The increasing prevalence of osteoporosis in
an ageing population has contributed to older patients becoming
the fastest-growing group presenting with acetabular fractures.
We performed a systematic review of the literature involving a number
of databases to identify studies that included the treatment outcome
of acetabular fractures in patients aged >
55 years. An initial
search identified 61 studies; after exclusion by two independent
reviewers, 15 studies were considered to meet the inclusion criteria.
All were case series. The mean Coleman score for methodological
quality assessment was 37 (25 to 49). There were 415 fractures in
414 patients. Pooled analysis revealed a mean age of 71.8 years
(55 to 96) and a mean follow-up of 47.3 months (1 to 210). In seven
studies the results of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
were presented: this was combined with simultaneous hip replacement
(THR) in four, and one study had a mixture of these strategies.
The results of percutaneous fixation were presented in two studies,
and a single study revealed the results of non-operative treatment. With fixation of the fracture, the overall mean rate of conversion
to THR was 23.1% (0% to 45.5%). The mean rate of non-fatal complications
was 39.8% (0% to 64%), and the mean mortality rate was 19.1% (5%
to 50%) at a mean of 64 months (95% confidence interval 59.4 to
68.6; range 12 to 143). Further data dealing with the classification
of the fracture, the surgical approach used, operative time, blood
loss, functional and radiological outcomes were also analysed. This study highlights that, of the many forms of treatment available
for this group of patients, there is a trend to higher complication
rates and the need for further surgery compared with the results
of the treatment of acetabular fractures in younger patients. Cite this article:
Several techniques are available for the treatment of displaced fractures of the neck of the radius in children. We report our experience in 14 children treated by indirect reduction and fixation using an elastic stable intramedullary nail. The patients were followed up for a mean of 28 months. One developed asymptomatic avascular necrosis. The rest had excellent results. One had a neuropraxia of the posterior interosseous nerve, which recovered within six weeks. We advocate elastic stable intramedullary nailing for the closed reduction and fixation of these fractures in children.
The most widely used classification system for
acetabular fractures was developed by Judet, Judet and Letournel over
50 years ago primarily to aid surgical planning. As population demographics
and injury mechanisms have altered over time, the fracture patterns
also appear to be changing. We conducted a retrospective review
of the imaging of 100 patients with a mean age of 54.9 years (19
to 94) and a male to female ratio of 69:31 seen between 2010 and
2013 with acetabular fractures in order to determine whether the
current spectrum of injury patterns can be reliably classified using
the original system. Three consultant pelvic and acetabular surgeons and one senior
fellow analysed anonymous imaging. Inter-observer agreement for
the classification of fractures that fitted into defined categories
was substantial, (κ = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 to
0.76) with improvement to near perfect on inclusion of CT imaging
(κ = 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.91). However, a high proportion of injuries
(46%) were felt to be unclassifiable by more than one surgeon; there
was moderate agreement on which these were (κ = 0.42 95% CI 0.31
to 0.54). Further review of the unclassifiable fractures in this cohort
of 100 patients showed that they tended to occur in an older population
(mean age 59.1 years; 22 to 94 Cite this article:
Specific radiological features identified by Brandser and Marsh were selected for the analysis of acetabular fractures according to the classification of Letournel and Judet. The method employs a binary approach that requires the observer to allocate each radiological feature to one of two groups. The inter- and intra-observer variances were assessed. The presence of articular displacement, marginal impaction, incongruity, intra-articular fragments and osteochondral injuries to the femoral head were analysed by a similar method. These factors were termed ‘modifiers’ and are generally considered when planning operative intervention and, critically, they may influence prognosis. Six observers independently assessed 30 sets of plain radiographs and CT scans on two separate occasions, 12 weeks apart. They were asked to determine the presence or absence of specific radiological features. This simple binary approach to classification yields an inter- and intra-observer agreement which ranges from moderate to near-perfect (κ = 0.49 to 0.88 and κ = 0.57 to 0.88, respectively). A similar approach to the modifiers yields only slight to fair inter-observer agreement (κ = 0.20 to 0.34) and slight to moderate intra-observer agreement (κ = 0 to 0.55).
We report the outcome of 161 of 257 surgically fixed acetabular fractures. The operations were undertaken between 1989 and 1998 and the patients were followed for a minimum of ten years. Anthropometric data, fracture pattern, time to surgery, associated injuries, surgical approach, complications and outcome were recorded. Modified Merle D’Aubigné score and Matta radiological scoring systems were used as outcome measures. We observed simple fractures in 108 patients (42%) and associated fractures in 149 (58%). The result was excellent in 75 patients (47%), good in 41 (25%), fair in 12 (7%) and poor in 33 (20%). Poor prognostic factors included increasing age, delay to surgery, quality of reduction and some fracture patterns. Complications were common in the medium- to long-term and functional outcome was variable. The gold-standard treatment for displaced acetabular fractures remains open reduction and internal fixation performed in dedicated units by specialist surgeons as soon as possible.
