Aims. This study estimated trends in incidence of open fractures and the adherence to clinical standards for open fracture care in England. Methods. Longitudinal data collected by the Trauma Audit and Research Network were used to identify 38,347 patients with open fractures, and a subgroup of 12,170 with severe open fractures of the tibia, between 2008 and 2019 in England. Incidence rates per 100,000 person-years and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Clinical care was compared with the British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma and National Major Trauma Centre audit standards. Results. In total, 60% of all open fractures occurred in males; the median age was 48 years (interquartile range (IQR) 29 to 68). Between 2012 and 2019, the overall incidence in England was 6.94 per 100,000 person-years. In males, the highest incidence observed was in those aged 20 to 29 years (11.50 per 100,000 person-years); in females, incidence increased with age, peaking at 32.11/100,000 person-years at 90 years of age and over. Among those with severe open fractures of the tibia, there was a bimodal distribution in males, peaking at 20 to 29 years (3.71/100,000 person-years) and greater than 90 years of age (2.84/100,000 person-years) respectively; among females, incidence increased with age to a peak of 9.91/100,000 person years at 90 years of age and over. There has been variable improvement with time in the clinical care standards for patients with severe open fractures of the tibia. The median time to debridement was 13.0 hours (IQR 6.4 to 20.9); almost two-thirds of patients underwent definitive soft-tissue coverage within 72 hours from 2016 to 2019. Conclusion. This is the first time the incidence of all open fractures has been studied using data from a national audit in England. While most open fractures occurred in young males, the incidence increased with age in females to a much greater level than observed in older males. The degree of missing data in the national audit is startling, and limits the certainty of inferences drawn concerning open fracture care. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(6):736–746

Aims. Current levels of hip fracture morbidity contribute greatly to the overall burden on health and social care services. Given the anticipated ageing of the population over the coming decade, there is potential for this burden to increase further, although the exact scale of impact has not been identified in contemporary literature. We therefore set out to predict the future incidence of hip fracture and help inform appropriate service provision to maintain an adequate standard of care. Methods. Historical data from the Scottish Hip Fracture Audit (2017 to 2021) were used to identify monthly incidence rates. Established time series forecasting techniques (Exponential Smoothing and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) were then used to predict the annual number of hip fractures from 2022 to 2029, including adjustment for predicted changes in national population demographics. Predicted differences in service-level outcomes (length of stay and discharge destination) were analyzed, including the associated financial cost of any changes. Results. Between 2017 and 2021, the number of annual hip fractures increased from 6,675 to 7,797 (15%), with a rise in incidence from 313 to 350 per 100,000 (11%) for the at-risk population. By 2029, a combined average projection forecast the annual number of hip fractures at 10,311, with an incidence rate of 463 per 100,000, representing a 32% increase from 2021. Based upon these projections, assuming discharge rates remain constant, the total overall length of hospital stay following hip fracture in Scotland will increase by 60,699 days per annum, incurring an additional cost of at least £25 million per year. Approximately five more acute hip fracture beds may be required per hospital to accommodate this increased activity. Conclusion. Projection modelling demonstrates that hip fracture burden and incidence will increase substantially by 2029, driven by an ageing population, with substantial implications for health and social care services. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(1):62–68

The hip fracture burden on health and social care services in Scotland is anticipated to increase significantly, primarily driven by an ageing population. This study forecasts future hip fracture incidence and the annual number of hip fractures in Scotland until 2029. The monthly number of patients with hip fracture aged ≥ 50 admitted to a Scottish hospital between 01/01/2017 and 31/12/2021 was identified through data collected by the Scottish Hip Fracture Audit. This data was analysed using Exponential Smoothing and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average forecast modelling to project future hip fracture incidence and the annual number of hip fractures until 2029. Adjustments for population change were accounted for by integrating population projections published by National Records of Scotland. Between 2017 and 2021 the annual number of hip fractures in Scotland increased from 6675 to 7797, with a respective increase in hip fracture incidence from 313 to 350 per 100,000. By 2029, the averaged projected annual number of hip fractures is 10311, with an incidence rate of 463 per 100,000. The largest percentage increase in hip fracture occurs in the 70-79 age group (57%), with comparable increases in both sexes (30%). Based upon these projections, overall length of stay following hip fracture will increase from 142713 bed days per annum in 2021, to 203412 by 2029, incurring an additional cost of over £25 million. Forecast modelling demonstrates that the annual number of hip fractures in Scotland will rise substantially by 2029, with considerable implications for health and social care services

Aims. Proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) are common. There is increasing evidence that most of these fractures should be treated conservatively. However, recent studies have shown an increase in use of operative treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the trends in the incidence and methods of treatment of PHFs in Finland. Methods. The study included all Finnish inhabitants aged ≥ 16 years between 1997 and 2019. All records, including diagnostic codes for PHFs and all surgical procedure codes for these fractures, were identified from two national registers. Data exclusion criteria were implemented in order to identify only acute PHFs, and the operations performed to treat them. Results. During the 23-year study period, 79,676 PHFs were identified, and 14,941 operations were performed to treat them. The incidence of PHFs steadily increased. In 2019, the overall incidence was 105 per 100,000 person-years (10. 5. ). The sex-adjusted incidence for females was 147.1 per 10. 5. , and the age-adjusted incidence for patients aged ≥ 80 years was 407.1 per 10. 5. The incidence of operative treatment for PHFs rose during the first half of the study period and decreased during the second half. The use of plate osteosynthesis in particular decreased. In 2019, the incidence of operative treatment for PHFs was 13.2 per 10. 5. , with 604 operations. Conclusion. Although the incidence of PHFs is steadily increasing, particularly in elderly females, the incidence of operative treatment is now decreasing, which is in line with current literature regarding their treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):150–156

The Thompson hemiarthroplasty is a common treatment option for acute neck of femur fractures in the elderly population. Our department noted a significant number of patients returning with thigh pain, radiographic loosening and femoral osteolysis following cemented implantation of the titanium alloy version of the Thompson hemiarthroplasty. We are not aware of any previous reports documenting complications specific to the titanium Thompson implant and a retrospective cohort study was therefore initiated following clinical governance approval. 366 titanium alloy Thompson prostheses were implanted for hip fracture treatment between 2017 and 2020. As of February 2023, 6 of these have been revised at our hospital. 5 were revised for symptomatic femoral osteolysis and 1 presented with an acute periprosthetic fracture. All revised cases were determined to be aseptic. 32 living patients were excluded from recall on compassionate grounds due to permanent nursing home residence. 47 living patients were identified of which 33 attended for xray. 28 deceased and/or nursing home resident patients who had pelvis x-rays in the previous 12 months were also included in the analysis. Including the 6 index hips already revised, a total of 61 hip xrays were analysed, of which 19 hips (31.1%) showed radiographic evidence of femoral osteolysis or loosening. We conclude that there is a concerning incidence of femoral osteolysis and implant loosening associated with the titanium Thompson implant. We have discontinued use of the implant and reported our experience to the MHRA. We encourage other Scottish Health-Boards who use this implant to consider enhanced follow-up

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the current incidence and epidemiology of humeral diaphyseal fractures. The secondary aim was to explore variation in patient and injury characteristics by fracture location within the humeral diaphysis. Methods. Over ten years (2008 to 2017), all adult patients (aged ≥ 16 years) sustaining an acute fracture of the humeral diaphysis managed at the study centre were retrospectively identified from a trauma database. Patient age, sex, medical/social background, injury mechanism, fracture classification, and associated injuries were recorded and analyzed. Results. A total of 900 fractures (typical 88.9%, n = 800/900; pathological 8.3%, n = 75/900; periprosthetic 2.8%, n = 25/900) were identified in 898 patients (mean age 57 years (16 to 97), 55.5% (n = 498/898) female). Overall fracture incidence was 12.6/100,000/year. For patients with a typical fracture (n = 798, mean age 56 years (16 to 96), 55.1% (n = 440/798) female), there was a bimodal distribution in men and unimodal distribution in older women (Type G). A fall from standing was the most common injury mechanism (72.6%, n = 581/800). The majority of fractures involved the middle-third of the diaphysis (47.6%, n = 381/800) followed by the proximal- (30.5%, n = 244/800) and distal-thirds (n = 175/800, 21.9%). In all, 18 injuries (2.3%) were open and a radial nerve palsy occurred in 6.7% (n = 53/795). Fractures involving the proximal- and middle-thirds were more likely to occur in older (p < 0.001), female patients (p < 0.001) with comorbidities (p < 0.001) after a fall from standing (p < 0.001). Proximal-third fractures were also more likely to occur in patients with alcohol excess (p = 0.003) and to be classified as AO-Orthopaedic Trauma Association type B or C injuries (p < 0.001). Conclusion. This study updates the incidence and epidemiology of humeral diaphyseal fractures. Important differences in patient and injury characteristics were observed based upon fracture location. Injuries involving the proximal- and middle-thirds of the humeral diaphysis should be considered as fragility fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1475–1483

Due to changes in population demographics, the burden of hip fractures in Scotland is expected to rise dramatically over the coming decades. This study aims to establish the future incidence of hip fracture in Scotland in individuals aged 50 and over. The number of patients admitted to hospital in Scotland with a hip fracture between 1999 and 2016 were ascertained from discharge coding across NHS Scotland. The annual number of hip fractures were categorised to enable gender and age specific hip fracture incidence rates to be calculated. Through static and variable projection methods, the annual hip fracture incidence up to 2035 was forecast and analysed with respect to specific demographics ascertained from population data provided by the National Records of Scotland. Between 1999 and 2016 the total number of hip fractures in individuals aged 50 and over increased by 11%, from 7,131 to 7,930, equating to an average year-on-year increase of 0.6%. Patients aged over 75 consistently accounted for more than 85% of recorded hip fractures, with females having a higher incidence rate than males across all age groups. A decreasing incidence in females aged over 70 was observed. Using multiple projection methods, the annual number of hip fractures in Scotland is predicted to increase by 55% from 7,930 in 2016, to an average of 12,316 by 2035. Projection modelling confirms the annual number of hip fractures in Scotland will rise substantially by 2035 with considerable implications for health and social care provision

We determined the age-specific incidence of a second fracture of the hip and compared it with that of a primary fracture in a study population drawn from 6331 patients admitted to Nottingham University Hospital with a primary fracture of the hip over a period of 8.5 years. The incidence of a second fracture was determined using survival analysis. The mean age-specific incidence rates of primary hip fracture were calculated using census data. The overall incidence of a second fracture was 2.7% at one year and 7.8% at 8.5 years. That of a primary fracture was 50 per 100 000 in women aged 55 to 64 years rising to 3760 in those aged 84 years and over. The incidence of a second fracture in women aged 55 to 64 years was 2344 per 100 000. Patients of this age had a relative risk of 45 (95% confidence interval 13 to 155) for further fracture when compared with the population at risk of a first fracture. The incidence of a second fracture in women aged > 84 years was 2451 per 100 000 (relative risk 0.7, 95% confidence interval 0.5 to 0.9). A similar trend was seen in men. Patients sustaining a primary fracture of the hip between the ages of 55 and 64 years have a much greater risk of further fracture than the normal population, whereas those over 84 years have a similar risk. These findings have important implications for the provision of fracture prevention services in primary and secondary care

Introduction. One of the most common complications of ceramic on ceramic hip replacement is squeaking. The association of Accolade stem and Trident acetabular system has been reported to have squeaking incidence of up to 35,6%. There is doubt if this phenomenon occurs due to: the stem titanium alloy, the V40 femoral neck, the recessed liner of the trident cup or even the mal-seating of the trident insert on the cup. Objectives. Primary: The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence of squeaking in association with the use of Exeter stem and Trident ceramic acetabular system. Secondary: Analysis of the correlation of the cup abduction angle and squeaking. Methods. During the period from March 2004 to December 2008, two surgeons performed 87 total hip arthroplasties in 77 patients with use of a ceramic-on-ceramic bearing (Exeter stem, alumina head, Trident ceramic acetabular system). Seventy six patients (86 THA) were available for review after at least 18 months follow-up. The incidence of squeaking and other noises was analyzed. Cup abduction angle was measured. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine if a correlation existed between the cup abduction angle and squeaking. Results. The incidence of squeaking was 2,63% (2 patients). Both patients reported a “click” noise in hyperextension of the hip. The mean abduction angle was 44 degress (35–60), and 48 degrees (46 and 50) on the squeaking group. There was no statistically significant difference in the in the mean cup inclination between squeaky and quiet hips. Conclusion. The incidence of squeaking in association with the use of Exeter stem and Trident ceramic acetabular system was 2,63%. There was no correlation of the cup abduction angle and squeaking

Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to statistically analyse the calcaneal fractures occurring in the community and distribution within the various age groups divided into decades. Methods and materials. Records of calcaneal fractures were retrieved from the audit department of the hospital using the various codes to identify patients reviewed in the clinics or admitted to the hospital between 1997 and 2009. The data collected included the total number of calcaneal fractures, total number in either gender, age at the time of incident, month of the year the incident occurred. Annual distribution of incidence of forearm fractures was calculated for every year and every month of the year. The age of the patients was divided into decades. Linear regression analysis and correlation coefficients were calculated between the incidence of fractures and different variables including age, gender and the time of the injury. Results. A total of 770 fractures were calculated including 511 males and 259 females (M/F=1.97). The average age of was 43.17 years (males=39.9 yrs, females=49.7 years). In both the sexes, there was a linear increase in the incidence of fractures in the first three decades of life with the rate of increase in males (R=0.999, r2=0.99) being 3 times that of females (R=0.96, r2=0.92). The incidence in females remained almost constant from 3rd decade to the 9th decade. The incidence in males reached a peak in the 3rd decade and then decreased steadily until the 10th decade. The incidence of fractures in females equalled that of males in the 8th decade; after which the incidence in males fell below females. There was a strong correlation between the increase in the incidence of fractures from February to August (R=0.9, r2=0.81) every year, after which the incidence reduced in the following months. There was a weak correlation between the increase in fractures from 1997 to 2009. Conclusion. There is a significant increase in the incidence of calcaneal fractures in the first three decades of life in both males and females. In males, the rate of increase in fractures is almost thrice than that of females. It can be said that men in their late twenties are more prone to sustain calcaneal fractures than any other age group or females. More injuries should be expected in August compared to the other months of the year. Further studies need to be done to look into the mechanism of injury. This could be helpful in prevention and reduction of the fracture incidence in the young and active age groups

This is the first study to use the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2007, the Government’s official measure of multiple deprivation, to analyse the effect of socioeconomic status on the incidence of fractures of the hip and their outcome and mortality. Our sample consisted of all patients admitted to hospital with a fracture of the hip (n = 7511) in Nottingham between 1999 and 2009. The incidence was 1.3 times higher (p = 0.038) in the most deprived populations than in the least deprived; the most deprived suffered a fracture, on average, 1.1 years earlier (82.0 years versus 83.1 years, p < 0.001). The mortality rate proved to be significantly higher in the most deprived population (log-rank test, p = 0.033), who also had a higher number of comorbidities (p = 0.001). This study has shown an increase in the incidence of fracture of the hip in the most deprived population, but no association between socioeconomic status and mortality at 30 days. Preventative programmes aimed at reducing the risk of hip fracture should be targeted towards the more deprived if they are to make a substantial impact

ERAS (Enhanced recovery after surgery) programs have been widely adopted in elective orthopaedic practice. Early discontinuation of Intravenous (IV) fluids in order to promote mobilisation and subsequent discharge is a key feature of such programs. However concerns have been raised regarding whether such an approach results in an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). We set out to determine the incidence of AKI in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty treated as part of an ERAS program where IV fluids are removed before leaving the recovery room. Investigate whether there is a difference in incidence between patients with a pre-operative eGFR ≥ 60 or < 60 (ml/min/1.73m2). In addition to whether patients who sustain an AKI have a longer post-operative hospital stay. The pre and post-operative blood results of patients undergoing elective total hip and total knee replacements were retrospectively analysed to determine whether they had suffered an AKI during admission. The patient's notes were reviewed for other known causes of peri-operative AKI and the length of their hospital stay. The overall Incidence of AKI was 9.4%. There was a significant association found between pre-operative eGFR and development of an AKI p = 0.002. The incidence of AKI was 5.8% in patients with a pre-operative eGFR ≥ 60 vs 33.3% in those with an eGFR < 60. The development of an AKI was associated with a longer hospital stay p = 0.042. The median length of hospital stay was 7 days for those who suffered an AKI vs 5 days for those who did not. Patients undergoing elective lower limb arthroplasty with a pre-operative eGFR < 60 treated as part of an ERAS program where fluids are discontinued before leaving the recovery room are at high risk of developing an AKI. Further studies are required to ascertain whether a longer duration of IV fluids is effective in reducing the incidence of AKI in this group

Stable fractures of the ankle can be successfully treated non-operatively by a below-knee plaster cast. In some centres, patients with this injury are routinely administered low-molecular-weight heparin, to reduce the risk of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). We have assessed the incidence of DVT in 100 patients in the absence of any thromboprophylaxis. A colour Doppler duplex ultrasound scan was done at the time of the removal of the cast. Five patients did develop DVT, though none had clinical signs suggestive of it. One case involved the femoral and another the popliteal vein. No patient developed pulmonary embolism. As the incidence of DVT after ankle fractures is low, we do not recommend routine thromboprophylaxis

Introduction. Surgical site infections (SSI) are related to a surgical procedure and affect the surgical wound or deeper tissues. With continuing emphasis on clinical governance and quality control, there is increasing demand from both patients and government for methods of assessing surgical results. Rates of morbidity and mortality may play important roles in these assessments. When crude comparisons between hospitals in the incidence of SSI are made, these should at least be stratified by the type of procedure. The aim of this study is to fix SSI incidence in relation to surgical procedure. Methods. This report contains data of 19.948 procedures collected from 1996 to 2008 at a Specialist Orthopaedic Hospital and analyzed by a specific software designed for the study of infection in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. The SSI surveillance is focused on categories of surgical procedure (Hip Arthroplasty, Knee Arthroplasty, Spine Surgery and Hip Fracture Surgery) with each category containing a defined set of similar procedures. A basic of demographic data and details about operation itself are collected for each procedure. Patients are followed up throughout their hospital stay and after hospital discharge. We present the incidence of SSI by risk group and surgical procedure. SSI are categorized in type, moment of diagnosis and micro-organisms reported. Analysis of the data was performed (SPSSv15.0 ®). Statistical methods used to determine significance were the independent samples t test, Pearson X2 test, Odds ratio and Spearman correlation coefficient, with a significance level of p<0,05. Results. Rates of SSI are highest in hip hemiarthroplasty after fracture and in hip and knee revision procedures. Rates of SSI increase with the number of risk factors present in the patient, especially after fracture procedures. The most common infecting micro-organism was coagulase-negative staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci and streptococci. 38% of the infections arise after one year of surveillance. Conclusions. Our results confirm difference in rates of SSI depending of surgical procedure in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. We believe that our decision to monitor infection with a long term follow up it's the better way to avoid under-reporting of infection. Our study has also demonstrated the extent to which the emerging problem of infection due to MRSA has affected orthopaedic surgery. The risk of acquiring SSI caused by MRSA was particularly high in patients after hip fracture surgery. Rates of SSI increase with the number of risk factors present in the patient, especially after fracture procedures. Globally, the most common infecting micro-organism was coagulase-negative staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci and streptococci. 38% of the infections arise after one year of surveillance

Corticosteroid use has been implicated in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). The exact mechanism and predisposing factors such as age, gender, dosage, type and combination of steroid treatment remain controversial. Between March and July 2003, a total of 539 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were treated with five different types of steroid. There were 129 men (24%) and 410 women (76%) with a mean age of 33.7 years (21 to 59). Routine screening was undertaken with radiographs, MRI and/or CT to determine the incidence of ONFH. Of the 129 male patients with SARS, 51 (39.5%) were diagnosed as suffering from ONFH, compared with only 79 of 410 female patients (19.3%). The incidence of ONFH in the patients aged between 20 and 49 years was much higher than that of the group aged between 50 and 59 years (25.9% (127 of 491) versus 6.3% (3 of 48); p = 0.018). The incidence of ONFH in patients receiving one type of steroid was 12.5% (21 of 168), which was much lower than patients receiving two different types (28.6%; 96 of 336) or three different types of steroid (37.1%; 13 of 35). Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:259–62

INTRODUCTION. Tranexamic Acid (TA) has been shown to decrease peri-operative bleeding in primary Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgery. There are still concerns with regards to the increased risk of thromboembolic events with the use of TA. The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of pre-operative TA increased the incidence of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in TKR. METHODS. Patients who underwent primary TKR between August 2007 and August 2009 were identified from the databases of three surgeons within the lower limb arthroplasty unit. A retrospective case notes analysis was performed. DVT was diagnosed on Duplex Ultrasound Scan and PE on CT Pulmonary Angiogram. A positive result was a diagnosis of DVT or PE within 3 months of surgery. RESULTS. 322 patients underwent primary TKR over the 2 year period. 131 patients received TA pre-operatively. 191 patients did not receive TA prior to surgery. A total of 4 (3.1%) patients who received TA were diagnosed with either a DVT (2) or PE (2) post operatively. In those patients not receiving TA, 6 had a DVT and 2 had a PE, a total of 8 (4.2%). CONCLUSION. Pre-operative use of Tranexamic Acid in primary Total Knee Replacement does not increase the incidence of DVT and PE

Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures result from high-energy injuries. Fractures of the tibial plateau can involve the tibial tubercle, which represents a disruption to the extensor mechanism and logically must be stabilised. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of an independent tibial tubercle fracture in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures, and to report management strategies and potential complications. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected orthopaedic trauma database for the period January 2003 to December 2008, and identified 392 bicondylar fractures of the tibial plateau, in which 85 tibial tubercle fractures (21.6%) were identified in 84 patients. There were 60 men and 24 women in our study group, with a mean age of 45.4 years (18 to 71). In 84 fractures open reduction and internal fixation was undertaken, either with screws alone (23 patients) or with a plate and screws (61 patients). The remaining patient was treated non-operatively. In all, 52 fractures were available for clinical and radiological assessment at a mean follow-up of 58.5 weeks (24 to 94). All fractures of the tibial tubercle united, but 24 of 54 fractures (46%) required a secondary procedure for their tibial plateau fracture. Four patients reported pain arising from prominent tubercle plates and screws, which in one patient required removal. Tibial tubercle fractures occurred in over one-fifth of the bicondylar tibial plateau fractures in our series. Fixation is necessary and can be reliably performed with screws alone or with a screw and plate, which restores the extensor mechanism and facilitates early knee flexion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1697–1702

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to clarify the incidence of steroid-induced osteonecrosis among different collagen diseases and to evaluate the predictive factors for steroid-induced osteonecrosis in a prospective MRI study. Methods. We prospectively used MRI to study 337 eligible collagen disease patients requiring corticosteroid therapy and succeeded in examining 1199 joints (hips and knees) in 302 patients with MRI for at least one year starting immediately after the onset of corticosteroid therapy, a one-year follow-up rate of approximately 90%. The underlying collagen diseases included systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 687 joints and a variety of other collagen diseases in 512 joints. Results. Incidence of osteonecrosis was significantly higher in SLE patients than in non-SLE patients (37% versus 21%, p=0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescent and adult patients had a significantly higher risk of osteonecrosis compared with pediatric patients (odds ratio [OR]=13.2), that high daily corticosteroid dosage (more than 40 mg/day) entailed a significantly higher risk of osteonecrosis compared with the dosage less than 40 mg/day (OR=4.2), that SLE patients had a significantly higher risk of osteonecrosis compared with non-SLE patients (OR=2.6), and that male patients had a significantly higher risk of osteonecrosis compared with female patients (OR=1.6). Conclusion. These findings suggest that the incidence of steroid-induced osteonecrosis is different among underlying collagen diseases

Introduction. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of patient morbidity and mortality, the risk of which increases in orthopaedic patients with lower limb immobilisation. This incidence should in theory reduce if the patients are ambulatory early in the treatment phase. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify a difference in the incidence of symptomatic VTE by treating acute Achilles tendon rupture patients with conventional non-weight bearing plaster versus functional weight bearing mobilisation. Methodology. The notes of 91 consecutive patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture were retrospectively reviewed and prospectively followed. The patients' demographics, treatment modality (non-weight bearing plaster versus weight bearing boot), and the type of plaster immobilisation was compared to assess whether they affect the incidence of clinical VTE. The predisposing risk factors were also analysed between the treatment groups. Out of 91 patients, 50 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture were treated conservatively in a conventional non-weight bearing immobilisation cast. From these 50 patients, 3 then underwent surgery and were therefore excluded from the results. On the other hand, 41 patients were treated with functional weight bearing mobilisation (Vacupad). Patients who did have a symptomatic thromboembolic event also had an ultrasound scan to confirm a deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb or a CT-scan to confirm pulmonary embolism. Results. Out of the 47 patients who were treated conservatively in a non-weight bearing plaster cast, 9 patients had a thromboembolic event (19.1%). On the other hand, out of the 41 patients who were treated with functional weight bearing mobilisation, only 2 patients had a symptomatic thromboembolic event (4.2%). This was statistically significant (p=0.012). This shows that patients who are treated in a non-weight bearing plaster have about five times increased risk of developing a sypmptomatic VTE compared to those treated by functional weight bearing mobilisation. There was however no difference in the predisposing factors in patients who developed VTE compared to those who did not. Conclusion. The incidence of symptomatic VTE after acute Achilles tendon rupture is high and under-recognised. Asymptomatic VTE after this injury is probably even higher. There is a significant decrease in the clinical incidence of thromboembolic events in patients treated conservatively with early mobilisation in the functional weight bearing boot compared to those treated in a non-weight bearing cast. There is a need for further research to define the possible benefit of thromboprophylaxis in patients treated by non-weight bearing plasters

We examined the incidence of infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to the Leicester Royal Infirmary Trauma Unit between January 2004 and June 2006. The influence of MRSA status at the time of their admission was examined, together with age, gender and diagnosis, using multi-variant analysis. Of 2473 patients, 79 (3.2%) were MRSA carriers at the time of admission and 2394 (96.8%) were MRSA-negative. Those carrying MRSA at the time of admission were more likely to develop surgical site infection with MRSA (7 of 79 patients, 8.8%) than non-MRSA carriers (54 of 2394 patients, 2.2%, p < 0.001). Further analysis showed that hip fracture and increasing age were also risk factors with a linear increase in relative risk of 1.8% per year. MRSA carriage at admission, age and the pathology are all associated with an increased rate of developing MRSA wound infection. Identification of such risk factors at admission helps to target health-care resources, such the use of glycopeptide antibiotics at induction and the ‘building-in’ of increased vigilance for wound infection pre-operatively