Purpose of Study and Background. Degenerative cervical myelopathy resulting in cord compromise is a progressive condition that results in significant quality of life limitations. Surgical treatment options available are anterior and/or posterior decompression of the affected levels. Patients are counselled pre-operatively that the aim of surgical intervention is to help prevent deterioration of neurology. Anecdotal evidence suggested improvements in both EMS and PROMs in this cohort of patients. A 2-year prospective study tested this hypothesis. Methodology and Results. 67 patients undergoing anterior cervical surgery were followed up to two years. Myelopathic features, radiological cord compression, myelomalacia change and levels of surgery were recorded. Pre/post intervention myelopathy scores/grades, and PROM's were recorded. Paired t-test was performed when comparing pre/post intervention scores and Annova test when comparing results across levels. Our prospective study identified statistically significant improvements in European myelopathy scores and grade and patient reported clinical outcomes in the said population. Conclusions. DCSM patients undergoing anterior surgery demonstrated statistically significant improvement in PROMs and EMS scores and grades. This has been demonstrated irrespective of number of surgical levels. Conflicts of Interest: None. Sources of Funding: None. Previously presented as a poster at Cervical Spine Research Society, Paris 2020-Virtual Meeting

Aims. The aim of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate changes in diffusion metrics in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) up to five years after decompressive surgery. We correlated these changes with clinical outcomes as scored by the Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) method, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Methods. We used multi-shot, high-resolution, diffusion tensor imaging (ms-DTI) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) to investigate the change in diffusion metrics and clinical outcomes up to five years after anterior cervical interbody discectomy and fusion (ACDF). High signal intensity was identified on T2-weighted imaging, along with DTI metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA). MJOA, NDI, and VAS scores were also collected and compared at each follow-up point. Spearman correlations identified correspondence between FA and clinical outcome scores. Results. Significant differences in mJOA scores and FA values were found between preoperative and postoperative timepoints up to two years after surgery. FA at the level of maximum cord compression (MCL) preoperatively was significantly correlated with the preoperative mJOA score. FA postoperatively was also significantly correlated with the postoperative mJOA score. There was no statistical relationship between NDI and mJOA or VAS. Conclusion. ms-DTI can detect microstructural changes in affected cord segments and reflect functional improvement. Both FA values and mJOA scores showed maximum recovery two years after surgery. The DTI metrics are significantly associated with pre- and postoperative mJOA scores. DTI metrics are a more sensitive, timely, and quantifiable surrogate for evaluating patients with CSM and a potential quantifiable biomarker for spinal cord dysfunction. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(9):1210–1218

We reviewed 75 patients (57 men and 18 women), who had undergone tension-band laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (42 patients) or compression myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (33 patients) and had been followed for more than ten years. Clinical and functional results were estimated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score. The rate of recovery and the level of postoperative axial neck pain were also recorded. The pre- and post-operative alignment of the cervical spine (Ishihara curve index indicating lordosis of the cervical spine) and the range of movement (ROM) of the cervical spine were also measured. The mean rate of recovery of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score at final follow-up was 52.1% (. sd. 24.6) and significant axial pain was reported by 19 patients (25.3%). Axial pain was reported more frequently in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament than in those with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (p = 0.027). A kyphotic deformity was not seen post-operatively in any patient. The mean ROM decreased post-operatively from 32.8° (. sd. 12.3) to 16.2° (. sd. 12.3) (p < 0.001). The mean ROM ratio was 46.9% (. sd. 28.1) for all the patients. The mean ROM ratio was lower in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament than in those with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (p < 0.001). Compared to those with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament had less ROM and more post-operative axial neck pain

We evaluated 30 patients with cervical myelopathy before and after decompressive surgery and compared them with 42 healthy controls. All were asked to grip and release their fingers as rapidly as possible for 15 seconds. Films recorded with a digital camera were divided into three files of five seconds each. Three doctors independently counted the number of grip and release cycles in a blinded manner (N1 represents the number of cycles for the first five-second segment, N2 for the second and N3 for the third). N2 and N3 of the pre-operative group were significantly fewer than those of the control group, and the postoperative group’s results were significantly greater than those of the pre-operative group. In the control group, the numbers decreased significantly with each succeeding five-second interval (fatigue phenomenon). In the pre-operative myelopathy group there was no significant difference between N1 and N2 (freezing phenomenon). The 15-second test is shown to be reliable in the quantitative evaluation of cervical myelopathy. Although it requires a camera and animation files, it can detect small changes in neurological status because of its precise and objective nature

We retrospectively examined the prevalence and natural history of asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis in patients treated surgically for cervical compressive myelopathy in order to assess the influence of latent lumbar canal stenosis on the recovery after surgery. Of 214 patients who had undergone cervical laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy, we identified 69 (32%) with myelographically documented lumbar canal stenosis. Of these, 28 (13%) patients with symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis underwent simultaneous cervical and lumbar decompression. Of the remaining 41 (19%) patients with asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis who underwent only cervical surgery, 39 were followed up for ≥ 1 year (mean 4.9 years (1 to 12)) and were included in the analysis (study group). Patients without myelographic evidence of lumbar canal stenosis, who had been followed up for ≥ 1 year after the cervical surgery, served as controls (135 patients; mean follow-up period 6.5 years (1 to 17)). Among the 39 patients with asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis, seven had lumbar-related leg symptoms after the cervical surgery. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that 89.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 75.3 to 96.0) and 76.7% (95% CI 53.7 to 90.3) of the patients with asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis were free from leg symptoms for three and five years, respectively. There were no significant differences between the study and control groups in the recovery rate measured by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score or improvement in the Nurick score at one year after surgery or at the final follow-up. These results suggest that latent lumbar canal stenosis does not influence recovery following surgery for cervical myelopathy; moreover, prophylactic lumbar decompression does not appear to be warranted as a routine procedure for coexistent asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis in patients with cervical myelopathy, when planning cervical surgery

The ability to calculate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) would enhance treatment decision making and facilitate economic analysis. QALYs are calculated using utilities, or health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) weights. An instrument designed for cervical myelopathy disease would increase the sensitivity and specificity of HRQoL assessments. The objective of this study is to develop a multi-attribute utility function for the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) Score. We recruited a sample of 760 adults from a market research panel. Using an online discrete choice experiment (DCE), participants rated 8 choice sets based on mJOA health states. A multi-attribute utility function was estimated using a mixed multinomial-logit regression model (MIXL). The sample was partitioned into a training set used for model fitting and validation set used for model evaluation. The regression model demonstrated good predictive performance on the validation set with an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.80-0.82)). The regression model was used to develop a utility scoring rubric for the mJOA. Regression results revealed that participants did not regard all mJOA domains as equally important. The rank order of importance was (in decreasing order): lower extremity motor function, upper extremity motor function, sphincter function, upper extremity sensation. This study provides a simple technique for converting the mJOA score to utilities and quantify the importance of mJOA domains. The ability to evaluate QALYs for DCM will facilitate economic analysis and patient counseling. Clinicians should use these findings in order to offer treatments that maximize function in the attributes viewed most important by patients

Abstract. Introduction. There is paucity of evidence in predicting outcomes following cervical decompression in patients in octogenerians with cervical myelopathy. Our aim is to analyse the predictive value of Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) on clinical outcomes in this group. Methods. All patients age >80 years who underwent cervical decompression+/−stabilisation between January 2006-December 2021 at University Hospitals of Derby & Burton were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed using JASP. Results. Total 72 patients (n=32 male, n=28 female). Mean age 83.44 ± 3.21 years. 67 patients underwent posterior decompression+ stabilisation & 5 patients had posterior decompression alone. Mean CCI was 5; graded moderate in 32 (44%, CCI=<4) and severe in 40 (55.5%, CCI>4). Mean age and preoperative Nurick grade was similar between moderate and severe groups. Postoperative Nurick grade improved equally in both groups by 0.67 and 0.68 respectively (p=0.403). Mean LOS 16±16.12 days. 5 complications in the moderate group (21.8%) and 8 complications in severe group (21.6%); wound infection (n=7), other infection (n=2), electrolyte derangement (n=2), AKI (n=1), blood transfusion (n=1) and early death (n=3) (p=0.752). 1 early postoperative death <30 days occurred in the moderate group (4.3%) whereas 2 occurred in the severe group (5.3%) (p=0.984). No patients with moderate CCI required nursing home discharge whereas 7.9% of severe patients required this. Conclusion. Both groups benefitted from neurological improvement postoperatively, low 1 year mortality. No difference in hospital stay, complication rate and early mortality between both groups. More patients with severe CCI require nursing care after discharge than those with moderate CCI

Introduction:. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a degenerative condition that results in a non-traumatic, progressive and chronic compression of the cervical spinal cord. Surgery is indicated for patients with moderate to severe myelopathy or progressive myelopathy. Literature shows that decompressive surgery halts progression of the condition. We undertook this study to see if there is a worthwhile improvement in function in patients who had spine decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Material and Method:. From a retrospective review of our medical records, a total of 61 patients had decompressive surgery for cervical myelopathy during the period between January 2008 and January 2014. 11 Patients were excluded because their cervical myelopathy was due to compression from tuberculosis or a tumour. 33 patients had incomplete records. We are reporting on the 17 patients who had complete records. From the patients' notes we recorded the detailed preoperative neurologic examination usually done for these patients in our clinic. This was compared to the neurological examination done at 6 months, 12 months and at more than 2 years follow-up. Where this examination was not adequate, patients were called in for the neurologic examination. Results:. 13 Patients had a Nurick grading of 3 and above pre-operatively and 16 had a Ranawat classification of IIIA and above preoperatively. Post-operatively 14 patients had a Nurick grading of 1 or 0 and 15 had a Ranawat classification of II or I. There was also improvement of the physical signs that are diagnostic of myelopathy. The results were subjected to statistical analysis, but this was not conclusive because of the small numbers. Conclusion:. Decompressive surgery in this small series does not only stop progression of the myelopathy, but also improves neurologic function

Introduction. Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is associated with progressive neurological deterioration. Surgical decompression can halt but not reverse this progression. The Modified Japanese Orthopaedic Assessment (MJOA) tool is recommended by international guidelines to grade disease severity into mild, moderate and severe, where moderate and severe are both recommended to undergo surgical intervention. During Covid-19 Nottingham University Hospitals (NUH) NHS Trust, identified DCM patients as high risk for sustaining permanent neurological damage due to surgical delay. The Advanced Spinal Practitioner (ASP) team implemented a surveillance project to evaluate those at risk. Methods. A spreadsheet was compiled of all DCM patients known to the service. Patients were telephoned (Oct-Nov 2021) by an ASP. MJOA score was recorded and those describing progressive deterioration were reviewed by the ASP team on a spinal same day emergency assessment unit. Incident forms were completed for clinical deterioration and recorded as severe harm. Acute, progressive neurological deterioration was fast tracked for emergency surgical decompression. Results. 45 patients were telephoned, 18 (40%) had deteriorated. Of the 18, 9 underwent urgent surgical decompression, 6 still await surgery and 3 continue to be monitored. Those who had deteriorated were sent a formal apology and duty of candour letter. Conclusion. It appears that patients with a diagnosis of DCM deteriorate over time. Delays to timely surgical intervention can have a deleterious effect on patient's neurological function. Baseline assessment should be clearly documented and scoring system such as MJOA considered for effective monitoring. Safety netting for deterioration should be standard practice, and a clear pathway for emergency presentation identified. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: No funding obtained

Study Design: Non-randomised case controlled study. Objectives: To study the relationship of CSF flow abnormality and severity of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Subjects: 45 consecutive patients undergoing MRI examination of the cervical spine. CSF flow measurement in the cervical spinal canal were done with phase contrast MRI in 3 subject groups consisting of 7 patients with clinical myelopathy, 8 patients with subjective myelopathy and 30 control subjects with no myelopathy. Modified JOAS scores and clinical examination findings were used to assess the severity of myelopathy. All subjects were imaged on 1.5 T Philips Magnetic Resonance scanner. A retrospective gated, phase contrast sequence was used to measure flow velocity for 15 time points in the cardiac cycle. Measurements were taken at the level of C2, above and below the levels of spinal stenosis. Outcome Measures: Mean and Peak CSF flow velocity and caudal CSF flow was recorded at all the three levels. Differences in means were tested with one way ANOVA. Results: Inter-group comparison showed both mean and peak CSF flow to be significantly lower in the clinical myelopathy group at above and below the stenosis but there was no difference at the level of C2. Patients with subjective myelopathy had lower range of mean and peak flow compared to the control group, but this was only significant for mean flow above the block (p< 0.05). There was significant difference between the caudal CSF flow per cardiac cycle between the groups at all the 3 levels. Conclusions: The results suggest that a disturbance of pulsatile CSF flow in the cervical canal has high correlation with clinical myelopathy. Further study in a larger patient group would be needed to see the effect in a subjective myelopathy group

Purpose: We report results obtained after surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy in 42 patients. Material and methods: This prospective study included 42 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment performed by the same operator between 1999 and 2002. Inclusion criteria were clinical expression of cervical cord suffering and radiological evidence (high-intensity intramedullary signal on the T2-weighted MRI). Anterior (corporectomy associated with autologous graft and plate-screw fixation) or posterior (laminoplasty or laminectomy) decompression was performed. The approach was chosen according to the number of levels requiring decompression and static disorders. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JAO) score was determined prepoperatively and at six months. Results: Forty-two patients (25 men and 17 women), mean age 65.7 years (38–80) were included, 18 anterior approaches and 24 posterior approaches. There were no neurological or infectious complications. One suffocating haematoma required early revision after an anterior decompression. Metameric hyperpathy occurred in two patients after segmentary laminectomy. The mean pre-operative JOA score was 8.3/17 (2–15); the postoperative score was 13.4 (5–17). There was no significant difference in the JOA score for anterior and posterior decompression. Discussion: The JOA score is one of the rare scores which has been validated for cervical myelopathy. This easy to use scale does not however estimate the importance of manipulation disorders and heaviness in the hands. Most of the items are based on history taking. Recently described scores with measurable parameters appear to be essential to achieve better assessment of these patients. Severe myelopathy (three patients in our series) is considered a poor indication for surgical management although prognosis does not appear to be so bad for active disease or when the objective is limited decompression. Choice of the anterior or posterior approach is based on the predicted position of the cord after surgery. This position depends on static parameters of the cervical spine measured on the lateral view and has not been studied extensively. Conclusion: Proper study of cervical myelopathy requires the development of objective scores using measurable and reproducible items. Study of the cervical spine statics on the lateral view should provide better criteria for choosing the surgical approach

Introduction: Oblique corpectomy is a surgical technique of spinal cord decompression through a limited bone resection of the postero lateral corner of the vertebral bodies. In this study the results of this technique applied in cases of spondylotic myelopathy and tumors are presented. Methods: The oblique corpectomy is achieved through a lateral approach with control and sometimes transposition of the VA. It can be used at any level from C2 to T1 and on as many levels as required from 1 to 5. It was mostly applied on cervical spondylotic myelopathy (N=157) or radiculopathy (N=89) but also on hourglass tumors (neurinomas N=67, meningiomas N=7, hemangioblastoma N=1, paraganglioma N=1) and different tumors N=49 involving the lateral part of the vertebral body such as osteoïd osteomas N=8, chordomas N=11, aneurysmal cyst N=3, sarcomas N=4. The total series includes 126 tumors. In most cases preservation of the main part of the vertebral bodies permitted to avoid bone grafting and plating. However stabilization procedure is still necessary when more than one disc are resected and when the discs are soft and not collapsed. Results: Excellent decompression was obtained in every case of spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy. Clinical results are similar to those obtained by any other techniques of decompression through anterior approach but without the complications related to grafting and plating. Improvement of the preoperative score was noted in 79% of patients with myelopathy stabilization in 13% and worsening in 8%. In patients with radiculopathy, good and excellent results were obtained in 85%. A better decompression of the intervertebral foramen is achieved through the oblique corpectomy since the whole length of the cervical nerve root from the dural sac to the vertebral artery can be decompressed. Instability requiring further stabilization procedure was observed only in 3 cases which in fact were preoperatively unstable. Complete tumor resection was achieved in every case especially for the lateral part located into the intervertebral foramen and around the vertebral artery. Even tumors extending from the outside of the spine to the intradural space could be entirely removed through the same approach. Grafting and plating were realized in 13 out of the 126 cases of tumor. Conclusion: Oblique corpectomy techniques is a safe technique which permits to decompress the spinal cord and cervical nerve roots from spondylotic elements and tumors. As compared to other techniques, it achieves a better decompression on the lateral part of the spinal canal and on the intervertebral foramen up to the vertebral artery. In many cases it does not require any complementary stabilization technique and avoids the use of instrumentation

INTRODUCTION: Oblique corpectomy is a surgical technique of spinal cord decompression through a limited bone resection of the posterolateral corner of the vertebral bodies. In this study the results of this technique applied in cases of spondylotic myelopathy and tumours are presented. METHODS: The oblique corpectomy is achieved through a lateral approach with control and sometimes transposition of the VA. It can be used at any level from C2 to T1 and on as many levels as required from 1 to 5. It was mostly applied on cervical spondylotic myelopathy (N=157) or radiculopathy (N=89) but also on hourglass tumours (neurinomas N=67, meningiomas N=7, hemangioblastoma N=1, paraganglioma N=1) and different tumours N=49 involving the lateral part of the vertebral body such as osteoid osteomas N=8, chordomas N=11, aneurysmal cyst N=3, sarcomas N=4. The total series includes 126 tumours. In most cases preservation of the main part of the vertebral bodies permitted to avoid bone grafting and plating. However stabilisation procedure is still necessary when more than one disc is resected and when the discs are soft and not collapsed. RESULTS: Excellent decompression was obtained in every case of spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy. Clinical results are similar to those obtained by any other techniques of decompression through anterior approach but without the complications related to grafting and plating. Improvement of the pre-operative score was noted in 79% of patients with myelopathy stabilisation in 13% and worsening in 8%. In patients with radiculopathy, good and excellent results were obtained in 85%. A better decompression of the intervertebral foramen is achieved through the oblique corpectomy since the whole length of the cervical nerve root from the dural sac to the vertebral artery can be decompressed. Instability requiring further stabilisation procedure was observed only in three cases which in fact were pre-operatively unstable. Complete tumour resection was achieved in every case especially for the lateral part located into the intervertebral foramen and around the vertebral artery. Even tumours extending from the outside of the spine to the intradural space could be entirely removed through the same approach. Grafting and plating were realised in 13 out of the 126 cases of tumour. CONCLUSION: Oblique corpectomy technique is a safe technique which permits to decompress the spinal cord and cervical nerve roots from spondylotic elements and tumours. As compared to other techniques, it achieves a better decompression on the lateral part of the spinal canal and on the intervertebral foramen up to the vertebral artery. In many cases it does not require any complementary stabilisation technique and avoids the use of instrumentation

Introduction: Apoptosis, or secondary cell death, has been demonstrated in a number of neurological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain ischaemia. It is well established from studies of acute spinal cord injury that apoptosis seems an important factor in secondary cell death and irreversible neurological deficit. It is only recently that studies have emerged analysing secondary cell death in chronic injury to the cord. In this study, the spatial and temporal expression of apoptotic cells was analysed in acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) (n=6) and chronic myelopathies due to metastatic tumour (n=5), degenerative spondylosis (n=6) and syringomyelia (n=4). The study aimed to demonstrate apoptosis in compressive spinal cord injury and to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of apoptosis in acute and chronic myelopathy. Method: Archival material from 21 spinal cords of patients with documented myelopathy during life and definitive evidence on post mortem examination were available for study. The spatial and temporal expression of apoptotic cells was analysed in acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) (n=6) and chronic myelopathy due to metastatic tumour (n=5), degenerative spondylosis (n=6) and syringomyelia (n=4). Immunohistochemical analysis of each specimen was conducted using markers of apoptosis, as well as the biochemical apoptotic marker TUNEL. A total of 1800 histopathological slides were analysed. Specimens were also analysed using confocal microscopy to identify the immunopositive cell type. A combination of morphological, immunohistochemical and in situ end-labelling techniques were used to investigate the mechanism of cell death in this experiment. The analytical techniques employed were aimed at showing firstly the presence of apoptosis and secondly the size and position of the damaged regions. Results: Positivity for active Caspase-3, DNA-PKCS, PARP, TUNEL and active Caspase-9 was found in glia (oligodendrocytes and microglia) axons and neurons in both acute and chronic compression above, below and at the site of compression. In chronic compression, the severity of positivity for apoptotic immunological markers was positively correlated with the severity of white matter damage, as measured by APP immunostaining for axonal injury, and Wallerian degeneration. There was no correlation between the duration of chronic compression and immunopositivity for apoptotic markers. In acute SCI, axonal swellings were consistently positive for Caspases −9 and -3, suggesting mitochondrial activation of apoptotic pathways. Conclusion: Apoptosis occurs in both acute and chronic spinal cord injury. In acute compression, axonal injury is associated with apoptotic immunopositivity of glia and neurons. In chronic compression, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes and microglia correlates with demyelination of axons within the white matter

INTRODUCTION: Apoptosis, or secondary cell death, has been demonstrated in a number of neurological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain ischaemia. It is well established from studies of acute spinal cord injury that apoptosis seems an important factor in secondary cell death and irreversible neurological deficit. It is only recently that studies have emerged analysing secondary cell death in chronic injury to the cord. In this study, the spatial and temporal expression of apoptotic cells was analysed in acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) (n=6) and chronic myelopathies due to meta-static tumour (n=5), degenerative spondylosis (n=6) and syringomyelia (n=4). The study aimed to demonstrate apoptosis in compressive spinal cord injury and to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of apoptosis in acute and chronic myelopathy. METHOD: Archival material from 21 spinal cords of patients with documented myelopathy during life and definitive evidence on post mortem examination were available for study. The spatial and temporal expression of apoptotic cells was analysed in acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) (n=6) and chronic myelopathy due to metastatic tumour (n=5), degenerative spondylosis (n=6) and syringomyelia (n=4). Immunohistochemical analysis of each specimen was conducted using markers of apoptosis, as well as the biochemical apoptotic marker TUNEL. A total of 1800 histopathological slides were analysed. Specimens were also analysed using confocal microscopy to identify the immunopositive cell type. A combination of morphological, immunohistochemical and in situ end-labelling techniques were used to investigate the mechanism of cell death in this experiment. The analytical techniques employed were aimed at showing firstly the presence of apoptosis and secondly the size and position of the damaged regions. RESULTS: Positivity for active Caspase-3, DNA-PKCS, PARP, TUNEL and active Caspase-9 was found in glia (oligodendrocytes and microglia) axons and neurons in both acute and chronic compression above, below and at the site of compression. In chronic compression, the severity of positivity for apoptotic immunological markers was positively correlated with the severity of white matter damage, as measured by APP immunostaining for axonal injury, and Wallerian degeneration. There was no correlation between the duration of chronic compression and immunopositivity for apoptotic markers. In acute SCI, axonal swellings were consistently positive for Caspases −9 and -3, suggesting mitochon-drial activation of apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis occurs in both acute and chronic spinal cord injury. In acute compression, axonal injury is associated with apoptotic immunopositivity of glia and neurons. In chronic compression, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes and microglia correlates with demyelination of axons within the white matter

In multilevel posterior cervical instrumented fusions, extending the fusion across the cervico-thoracic junction at T1 or T2 (CTJ) has been associated with decreased rate of re-operation and pseudarthrosis but with longer surgical time and increased blood loss. The impact on patient reported outcomes (PROs) remains unclear. The primary objective was to determine whether extending the fusion through the CTJ influenced PROs at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Secondary objectives were to compare the number of patients reaching the minimally clinically important difference (MCID) for the PROs and mJOA, operative time duration, intra-operative blood loss (IOBL), length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, adverse events (AEs), re-operation within 12 months of the surgery, and patient satisfaction. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a multicenter observational cohort study of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Patients who underwent a posterior instrumented fusion of 4 levels of greater (between C2-T2) between January 2015 and October 2020 with 12 months follow-up were included. PROS (NDI, EQ5D, SF-12 PCS and MCS, NRS arm and neck pain) and mJOA were compared using ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline differences. Patient demographics, comorbidities and surgical details were abstracted. Percentafe of patient reaching MCID for these outcomes was compared using chi-square test. Operative duration, IOBL, AEs, re-operation, discharge disposittion, LOS and satisfaction were compared using chi-square test for categorical variables and independent samples t-tests for continuous variables. A total of 206 patients were included in this study (105 patients not crossing the CTJ and 101 crossing the CTJ). Patients who underwent a construct extending through the CTJ were more likely to be female and had worse baseline EQ5D and NDI scores (p> 0.05). When adjusted for baseline difference, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the PROs and mJOA at 3 and 12 months. Surgical duration was longer (p 0.05). Satisfaction with the surgery was high in both groups but significantly different at 12 months (80% versus 72%, p= 0.042 for the group not crossing the CTJ and the group crossing the CTJ, respectively). The percentage of patients reaching MCID for the NDI score was 55% in the non-crossing group versus 69% in the group extending through the CTJ (p= 0.06). Up to 12 months after the surgery, there was no statistically significant differences in PROs between posterior construct extended to or not extended to the upper thoracic spine. The adverse event profile did not differ significantly, but longer surgical time and blood loss were associated with construct extending across the CTJ

We present a novel method of performing an ‘open-door’ cervical laminoplasty. The complete laminotomy is sited on alternate sides at successive levels, thereby allowing the posterior arch to be elevated to alternate sides. Foraminotomies can be carried out on either side to relieve root compression. The midline structures are preserved. We undertook this procedure in 23 elderly patients with a spondylotic myelopathy. Each was assessed clinically and radiologically before and after their operation. Follow-up was for a minimum of three years (mean 4.5 years; 3 to 7). Using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring system, the mean pre-operative score was 8.1 (6 to 10), which improved post-operatively to a mean of 12.7 (11 to 14). The mean percentage improvement was 61% (50% to 85.7%) after three years. The canal/vertebral body ratio improved from a mean of 0.65 (0.33 to 0.73) pre-operatively to 0.94 (0.5 to 1.07) postoperatively. Alternating cervical laminoplasty can be performed safely in elderly patients with minimal morbidity and good results

Objective: To reassess whether the Ranawat IIIB (quadriparetic, non-ambulant) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with cervical myelopathy patients should be surgically treated. Study Design: Retrospective study. Subjects: Over a 12-year period (1988–1999), 51 patients [15 M: 36F; mean age 64 years] in Ranawat IIIB with RA were diagnosed to have cervical myelopathy. These included 47 patients with atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) [15 with AAS alone, 10 with basilar invagination (BI), 18 with associated subaxial subluxation (SAS) and four patients with BI and SAS] and four patients with SAS alone. Results: Thirty-two patients considered fit for surgery successfully underwent operative treatment (Group 1). All underwent posterior instrumented fixation with or without transoral odontoid peg excision. Postoperatively 22/27 patients were pain free and 21/32 patients initially non-ambulant were able to walk. 3/26 patients died within six months of surgery. 13/19 patients managed conservatively (Group 2) because of medical complications died within six months of presentation. Conclusions: Even in advanced stages of cervical myelopathy in RA, surgical intervention is beneficial with significantly higher morbidity/mortality in conservatively managed patients

Introduction: To examine if an individual’s timed walk in sufficiently reproducible to correlate with the degree of spondylitic myelopathy and if surgical decompression has measurement effect on performance. Methods: A 30mm timed walk, including a turn. The number of paces counted. Forty-one non-myelopathic individuals were obtained. There was good inter-and intra-observer reliability. Age matched with 41 patients referred to five neurosurgeons with spondylitic myelopathy were measured prior to surgery and at three, six, twelve, and twenty-four months postoperatively. Results: The mean control walking time and steps was 64.7 ± 8.4 seconds 46.9 ± 1.2 steps. The mean patients preoperative walking time and steps was 85.4 ± 11.2 seconds; 74.8 ± 5.3 steps and postoperative 64.7 ± 8.4 seconds; 63.5 ± 4.2 steps. Significant improvement following surgery (p = 0.0018 and p = 5.87 x 10. −6. respectively) and improvement maintained for at least two years after surgery. Discussion and Conclusions:. The test is reproducible and reliable with good sensitivity and specificity. It shows validity and relevance when compared to other functional scales such as Myelopathy Disability and Nurick. Changes following surgery can be measured. A multi-centered trial is recommended

1. The antero-posterior or sagittal diameter of the cervical spine has been measured radiographically in fifty-one Japanese men who fell into three groups-twenty with normal cervical spines, eleven with spondylosis but no neurological symptoms, and twenty with spondylosis and myelopathy. 2. The average normal diameter was found smaller by 2·25 millimetres in Japanese men than in European adults examined by other authors. 3. The average initial diameter in cases of spondylosis without neurological symptoms was found to be greater than normal, which suggests that the increased space round the cord helps to avoid compression. 4. The average initial diameter in cases of spondylosis with myelopathy was found to be less than normal, which suggests that compression may be determined by moderate osteophyte formation or disc protrusion. 5. The risk of myelopathy would appear to be high when the average diameter is 12 millimetres or less. 6. The difficulty with such radiological measurements is that standard lateral films cannot always record the degree of encroachment by disc protrusion or by hypertrophy of the soft tissues