Aims

To identify factors influencing clinicians’ decisions to undertake a nonoperative hip fracture management approach among older people, and to determine whether there is global heterogeneity regarding these factors between clinicians from high-income countries (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

Aims. The outcomes following nonoperative management of minimally displaced greater tuberosity (GT) fractures, and the factors which influence patient experience, remain poorly defined. We assessed the early patient-derived outcomes following these injuries and examined the effect of a range of demographic- and injury-related variables on these outcomes. Methods. In total, 101 patients (53 female, 48 male) with a mean age of 50.9 years (19 to 76) with minimally displaced GT fractures were recruited to a prospective observational cohort study. During the first year after injury, patients underwent experiential assessment using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and assessment of associated injuries using MRI performed within two weeks of injury. The primary outcome was the one-year DASH score. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the effect of patient demographic factors, complications, and associated injuries, on outcome. Results. The mean DASH score improved from 42.3 (SD 9.6) at six weeks post-injury, to 19.5 (SD 14.3) at one-year follow-up (p < 0.001), but outcomes were mixed, with 30 patients having a DASH score > 30 at one year. MRI revealed a range of associated injuries, with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear present in 19 patients (19%). Overall, 11 patients (11%) developed complications requiring further operative intervention; 20 patients (21%) developed post-traumatic secondary shoulder stiffness. Multivariate analysis revealed a high-energy mechanism (p = 0.009), tobacco consumption (p = 0.033), use of mobility aids (p = 0.047), a full-thickness rotator cuff tear (p = 0.002), and the development of post-traumatic secondary shoulder stiffness (p = 0.035) were independent predictors of poorer outcome. Conclusion. The results of nonoperative management of minimally displaced GT fractures are heterogeneous. While many patients have satisfactory early outcomes, a substantial subgroup fare much worse. There is a high prevalence of rotator cuff injuries and post-traumatic shoulder stiffness, and their presence is associated with poorer patient experience. Furthermore, patients who have a high-energy injury, smoke, or use walking aids, have worse outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(5):534–542

Acute metatarsal fractures are a common extremity injury. While surgery may be recommended to reduce the risk of nonunion or symptomatic malunion, most fractures are treated with nonoperative management. However, there is significant variability between practitioners with no consensus among clinicians on the most effective nonoperative protocol, despite how common the form of treatment. This systematic review identified published conservative treatment modalities for acute metatarsal fractures and compares their non-union rate, chronic pain, and length of recovery, with the objective of identifying a best-practices algorithm. Searches of CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL identified clinical studies, level IV or greater in LOE, addressing non-operative management strategies for metatarsal fractures. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts, extracting data from eligible studies. Reported outcome measures and complications were descriptively analyzed. Studies were excluded if a rehabilitation program outlining length of immobilization, weight-bearing and/or strengthening approaches was not reported. A total of 12 studies (8 RCTs and 4 PCs), from the 2411 studies that were eligible for title screening, satisfied inclusion criteria. They comprised a total of 610 patients with acute metatarsal fractures, with a mean age of 40.2 years (range, 15 – 82). There were 6 studies that investigated avulsion fractures, 2 studies on true Jones fractures, and 4 studies with mixed fracture types. Studies assessed a variety of treatment modalities including: WB and NWB casts, elasticated support bandages, hard-sole shoes, plaster slippers, metatarsal shoe casts, and air cast boots. Most studies investigated the outcomes of NWB casts and elasticated support bandages. The NWB short leg cast had no reported non-unions, delayed-unions, or refractures for avulsion fractures. In true Jones fractures, there was an average non-union rate of 23.6% (range, 5.6 – 27.8%), delayed-union rate of 11.8% (range, 5.6 – 18.8%), and refracture rate of 3% (range, 0 – 5.6%). Overall, the average AOFAS score was 87.2 (range, 84 – 91.7) and the average VAS score was 83.7 (range, 75 – 93). The elasticated support bandage had an average non-union rate of 3.4% (range, 0 – 12%), and delayed-union rate of 3.8% for acute avulsion fractures, with no reported refractures. No included study arm investigated outcomes of elasticated support bandages for the true Jones fracture. The average AOFAS score for elasticated support bandages was 93.5 (range, 90 – 100). The average VAS score was 88.9 (range, 90 – 100). Most acute metatarsal fractures heal well, with good-to-excellent functional outcomes and moderate-to-high patient satisfaction. Conservative strategies for avulsion fractures are highly successful and based on this data the authors recommend patients undergo a schedule that involves 3 – 4 weeks in an elasticated support bandage, short leg cast, or equivalent, and WB thereafter as tolerated, with return-to-activity after clinical union. Despite poorer conservative outcomes for true Jones fractures, patients should undergo 8 weeks in a NWB short leg cast, followed by a walking cast or hard-sole shoe for an additional 4 – 6 weeks, or until clinical union. However, surgical consultation is recommended

There is very limited literature describing the outcomes of management for proximal humerus fractures with more than 100% displacement of the head and shaft fragments as a separate entity. This study aimed to compare operative and non-operative management of the translated proximal humerus fracture.

A prospective cohort study was performed including patients managed at a Level 1 trauma centre between January 2010 to December 2018. Patients with 2, 3 and 4-part fractures were included based on the degree of translation of the shaft fragment (≥100%), resulting in no cortical contact between the head and shaft fragments. Outcome measures were the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), EQ-5D-5L, and radiological outcomes. Complications recorded included further surgery, loss of position/fixation, and non-union/malunion. Linear and logistic regression models were used to compare management options.

There were 108 patients with a proximal humerus fracture with ≥100% translation; 76 underwent operative management and 32 were managed non-operatively with sling immobilisation. The mean (SD) age in the operative group was 54.3 (±20.2) and in the non-operative group was 73.3 (±15.3) (p<0.001). There was no association between OSS and management options (mean 38.5(±9.5) operative vs mean 41.3 (±8.5) non-operative, p=0.48). Operative management was associated with improved health status outcomes; EQ-5D utility score adjusted mean difference 0.16 (95%CI 0.04-0.27, p=0.008); EQ-5D VAS adjusted mean difference 19.2 (95%CI 5.2-33.2, p=0.008). Operative management was further associated with a lower odds of non-union (adjusted OR 0.30, 95%CI 0.09-0.97, p=0.04), malunion (adjusted OR 0.14, 95%CI 0.04-0.51, p=0.003) and complications (adjusted OR 0.07, 95%CI 0.02-0.32, p=0.001).

Translated proximal humerus fractures with ≥100% displacement demonstrate improved health status and radiological outcomes following surgical fixation. Patients with this injury should be considered for operative intervention.

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of performing total hip arthroplasty (THA) versus nonoperative management (NM) in non-obese (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), obese (30–34.9), severely-obese (35–39.9), morbidly-obese (40–49.9), and super-obese (50+) patients. Methods. We constructed a state-transition Markov model to compare the cost-utility of THA and NM in the six above-mentioned BMI groups over a 15-year time period. Model parameters for transition probability (i.e. risk of revision, re-revision, death), utility, and costs (inflation adjusted to 2017 US dollars) were estimated from the literature. Direct medical costs of managing hip arthritis were accounted in the model. Indirect societal costs were not included. A 3% annual discount rate was used for costs and utilities. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of THA versus NM. One-way and Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis of the model parameters were performed to determine the robustness of the model. Results. Over the 15-year time period, the ICERs for THA versus NM were: normal-weight ($6,043/QALY), overweight ($5,770/QALY), obese ($5,425/QALY), severely-obese ($7,382/QALY), morbidly-obese ($8,338/QALY), and super-obese ($16,651/QALY). The two highest BMI groups had higher incremental QALYs and incremental costs. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggests that THA would be cost-effective in 100% of the normal, overweight, obese, severely-obese, and morbidly-obese simulations, and 99.95% of super-obese simulations at an ICER threshold of $50,000/QALY. Conclusion. Even at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/QALY, which is considered low for the United States, our model showed that THA would be cost effective for all obesity levels. Therefore, invoking BMI cut-offs for THA may lead to unjustifiable loss of healthcare access for obese patients with end-stage hip osteoarthritis

Aims

The aim was to compare long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after operative and nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture in the context of a randomized controlled trial.

Aims. The aim of this study was to establish consensus statements on the diagnosis, nonoperative management, and indications, if any, for medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) repair in patients with patellar instability, using the modified Delphi approach. Methods. A total of 60 surgeons from 11 countries were invited to develop consensus statements based on their expertise in this area. They were assigned to one of seven working groups defined by subtopics of interest within patellar instability. Consensus was defined as achieving between 80% and 89% agreement, strong consensus was defined as between 90% and 99% agreement, and 100% agreement was considered to be unanimous. Results. Of 27 questions and statements on patellar instability, three achieved unanimous consensus, 14 achieved strong consensus, five achieved consensus, and five did not achieve consensus. Conclusion. The statements that reached unanimous consensus were that an assessment of physeal status is critical for paediatric patients with patellar instability. There was also unanimous consensus on early mobilization and resistance training following nonoperative management once there is no apprehension. The statements that did not achieve consensus were on the importance of immobilization of the knee, the use of orthobiologics in nonoperative management, the indications for MPFC repair, and whether a vastus medialis oblique advancement should be performed. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(12):1259–1264

This single-centre prospective randomised trial aimed to assess the superiority of operative fixation compared with non-operative management for adults with an isolated, closed humeral shaft fracture.

70 patients were randomly allocated to either open reduction and internal fixation (51%, n=36/70) or functional bracing (49%, n=34/70). 7 patients did not receive their assigned treatment (operative n=5/32, non-operative n=2/32); results were analysed based upon intention-to-treat. The primary outcome measure was the DASH score at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included treatment complications, union/nonunion, shoulder/elbow range of motion, pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

At 3 months, 66 patients (94%) were available for follow-up; the mean DASH favoured surgery (operative 24.5, non-operative 39.4; p=0.006) and the difference (14.9 points) exceeded the MCID. Surgery was also associated with a superior DASH at 6wks (operative 38.4, non-operative 53.1; p=0.005) but not at 6 months or 1yr. Brace-related dermatitis affected 7 patients (operative 3%, non-operative 18%; OR 7.8, p=0.049) but there were no differences in other complications. 8 patients (11%) developed a nonunion (operative 6%, non-operative 18%; OR 3.8, p=0.140). Surgery was associated with superior early shoulder/elbow range of motion, and pain, EuroQol and SF-12 Mental Component Summary scores. There were no other differences in outcomes between groups.

Surgery confers early advantages over bracing, in terms of upper limb function, shoulder/elbow range of motion, pain and HRQoL. However, these benefits should be considered in the context of potential operative risks and the absence of any difference in patient-reported outcomes at 1yr.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the outcome of operative and non-operative management in adults with distal radius fractures, with an additional elderly subgroup analysis. The main outcome was 12-month PRWE score. Secondary outcomes included DASH score, grip strength, complications and radiographic parameters.

Randomised controlled trials of patients aged ≥18yrs with a dorsally displaced distal radius fractures were included. Studies compared operative intervention with non-operative management. Operative management included open reduction and internal fixation, Kirschner-wiring or external fixation. Non-operative management was cast/splint immobilisation with/without closed reduction. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used.

After screening 1258 studies, 16 trials with 1947 patients (mean age 66yrs, 76% female) were included in the meta-analysis. Eight studies reported PRWE score and there was no clinically significant difference at 12 weeks (MD 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.75 to 1.07, p=0.73) or 12 months (mean difference [MD] 3.30, 95% CI −5.66 to −0.94, p=0.006). Four studies reported on scores in the elderly and there was no clinically significant difference at 12 weeks (MD 0.59, 95% CI −0.35 to 1.53, p=0.22) or 12 months (MD 2.60, 95% CI −5.51 to 0.30, p=0.08). There was a no clinically significant difference in DASH score at 12 weeks (MD 10.18, 95% CI −14.98 to −5.38, p<0.0001) or 12 months (MD 3.49, 95% CI −5.69 to −1.29, p=0.002). Two studies featured only elderly patients, with no clinically important difference at 12 weeks (MD 7.07, 95% CI −11.77 to −2.37, p=0.003) or 12 months (MD 3.32, 95% CI −7.03 to 0.38, p=0.08).

There was no clinically significant difference in patient-reported outcome according to PRWE or DASH at either timepoint in the adult group as a whole or in the elderly subgroup.

Aims. The primary aim was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine operative fixation for all patients with humeral shaft fractures. The secondary aim was to estimate the health economic implications of using a Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures (RUSHU) of < 8 to facilitate selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion. Methods. From 2008 to 2017, 215 patients (mean age 57 yrs (17 to 18), 61% female (n = 130/215)) with a nonoperatively managed humeral diaphyseal fracture were retrospectively identified. Union was achieved in 77% (n = 165/215) after initial nonoperative management, with 23% (n = 50/215) uniting after surgery for nonunion. The EuroQol five-dimension three-level health index (EQ-5D-3L) was obtained via postal survey. Multiple regression was used to determine the independent influence of patient, injury, and management factors upon the EQ-5D-3L. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of < £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained was considered cost-effective. Results. At a mean of 5.4 yrs (1.2 to 11.0), the mean EQ-5D-3L was 0.736 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.697 to 0.775). Adjusted analysis demonstrated the EQ-5D-3L was inferior among patients who united after nonunion surgery (β = 0.103; p = 0.032). Offering routine fixation to all patients to reduce the rate of nonunion would be associated with increased treatment costs of £1,542/patient, but would confer a potential EQ-5D-3L benefit of 0.120/patient over the study period. The ICER of routine fixation was £12,850/QALY gained. Selective fixation based on a RUSHU < 8 at six weeks post-injury would be associated with reduced treatment costs (£415/patient), and would confer a potential EQ-5D-3L benefit of 0.335 per ‘at-risk patient’. Conclusion. Routine fixation for patients with humeral shaft fractures to reduce the rate of nonunion observed after nonoperative management appears to be a cost-effective intervention at five years post-injury. Selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion based on their RUSHU may confer even greater cost-effectiveness, given the potential savings and improvement in health-related quality of life. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(7):566–572

Abstract

Introduction

Unstable ankle fractures are routinely managed operatively. Due to soft-tissue and implant related complications, there has been recent literature reporting on the non-operative management of well-reduced medial malleolus fractures following fibular stabilisation, but with limited evidence supporting routine application. This trial assessed the superiority of internal fixation of well-reduced (displacement ≤2mm) medial malleolus fractures compared with non-fixation following fibular stabilisation.

Non-operative management of displaced olecranon fractures in elderly low demand patients is reported to result in a satisfactory outcome despite routinely producing a nonunion. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is evidence of dynamic movement of the fracture fragment during the elbow arc of movement.

Five consecutive patients (≥70 years of age) with a displaced olecranon fracture (Mayo 2A) that were managed with non-operative intervention were recruited. All underwent ultrasound evaluation at six weeks and follow-up questionnaires at six months including the DASH and Oxford Elbow Score (OES).

There were three women and two men with a mean age of 79yrs (range 70–88). All injuries were sustained following a fall from standing height. The mean fracture gap in extension was 22.5mm (95% CI 13.0–31.9), midflexion 21.8mm (11.6–32.0) and in deep flexion 21.8mm (10.9–32.8). Although the amount of fracture displacement varied between patients, it remained static in each patient with no significant differences observed throughout the arc of motion (ANOVA p=0.99). The six-month median DASH score was 7.5 (IQR range, 4.2–39.3) and the OES was 44.0 (29.0–47.5). Four out of the five patients were satisfied with their function.

Ultrasound evaluation of displaced olecranon fractures following non-operative management suggests the proximal fragment may function as a sesamoid type bone within the triceps sleeve. This could explain how a functional arc of movement with a minimum level of discomfort can usually be expected with non-operative management in select patients.

This prospective randomised trial aimed to assess the superiority of internal fixation of well-reduced medial malleolar fractures (displacement □2mm) compared with non-fixation, following fibular stabilisation in patients undergoing surgical management of a closed unstable ankle fracture.

A total of 154 adult patients with a bi- or trimalleolar fracture were recruited from a single centre. Open injuries and vertically unstable medial malleolar fractures were excluded. Following fibular stabilisation, patients were randomised intra-operatively on a 1:1 basis to fixation or non-fixation after satisfactory fluoroscopic fracture reduction was confirmed. The primary outcome was the Olerud Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) at 12 months post-randomisation. Complications were documented over the follow-up period.

The baseline group demographics and injury characteristics were comparable. There were 144 patients reviewed at the primary outcome point (94%). The median OMAS was 80 (IQR, 60-90) in the fixation group vs. 72.5 (IQR, 55-90) in the non-fixation group (p=0.165). Complication rates were comparable, although significantly more patients (n=13, 20%) in the non-fixation group developed a radiographic non-union (p<0.001). The majority (n=8/13) were asymptomatic, with one patient requiring surgical reintervention. In the non-fixation group, a superior outcome was associated with an anatomical medial malleolar fracture reduction.

Internal fixation is not superior to non-fixation of well-reduced medial malleolar fractures when managing unstable ankle fractures. However, one in five patients following non-fixation developed a radiographic non-union and whilst the re-intervention rate to manage this was low, the longer-term consequences of this are unknown. The results of this trial may support selective non-fixation of anatomically reduced fractures.

Despite being one of the most common injuries around the elbow, the optimal treatment of olecranon fractures is far from established and stimulates debate among both general orthopaedic trauma surgeons and upper limb specialists. It is almost universally accepted that stable non-displaced fractures can be safely treated nonoperatively with minimal specialist input. Internal fixation is recommended for the vast majority of displaced fractures, with a range of techniques and implants to choose from. However, there is concern regarding the complication rates, largely related to symptomatic metalwork resulting in high rates of implant removal. As the number of elderly patients sustaining these injuries increases, we are becoming more aware of the issues associated with fixation in osteoporotic bone and the often fragile soft-tissue envelope in this group. Given this, there is evidence to support an increasing role for nonoperative management in this high-risk demographic group, even in those presenting with displaced and/or multifragmentary fracture patterns. This review summarizes the available literature to date, focusing predominantly on the management techniques and available implants for stable fractures of the olecranon. It also offers some insights into the potential avenues for future research, in the hope of addressing some of the pertinent questions that remain unanswered. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):112–123

Aim

We outline a treatment protocol for subjects with chronic periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) who elected not to have surgery. We developed a method of serial “fluid-depleting” aspirations with intra-articular gentamycin injections to affect the population of the biofilm community. We have experienced many treatment failures, as expected, but have also had a group of subjects who responded exceptionally well, requiring no surgical intervention. Our longest follow-up is 10 years.

Aims

This study evaluated the effect of treating clinician speciality on management of zone 2 fifth metatarsal fractures.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of periprosthetic fractures of the humerus and to assess the uniformity of the classifications used for these fractures (including those around elbow and/or shoulder arthroplasties) by performing a systematic review of the literature.

Aims

To investigate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adults (aged ≥ 60 years) after tibial plateau fracture (TPF) compared to preinjury and population matched values, and what aspects of treatment were most important to patients.