This study aims to compare the outcomes of Volar locking plating (VLP) versus percutaneous Kirschner wires (K-wire) fixation for surgical management of distal radius fractures. We systematically searched multiple databases, including MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing outcomes of VLP fixation and K-wire for treatment of distal radius fracture in adults. The methodological quality of each study was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Patient-reported outcomes, functional outcomes, and complications at 1 year follow up were evaluated. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models and results presented as risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence interval (CI). 13 RCTs with 1336 participants met the inclusion criteria. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores were significantly better for VLP fixation (MD= 2.15; 95% CI, 0.56-3.74; P = 0.01; I2=23%). No significant difference between the two procedures for grip strength measured in kilograms (MD= −3.84; 95% CI,-8.42-0.74; P = 0.10; I2=52%) and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) scores (MD= −0.06; 95% CI,-0.87-0.75; P = 0.89; I2=0%). K-wire treatment yielded significantly improved extension (MD= −4.30; P=0.04) but with no differences in flexion, pronation, supination, and radial deviation (P >0.05). The risk of complications and rate of reoperation were similar for the two procedures (P >0.05). This meta-analysis suggests that VLP fixation improves DASH score at 12 months follow up, however, the difference is small and unlikely to be clinically important. Existing literature does not provide sufficient evidence to demonstrate the superiority of either VLP or K-wire treatment in terms of patient-reported outcomes, functional outcomes, and complications

Our aim was to ascertain if K-wire configuration had any influence on the infection and complication rate for base of 4th and 5th metacarpal fractures. We hypothesised that in individuals whose wires crossed the 4th and 5th carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ), the rate of complications and infection would be higher. Data was retrospectively analysed from a single centre. 106 consecutive patients with a base of 5th (with or without an associated 4th metacarpal fracture) were analysed between October 2016 and May 2021. Patients were split into two groups for comparison; those who did not have K-wires crossing the CMCJ's and those in whose fixation had wires crossing the joints. Confounding factors were accounted for and Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software. Of 106 patients, 60 (56.6%) patients did have K-wires crossing the CMCJ. Wire size ranged from 1.2-2.0 with 65 individuals (65.7%) having size 1.6 wires inserted. The majority of patients, 66 (62.9%) underwent fixation with two wires (range 1-4). The majority of infected cases (88.9%) were in patients who had k-wires crossing the CMCJ, this trended towards clinical significance (p=0.09). Infection was associated with delay to theatre (p=0.002) and longer operative time (p=0.002). In patients with a base of 4th and 5th metacarpal fractures, we have demonstrated an increased risk of post-operative infection with a K-wire configuration that crosses the CMCJ. Biomechanical studies would be of use in determining the exact amount of movement across the CMCJ, with the different K-wire configuration in common use, and this will be part of a follow-up study

Thermal osteonecrosis is a side effect when used Kirschner (K) wires and drills in orthopaedic surgeries. This osteonecrosis may endanger the fixation. Orthopaedic surgeons sometimes have to use unsharpened K-wires in emergent surgery. The thermal effect of used and unsharpened K wire is ambiguous to the bone. This experimental study aims to assess the thermal osteonecrosis while drilling bone with three different types of K-wires especially a previously used unsharpened wire and its thermographic measurements correlation. Two different speeds of rotation were chosen to investigate the effect of speed on thermal necrosis to the bone. A total of 16 New Zealand white rabbits weighing a mean of 2.90 kg (2.70 – 3.30 kg) were used. All rabbits were operated under general anaesthesia in a sterile operating room. Firstly, 4 cm longitudinal lateral approach was used to the right femur and then the femur was drilled with 1.0 mm trochar tip, spade tip and previously used unsharpened K-wires and 1.0 mm drill bit at 1450 rpm speed. Left femur was drilled with same three type K-wires and drill bit at 330 rpm speed. One cm distance was left among four penetrations on the femur. The thermal changes were recorded by Flir® E6 Thermal Camera from 50 cm distance and 30-degree angle. Thermographic measurements saved for every drilling process and recorded for the highest temperature (°C) during the drilling. All subjects were sacrificed post-operatively on the eighth day and specimens were prepared for the histological examination. The results of osteonecrosis assessment score and thermographic correlation were evaluated statistically. Histological specimens were evaluated by the scoring of osteonecrosis, osteoblastic activity, haemorrhage, microfracture and inflammation. Results were graded semi-quantitatively as none, moderate or severe for osteonecrosis, haemorrhage and inflammation. The microfracture and osteoblastic activity were evaluated as present or absent. There was no meaningful correlation between osteonecrosis and the drilling speed (p=0.108). There was less microfracture zone which was drilled with trochar tip K-wires at 1450 rpm speed (p=0.017). And the drilling temperature of trochar tip K-wires was higher than the others(p=0.001). Despite this evaluation, osteonecrosis zone of spade and unsharpened tip K-wires were more than trochar tip K-wires (p=0.039). The drill bit at 330 rpm caused the least osteonecrosis and haemorrhage and respectfully the lowest drilling temperature (p=0,001). The osteoblastic activity shows no difference between the groups. (p=0,122; 0,636;0.289). On the contrary to the literature, our experiment showed that there is no meaningful correlation between osteonecrosis score and temperature produced by drilling. The histological assessment showed the osteonecrosis during short drilling time but, not clarify the relation with drilling temperature. Eventually, the osteonecrosis showed a positive correlation with drilling time independently of drilling temperature at 330 rpm. (p=0,042) These results show that we need more studies to understand about osteonecrosis and its relationship with drilling heat temperature. Trochar tip K-wires creates higher drilling temperature but less osteonecrosis than a spade and unsharpened cut tip K-wires. Using unsharpened tip K-wire causes more osteonecrosis. Previously used and, unsharpened K-wires should be discarded

The management of comminuted metaphyseal fractures is a technical challenge and satisfactory outcomes of such fixations often remain elusive. The small articular fragments and bone loss often make it difficult for standard fixation implants for proper fixation. We developed a novel technique to achieve anatomical reduction in multiple cases of comminuted metaphyseal fractures at different sites by employing the cantilever mechanism with the help of multiple thin Kirschner wires augmented by standard fixation implants. We performed a retrospective study of 10 patients with different metaphyseal fractures complicated by comminution and loss of bone stock. All patients were treated with the help of cantilever mechanism using multiple Kirschner wires augmented by compression plates. All the patients were operated by the same surgeon between November 2020 to March 2021 and followed up till March 2023. Surgical outcomes were evaluated according to the clinical and radiological criteria. A total of 10 patients were included in the study. Since we only included patients with highly unstable and comminuted fractures which were difficult to fix with traditional methods, the number of patients in the study were less. All 10 patients showed satisfactory clinical and radiological union at the end of the study with good range of motion. One of the patient in the study had post-operative wound complication which was managed conservatively with regular dressings and oral antibiotics. Comminuted metaphyseal fractures might differ in pattern and presentation with every patient and there can be no standard treatment for all. The cantilever technique of fracture fixation is based on the principle of cantilever mechanism used in bridges and helps achieve good anatomical reduction and fixation. It provides a decent alternative when standard modes of fixation don't give desired result owing to comminuted nature of fractures and deficiency of bone stock

Introduction and Objective. Management of gap non-union of the tibia, the major weight bearing bone of the leg remains controversial. The different internal fixation techniques are often weighed down by relatively high complication rates that include fractures which fail to heal (non-union). Minimally invasive techniques with ring fixators and bone transport (distraction osteogenesis) have come into picture as an alternative allowing alignment and stabilization, avoiding a graduated approach. This study was focused on fractures that result in a gap non-union of > 6 cm. Ilizarov technique was employed for management of such non-unions in this case series. The Ilizarov apparatus consists of rings, rods and kirschner wires that encloses the limb as a cylinder and uses kirschner wires to create tension allowing early weight bearing and stimulating bone growth. Ilizarov technique works on the principle of distraction osteogenesis, that is, pulling apart of bone to stimulate new bone growth. Usually, 4–5 rings are used in the setup depending on fracture site and pattern for stable fixation. In this study, we demonstrate effective bone transport and formation of gap non-union more than 6 cm in 10 patients using only 3 rings construct Ilizarov apparatus. Materials and Methods. This case study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The study involved 10 patients with a non-union or gap > 6 cm after tibial fracture. 3 rings were used in the setup for the treatment of all the patients. Wires were passed percutaneously through the bone using a drill and the projecting ends of the wires were attached to the metal rings and tensioned to increase stability. The outcome of the study was measured using the Oxford Knee scoring system, Functional Mobility Scale, the American Foot and Ankle Score and Visual Analog Scale. Further, follow up of patients was done upto 2 years. Results. All the patients demonstrated good fixation as was assessed clinically and radiologically. 9 patients had a clinical score of > 65 which implied fair to excellent clinical rating. The patients showed good range of motion and were highly satisfied with the treatment as measured by different scoring parameters. Conclusions. In this case study, we demonstrate that the Ilizarov technique using 3 rings is equally effective in treating non-unions > 6 cm as when using 4–5 rings. Obtaining good clinical outcome and low complication rate in all 10 patients shows that this modified technique can be employed for patients with such difficulties in the future

Recent researches indicate that both M1 and M2 macrophages play vital roles in tissue repair and foreign body reaction processes. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of M1 macrophages in the induced membrane using a mouse femur critical-sized bone defect model. The Masquelet method (M) and control (C) groups were established using C57BL/6J male mice (n=24). A 3mm-bone defect was created in the right femoral diaphysis followed by a Kirschner wire fixation, and a cement spacer was inserted into the defect in group M. In group C, the bone defect was left uninserted. Tissues around the defect were harvested at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery (n=3 in each group at each time point). Following Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to evaluate the CD68 expression as a marker of M1 macrophage. Iron staining was performed additionally to distinguish them from hemosiderin-phagocytosed macrophages. In group M, HE staining revealed a hematoma-like structure, and CD68-positive cells were observed between the spacer and fibroblast layer at 1 week. The number of CD68-positive cells decreased at 2 weeks, while they were observed around the new bone at 4 and 6 weeks. In group C, fibroblast infiltration and fewer CD68-positive cells were observed in the bone defect without hematoma-like structure until 2 weeks, and no CD68-positive cells were observed at 4 and 6 weeks. Iron staining showed hemosiderin deposition in the surrounding area of the new bone in both groups at 4 and 6 weeks. The location of hemosiderin deposition was different from that of macrophage aggregation. This study suggests that M1 macrophage aggregation is involved in the formation of induced membranes and osteogenesis and may be facilitated by the presence of spacers

An innovative Kirschner (K-) wire point was developed and compared in fresh pig femora in terms of drilling efficiency and temperature elevation with the trochar and diamond points currently used in clinical practice. The tips of thermal couples were machined to the defined geometry and the temperature measured during drilling. Using the same drill speed (rev/min) and feed rate, the new K-wire point produced the lowest thrust force and torque as measured by a Kistler dynamometer. Drill point temperatures were highest with the trochar geometry (129 ± 6°C), followed by the diamond (98 ± 7°C). The lowest temperatures were recorded with the Medin K-wire (66 ± 2°C). On repeated drilling it could be used for up to 30 holes before reaching the less satisfactory drill performance of the diamond tip. The new K-wire provides a better alternative as it requires less effort for insertion, generates less heat and may be re-used

Pedicle screws fixation to stabilize lumbar spinal fusion has become the gold standard for posterior stabilization. However their positioning remain difficult due to variation in anatomical shape, dimensions and orientation, which can determine the inefficacy of treatment or severe damages to close neurologic structures. Image guided navigation allows to drastically decrease errors in screw placement but it is used only by few surgeons due to its cost and troubles related to its using, like the need of a localizer in the surgical scenario and the need of a registration procedure. An alternative image guided approach, less expensive and less complex, is the using of patient specific templates similar to the ones used for dental implants or knee prosthesis. Like proposed by other authors we decided to design the templates using CT scans. (slice thickness of 2.0 mm). Template developing is done, for each vertebra, using a modified version of ITK-SNAP 1.5 segmentation software, which allow to insert cylinders (full or empty) in the segmented images. At first we segment the spine bone and then the surgeon chose screw axes using the same software. We design each template with two hollow cylinders aligned with the axes, to guide the insertion in the pedicle, adding contact points that fit on the vertebra, to obtain a template right positioning. Finally we realize the templates in ABS using rapid prototyping. After same in-vitro tests, using a synthetic spine (by Sawbones), we studied a solution to guarantee template stability with simple positioning and minimizing intervention invasiveness. Preliminary ex-vivo animal testing on porcine specimens has been conducted to evaluate template performance in presence of soft-tissue in place, simulating dissection and vertebra exposure. For verification, the surgeon examined post-operative CT-scans to evaluate Kirschner wires positioning. During the ex-vivo animal test sessions, template alignment resulted easy thanks to the spinous process contact point. Their insertion required no additional tissue removal respect to the traditional approach. The positioning of contact points on vertebra's lamina and articular processes required just to shift the soft tissue under the cylinders bases. The surgeon in some cases evaluated false stable template positions since not each of the 4 contact points were actually in contact with the bone surface and tried the right position. CT evaluation demonstrate a positive results in 96.5% of the Kirschner wires implanted. Our approach allows to obtain patient specific templates that does not require the complete removal of soft tissue around vertebra. Guide positioning is facilitated thanks to the using of the spinous processes contact point, while false stable positions can be avoided using four redundant contact points. The templates can be used to guide the drill, the insertion of Kirschner in case of use of cannulated screws or to guide directly the screw. After these preliminary ex-vivo animal tests we obtained the authorization of the Italian Health Ministry to start the human study

Summary Statement. This study examined the fixation stiffness of 13 tibial and 12 femoral Salter-Harris fracture fixation methods, and determined that screws and screws+ k-wires methods provided the highest stability. In situations where k-wire use is unavoidable, threaded k-wires are preferable. Introduction. Salter-Harris fractures of the proximal tibia and distal femur are common in pediatric patients that present to orthopedic surgeons. Salter-Harris type I fractures are characterised by breaks that extend only through the physis while Salter-Harris II fractures are the most common, accounting for 85% of Salter-Harris fractures, and extend past the growth plate, exiting through the metaphyseal bone. Fixation of these fracture types can be accomplished using a variety of methods including the use of Kirschner wires, cannulated screws, and a combination of both materials. Stability of fracture fixation is of utmost importance as persistent motion at the fracture margin leads to deformity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the biomechanical efficacy of various fixation methods used to stabilise Salter-Harris I and II fracture patterns in both the proximal tibia and distal femur. Stiffness, the primary gauge of efficacy, will be tested in flexion and extension, varus and valgus movement, and internal and external rotation and will be compared to determine the optimal fixation method. Materials and Methods. This study utilised 39 tibia and 36 femur 4. th. generation synthetic bones (Model 3401 and 3403, Pacific Research Laboratories Inc.) The synthetic bones were fractured and fixated to model Salter-Harris fractures and common fixation methods. Fixation methods used employed 6.5mm cannulated screws, 4.5mm cannulated screws, 2mm smooth K-wires, and 2mm threaded K-wires. Tibias were fractured according to Salter-Harris I, valgus Salter-Harris II, and flexion Salter-Harris II patterns with 13 different fixation methods. Femurs were fractured according to Salter-Harris I and Salter-Harris II patterns with 12 different fixation methods. Testing was performed in three orientations, flexion/extension, varus/valgus, and internal/external rotation, on a materials testing machine (Model 8874, Instron, Norwood, MA) and cyclic displacement tests were performed using Wavematrix software. These displacement tests recorded the torque required to reach an angulation of ±5° for 10 cycles. From this data, the rotational stiffness of the loading phases for each cycle was determined. Statistical analysis was performed to compare construct stiffness and differences between groups using analysis of variance. Results. Results show superior fixation for threaded k-wires in both femoral and tibial Salter-Harris I fractures. Methods utilizing transverse screws were least optimal for the fixation of femoral Salter-Harris II fractures, while a combination of k-wires and screws or the use of oblique screws was more effective. Fixation utilizing a combination of k-wires and screws yielded greater stiffness in valgus and flexion tibial Salter-Harris II fractures. Internal and external rotational stiffness values were low for all fixation methods and no significant variance existed for internal and external rotational stiffnesses in most fracture patterns. Discussion/Conclusion. Based on the results and statistical analysis, we believe that significant variance exists between most of the studied fixation methods for each fracture type. Fixation methods utilizing screws and a combination of screws and k-wires would provide optimal stability. In situations where the use of k-wires is unavoidable, threaded k-wires are preferable

Aim of the study was the evaluation of the efficacy of the use of a new wearable AR video see-throught system based on Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) to guide the position of a working cannula into the vertebral body through a transpedicular approach without the use X-Ray images guidance. We describe a head mounted stereoscopic video see-through display that allows the augmentation of video frames acquired by two cameras with the rendering of patient specific 3D models obtained on the basis of pre-operative radiological volumetric images. The system does not employ any external tracker to detect movements of the user or of the patient. User's head movements and the consistent alignment of the virtual patient with the real one, are accomplished through machine vision methods applied on pairs of live images. Our system has been tested on an experimental setup that simulate the reaching of lumbar pedicle as in a vertebral augmentation procedure avoiding the employment of ionizing radiation. Aim of the study is to evaluate the ergonomics and the accurancy of the systems to guide the procedure. We performed 4 test sessions with a total of 32 kirschner wire implanted by a single operator wearing the HMD with the AR guide. The system accurancy was evaluated by a post-operative CT scan. The most ergonomic AR visualization comprise the use of a pair of virtual viewfinders (one at the level of the skin entry point and one at the level of the trocar's bottom) aligned according to the planned direction of the trocar insertion. With such AR guide the surgeon must align the tip of the needle to the center of the first viewfinder placed on the patient's skin. indeed the viewfinder barycenter provides a 2 degrees of freedom (DoFs) positioning guide corresponding to the point of insertion preoperatively planned over the external surface of the model. The second viewfinder is used by the surgeon to rotate and align the trocar according to the planned direction of insertion (2 rotational DOFs). After the first test series a clamping arm has been introduced to maintain the reached trocar's trajectory. The post-operative CT scan was registered to the preoperative one and the trajectories obtained with the AR guide were compared to the planned one. The overal results obtained in the 4 test session show a medium error of 1.18+/−0.16 mm. In the last year there was a growing interest to the use of Augmented Reality systems in which the real scene watched by the surgeon is merged with virtual informations extracted from the patient's medical dataset (medical data, patient anatomy, preoperative plannig). Wearable Augmented Reality (WAR) with the use of HDMs allows the surgeon to have a “natural point of view” of the surgical field and of the patient's anatomy avoiding the problems related to eye-hand coordination. Results of the in vitro tests are encouraging in terms of precision, system usability and ergonomics proving our system to be worthy of more extensive tests

It is supposed that disturbed vascularization is a major cause for the development of an atrophic non-union. However, an actual study revealed normal vessel formation in human non-union tissues [1]. An animal study using an atrophic non-union model should clarify the influence of the inhibition of angiogenesis by the inhibitor Fumagillin on bone healing and the underlying processes including inflammation, chondrogenesis, angiogenesis and osteogenesis. For each group and time point (3, 7, 14, 21 and 42 days) 5–6 adult female Sprague Dawley rats were analyzed. The tibia was osteotomized and stabilized intramedullary with a k-wire coated with the drug carrier PDLLA (control group) or PDLLA +10% Fumagillin (atrophy group). Microarrays: Total-RNA were pooled per group, labeled with the Agilent single-color Quick-Amp Labeling Kit Cy3 and hybridized on Agilent SurePrint G3 Rat Gene Expression microarrays. After feature extraction and quantile normalization, relevant biological processes were identified using GeneOntology. Genes with an expression value below the 25. percentile were excluded. Heatmaps were used for visualization. The analysis of inflammatory genes revealed an upregulation of monocyte/macrophage- relevant factors such as the chemokines Ccl2 and Ccl12 and the surface marker CD14. Other factors involved in the early inflammation process such as Il1a, Tnf and Il6 were not affected. Chondrogenic markers including Collagen Type II, -IX, -X, Mmp9, Mmp13, Hapln1, Ucma, Runx2, Sox5 and -9 were downregulated in this group. Furthermore, osteogenic factors were less regulated within the middle stage of healing (day 14–21). This gene panel included Bmps, Bmp antagonists, Bmp- and Tgfb receptors, integrines and matrix proteins. qPCR analysis of angiogenic genes showed an upregulation of Angpt2, Fgf1 and -2, but not for Vegfa over the later healing time points. We demonstrated in a previous study that inhibiting angiogenesis in an osteotomy model led to a reduction in vessel formation and to the development of an atrophic non-union phenotype [2]. The microarray analysis indicated no prolonged inflammatory reaction in the atrophy group. But the upregulation of chemokines together with a delay in hematoma degradation signs to a mismatch between recruitment and demand of macrophages from the vessel system. Furthermore, chondrogenesis was completely blocked, which was shown by a downregulation of chondrogenic but also osteogenic markers being involved in chondrogenic processes. A reduced recruitment of MSCs might be a possible explanation. Although, microarray data revealed only minor expression changes regarding angiogenic genes, validation by q-PCR showed an upregulation of Angpt2, Fgf1 and -2 over the later healing time points. Due to the heterogeneity of the callus tissue it might be that variations of gene expression of a single tissue type will be masked by the expression levels of other tissue types. This issue is even more pronounced when analyzing different time points and by pooling the samples

We present a case of a 14 year old who sustained an isolated injury to her foot while horse riding. X-rays demonstrated a medial and plantar dislocation at the level of the talo-navicular and calcaneo-cuboid joint, with associated fractures of the cuboid and navicular. This was treated initially with open reduction and fixation with kirschner wires as the injury was grossly unstable and reduction difficult to maintain with casting alone. CT scan was then performed prior which confirmed satisfactory reduction of the dislocation and fixation with the k wires so these were left in situ and the navicular fracture reduced and fixed with a barouk screw. The Chopart joint was first described by French surgeon Francois Chopart as the talo-navicular and calcaneo-cuboid joints were a practical level for amputation. Injury here is a rare but missed in 40% at presentation. Pure dislocation occurs in 10–25% with most having concomitant fractures. The Chopart joint has critical role in balance and stability in normal gait. Early recognition allows prompt reduction and fixation of these injuries which has been associated with a better outcome. However these are severe injuries and patients should be counselled on potential long term functional impairment even with optimal management

Wrist arthrodesis is a common surgical procedure that provides a high level of functional outcome and pain relief among patients.[1] Upon partial arthrodesis, the wrist experiences changes in load transmission that are influenced by the type of arthrodesis performed. Measuring the load through the wrist joint is difficult, however, combined with computational models [2], it is possible to obtain data regarding the load mechanics of the wrist joint. Although successful fusion rates among patients have been reported, it remains unclear what the biomechanical consequences are. The aim of the study is to quantify pre and post operative load transmission through a cadaveric wrist which has undergone simulated arthrodesis of the radiolunate(RL) joint. An embalmed human wrist was dissected dorsally exposing distal radius, radiocarpal and carpometacarpal joints, and dorsal ligaments. The radioscaphoid(RS) ligament was sacrificed to accommodate insertion of a PPSEN-09375 force sensitive resistor (FSR) into the RS joint. The FSR was calibrated prior to measuring the contact force on the RS joint. The wrist was aligned in the neutral position in cardboard piping, and secured proximally and distally with Dental Plaster (OthoBock Healthcare Plc, Surrey, UK). The midsection of piping was windowed to permit placement of the FSR in the RS joint, and fixation of the RL joint using 2 Kirschner wires. The window was completed circumferentially and the specimen was placed in the Instron where a graduated axial compression was applied at 20 N/min. The results showed that when the radiolunate joint is fused, and a total axial load of 100N is applied, the load transmitted through the RS joint was approx 65N. i.e. 65% of the force. This is greater than the 56% measured experimentally by Blevens et al (1989) in an unfused specimen[3]. We plan to repeat our measurements and compare to an untreated cadaveric wrist

Summary. Arthroscopic decompression of the lunate decreases clinical symptoms and slows progression of Kienböck's Disease. Introduction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of patients suffering from avascular necrosis of the lunate, or Kienböck's Disease, who received arthroscopic decompression to treat the ischemic lunate. Previous studies have demonstrated an elevated intraosseus pressure in the ischemic lunate, and it has been hypothesised that ischemia in the lunate is secondary to this elevated pressure and subsequent venous congestion, as opposed to diminished arterial supply. Based on this work we have used decompression of the lunate to prevent progression of the disease. Patients and Methods. 21 patients, (22 wrists), reported to a single surgeon with a chief complaint of unremitting wrist pain and the subsequent diagnosis was Kienböck's disease, stages I, II, IIIA or IIIB. Range of motion measurement and grip strength, as well as self-reported outcome measures such as Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Modified Mayo, were obtained preoperatively and post operatively at 2, 7 and 12 months. The patients were treated operatively with arthroscopic decompression of the lunate. The lunate was approached dorsally at the interosseous lunotriquetral and the scapholunate ligament areas with an arthroscopic shaver until brisk bleeding was achieved upon deflating the tourniquet. In some cases, the core of the lunate had to be penetrated with a 45 k-wire until bleeding was obtained. Of the 22 wrists treated arthroscopically with lunate decompression, 18 had both pre-surgical and post-surgical follow-up evaluations. Results. The patients who underwent lunate arthroscopic decompression surgery demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in DASH score at 7 and 12 months postoperatively (p<0.05). The preoperative DASH score average for this cohort was 51, while post-operative DASH scores averaged 23 and 17 at 7 and 12 months, respectively. The patients also demonstrated some overall improvement in pain, functionality, range of motion, and grip strength as demonstrated by the Modified Mayo wrist score. Notably, the patients demonstrated statistically significant improvement in grip strength post-operatively at 7-months (p<0.05) and 12-months (p<0.01). In addition, there was noted to be improvement in supination and ulnar deviation measurements post-operatively at 7 months and 12 months, respectively. Conclusion. This study demonstrates the clinical outcome of arthroscopic decompression of the lunate in patients suffering from Kienböck's Disease using the patient's subjective evaluations as well as range of motion and grip strength measurements. Arthroscopic decompression of the lunate decreases clinical symptoms and slows progression of Kienböck's Disease using a less invasive surgical intervention

Cubitus varus following paediatric supra-condylar humeral fracture represents a complex three-dimensional malunion. This affects cosmesis, function and subsequent distal humeral fracture risk. Operative correction is however difficult with high complication rates. We present the 40-year Yorkhill experience of managing this deformity. From a total of 3220 supracondylar humeral fractures, 40 cases of post-traumatic cubitus varus were identified. There were ten undisplaced fractures, treated in cast, and thirty displaced fractures. Five were treated in cast, thirteen manipulated (MUA), four MUA+k-wires, seven ORIF (six k-wire, one steinman pin) and one in skeletal-traction. Sixteen malunions were treated operatively. The mean pre-operative varus was 19°. All had cosmetic concerns, three mild pain, one paraesthesia/weakness and three reduced movement (ROM). The operative indication was cosmetic in fifteen and functional in one (concern about instability). Twelve patients had lateral closing-wedge osteotomies; three complex/3D osteotomies (dome, unspecified rotational, antero-lateral wedge) and two had attempted 8-plate guided-growth correction. Complications occurred in eight patients (50 %): Fixation was lost in three (two staples, one k-wiring), incomplete correction in six (both 8-plates, both staples, two standard plates) and one early wound infection requiring metalwork removal resulting in deformity recurrence. One patient underwent revision lateral wedge osteotomy with full deformity correction but marked ROM restriction (20–100°) secondary to loose bodies. Those without complications were satisfied (50 %). All patients with residual deformity were unsatisfied. 1 patient with keloid scarring was unsatisfied despite deformity correction. Varus malunion is uncommon (1 %) but needs to be guarded against. It tended to occur in displaced fractures treated with MUA and cast alone. We therefore recommend additional pin fixation in all displaced fractures. Deformity correction should only be attempted in those with significant symptomatic deformity due to the high complication/dissatisfaction rates. Staple osteotomy fixation and 8-plate guided growth correction are not recommended

Distal radial fractures are amongst the most common trauma referrals, however controversy remains regarding their optimum management. We undertook a retrospective review of the management of distal radial fractures in our department. The prospectively maintained trauma database was used to identify patients admitted for operative management of a dorsally displaced distal radial fracture between June 2008 and June 2009. Only extra-articular or simple intra-articular fractures were included (AO classification A2/A3/C1/C2). Operation notes were reviewed to determine the method of fixation. Patients were contacted by post and asked to complete a functional outcome score - Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH). A further 12 patients with similar fractures who had been managed conservatively were also asked to complete a DASH score to provide a comparison between operative and non-operative management. 98 patients were identified - 67 female, 31 male. Mean age was 51 years, range 15-85 years. All patients were at least 1 year post-op. 26 patients had manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA). 48 patients had MUA and K-wire fixation, which was supplemented with synthetic bone substitute in 16 cases. 3 patients had MUA and bone graft and 21 patients had open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with a volar plate. 34 correctly completed DASH scores were returned. A lower score equates to a better functional outcome. Mean DASH scores were: MUA 14.8; MUA+K-wire 13.1; ORIF 13.6; conservative 47.1. This data would indicate that patients with a significantly displaced distal radial fracture have a better functional outcome with operative management to improve the fracture alignment. However, all of the methods of fixation used resulted in similar functional outcomes at one year

Objectives

The patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire are patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used for clinical and research purposes. Methodological high-quality clinimetric studies that determine the measurement properties of these PROMs when used in patients with a distal radial fracture are lacking. This study aimed to validate the PRWE and DASH in Dutch patients with a displaced distal radial fracture (DRF).