tunnel bone marrow oedema was present in 35% of patients on the tibial side and 53% of patients on the femoral side at five years. There was no peri-tunnel bone marrow oedema evident in the titanium group. Peri-graft ganglion cyst was evident on MRI scan on the tibial side in 24% of patients from the PLLA-HA group and 18% of the titanium group (p=0.67). There was no significant difference between the PLLA-HA group and the titanium group on any of the other clinical parameters including IKDC subjective knee score (mean 93), symptoms, range of motion, instrumented ligament laxity (mean 1.8 mm) or overall IKDC grade (90% normal or nearly normal). ACL reconstruction with PLLA-HA bioabsorbable screws affords comparable clinical and subjective results to titanium screws at five years after surgery. Significant progression of PLLA HA screw resorption occurs between two and five years, with over 75% of screws demonstrating some resorption by five years. However, complete resorption was only evident in a small number of patients. ACL reconstruction with a PLLA HA screw has excellent clinical outcomes and progressive screw resorption and ossification is evident at five years

We evaluated the long-term outcome of isolated endoscopically-assisted posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in 26 patients using hamstring tendon autografts after failure of conservative management. At ten years after surgery the mean International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee score was 87 (sd 14) of a possible 100 points. Regular participation in moderate to strenuous activities was possible for only seven patients pre-operatively; this increased to 23 patients post-operatively. The mean Lysholm score improved from 64 (sd 15) to 90 (sd 14) at ten years (p = 0.001).

At ten years endoscopic reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament with hamstring tendon autograft is effective in reducing knee symptoms. Of the series, 22 patients underwent radiological assessment for the development of osteoarthritis using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale. In four patients, grade 2 changes with loss of joint space was observed and another four patients showed osteophyte formation with moderate joint space narrowing (grade 3). These findings compared favourably with non-operatively managed injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament.

This procedure for symptomatic patients with posterior cruciate ligament laxity who have failed conservative management offers good results.

Abnormal knee kinematics following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament may exist despite an apparent resolution of tibial laxity and functional benefit. We performed upright, weight-bearing MR scans of both knees in the sagittal plane at different angles of flexion to determine the kinematics of the knee following unilateral reconstruction (n = 12). The uninjured knee acted as a control. Scans were performed pre-operatively and at three and six months post-operatively. Anteroposterior tibial laxity was determined using an arthrometer and patient function by validated questionnaires before and after reconstruction. In all the knees with deficient anterior cruciate ligaments, the tibial plateau was displaced anteriorly and internally rotated relative to the femur when compared with the control contralateral knee, particularly in extension and early flexion (mean lateral compartment displacement: extension 7.9 mm (sd 4.8), p = 0.002 and 30° flexion 5.1 mm (sd 3.6), p = 0.004). In all ten patients underwent post-operative scans. Reconstruction reduced the subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau at three months, with resolution of anterior displacement in early flexion, but not in extension (p = 0.015). At six months, the reconstructed knee again showed anterior subluxation in both the lateral (mean: extension 4.2 mm (sd 4.2), p = 0.021 and 30° flexion 3.2 mm (sd 3.3), p = 0.024) and medial compartments (extension, p = 0.049).

Our results show that despite improvement in laxity and functional benefit, abnormal knee kinematics remain at six months and actually deteriorate from three to six months following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Objectives

Our aim was to assess the use of intra-operative fluoroscopy in the assessment of the position of the tibial tunnel during reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).