Purpose: We conducted a prospective study among elderly women with a first hip fracture to document survival and functional outcome, and to determine whether outcomes differ by fracture type. Methods: The design was a one-year prospective cohort study in the context of standard day-to-day clinical practice. The main outcome measures were survival and functional outcome, both at hospital discharge and one year later. Functional outcome was assessed using the Rapid Disability Rating Scale version-2. Results: Of the 170 women originally enrolled, 86 (51%) had an intertrochanteric and 84 (49%) a femoral neck fracture. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to median age (80 and 78 years, respectively), type and number of comorbidities, and prefracture residence at the time of injury. At hospital discharge, intertrochanteric hip-fracture patients had a higher mortality (relative risk [RR] 9.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3 to 74.6; p=0.006) and were functionally more impaired (0.4 units difference in ability to walk independently; p=0.005). One year later, mortality was still significantly higher after intertrochanteric fracture (RR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3 to 5.1; p=0.008), but functional outcome among surviving patients was similar in both groups. During the one-year period after hospital discharge, a significant functional recovery was observed regardless of fracture type (improvement by 3.9 units [p=0.003] and by 2.6 units [p=0.015] in patients with intertrochanteric and femoral neck fractures, respectively). In both groups, this recovery was reflected in a significant improvement in walking ability (p< 0.001 and p=0.006, respectively) and mobility (p=0.004 and p< 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: We conclude that intertrochanteric fractures are associated with increased mortality compared to femoral neck fractures. Functional outcome differs according to fracture type at hospital discharge, but these differences do not persist over time. Our data provide evidence that these findings cannot be explained by differences in age or comorbidity. Differences in survival suggest that the two main types of hip fractures should be analyzed separately in clinical and epidemiological studies

Aims

We chose unstable extra-capsular hip fractures as our study group because these types of fractures suffer the largest blood loss. We hypothesised that tranexamic acid (TXA) would reduce total blood loss (TBL) in extra-capsular fractures of the hip.

There has been extensive research into neck of femur fractures in the elderly. Fragility non-hip femoral fractures share many of the same challenges [1]. Surgical management is complex, patients are frail and mortality rates have been reported as high as 38% [2]. Despite this, relatively little data is available evaluating the level of MDT care provided to non-hip femoral fractures. This audit aimed to evaluate the standard of MDT care provided for patients with non-hip femoral fractures according to the NHFD key performance indicators. The following fractures were included in the dataset: distal femoral, femoral shaft and peri-prosthetic femoral. Patients under 65 were excluded. Data was retrospectively collected using post-operative and medical documentation. Performance was assessed according to five key performance indicators:. Did orthogeriatrics review the patient within 72-hours?. Was surgery performed within 36-hours?. Was the patient weight bearing post-operatively?. Was a confusion assessment completed?. Was the patient discharged home?. 38 patients met the inclusion criteria. 84% of patients were seen by orthogeriatrics within 72 hours of admission. 32% of patients were operated on within 36-hours of admission, with time to theatre exceeding 36-hours in 92% of peri-prosthetic fractures. 37% of patients were not advised to full weight bear post operatively. 84% of patients received a confusion assessment whilst 61% of patients were discharged to their prior place of living. Our results suggest that non-hip femoral fractures do not receive the same standard of MDT care as neck of femur fractures. Greater prioritisation of resources should be given to this patient subset so that care is equivalent to hip-fracture patients. Time to surgery is a particular area for improvement, particularly in peri-prosthetic fractures, a trend that is mirrored nationally. Greater emphasis should be placed on encouraging full-weight bearing post-operatively to prevent post-surgical complications

‘Primum non nocere’ is one of the most well known moral principles associated with the medical profession. Often, in our bid to maintain and improve quality of life, we neglect to recognise those patients who are in fact nearing the end of theirs. Thus, our aim was to ascertain if we are recognising the ‘dying’ orthopaedic patient and whether key elements of management in accordance with SIGN are being addressed. All hip-fracture deaths occurring at a District General Hospital over a 4-year period (2012–2015) were included. Paper and electronic notes were used to record patient demographics, days from admission to death, diagnosis of ‘dying’ and discussions regarding DNACPR and ceiling of care. Total numbers of investigations undertaken during the week prior to death were noted. 89 hip-fracture deaths occurred between 2012–2015, of which 57 were female with a mean age at death of 84 years. The number of days post-admission to death was 17.5 (range 0–109). 45 patients had a new DNACPR recorded and 13 were longstanding. 43 patients (48.3%) were diagnosed as dying at a mean of 7.2 days following admission, 31 of whom (72.1%) had ceiling of care discussed. Of this cohort, 32 had futile investigations during their last week of life and astoundingly 10 on the day of death. Although some effort is being made to recognise the ‘dying’ orthopaedic patient, further work is needed to establish a clear ceiling of care pathway, which maintains and respects patient comfort and dignity during their last days of life

Introduction. Bisphosphonates (BP) are the first-line therapy for preventing osteoporotic fragility fractures. However, concern regarding their efficacy is growing because bisphosphonate use is associated with over-suppression of remodeling. Animal studies have reported that BP therapy is associated with accumulation of micro-cracks (Fig. 1) and a reduction in bone mechanical properties, but the effect on humans has not been investigated. Therefore, our aim was to quantify the mechanical strength of bone treated with BP, and correlate this with the microarchitecture and density of micro-damage in comparison with untreated osteoporotic hip-fractured and non-fractured elderly controls. Methods. Trabecular bone cores from patients treated with BP were compared with patients who had not received any treatment for bone osteoporotic disease. Non-fractured cadaveric femora from individuals with no history of bone metabolic disease were also used as controls. Cores were imaged in high resolution (∼1.3µm) using Synchrotron X-ray tomography (Diamond Light Source Ltd.) The scans were used for structural and material analysis, then the cores were mechanically tested in compression. A novel classification system was devised to characterise features of micro-damage in the Synchrotron images: micro-cracks, diffuse damage and perforations. Synchrotron micro-CT stacks were visualised and analysed using ImageJ, Avizo and VGStudio MAX. Results. Our findings demonstrated that patients treated with BP (17.2 MPa) had significantly lower tissue strength than untreated fracture (24.0 MPa) and non-fracture controls (28.0 MPa). Yet treated and untreated hip-fracture patient's exhibited comparable bone microarchitecture, volume fraction, apparent and material density. The data also revealed that the BP group had the highest micro-damage density across all groups. The BP group (7.7/mm. 3. ) also exhibited significantly greater micro-crack density than the fracture (4.3/mm. 3. ) and non-fracture (4.1/mm. 3. ) controls. Furthermore, the BP group (1.9/mm. 3. ) demonstrated increased diffuse damage when compared to the fracture (0.3/mm. 3. ) and non-fracture (0.8/mm. 3. ) controls. In contrast, the BP group (1.9. mm. 3. ) had fewer perforations than fracture (3.0/mm. 3. ) and non-fracture controls (3.9/mm. 3. ). Discussion. Despite having comparable microarchitecture apparent and material density, patients taking BP exhibited weaker tissue strength compared to the controls. This weakness is likely to be the the result of the increased accumulation of micro-damage found in BP treated bone. BP inhibits bone remodelling, thereby reducing the number of perforated trabeculae, meanwhile over-suppression leads to the accumulation of micro-cracks and diffuse damage which reduce strength. Conclusion. In our subgroup of hip-fracture patients, BP therapy appeared to offer no mechanical advantage in resisting femoral fractures. BP accumulated micro-damage may have weakened the trabecular bone in the femoral head and neck thereby, therefore increasing the risk of a fracture during a trip or fall

Introduction: Fractures of the proximal third of the femur are a major health problem in Western countries, where there has been a high increase in their incidence due to factors such as ageing of the population, which in itself does not explain the rise in this pathology. Fractures of this type are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly, the main risk group. In the context of the above, it is useful to know the different variables that influence aetiopathogenesis, prevention and treatment while in hospital and after release. Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective study of 250 fractures in patients admitted to this hospital between 2001 and 2003, with a one-year follow-up, and designed a data-collection form. We divided the patients into two groups, those who had died and those alive after one year, and compared the different variables using SPSS statistical software. Results: The one-year mortality rate in hip-fracture patients in our hospital is 25%, within the limits found in the literature. Age, ASA surgical risk and dementia are factors that have a significant influence on one-year mortality in hip-fracture patients. Conclusions: The main factors that significantly influence one-year mortality are those inherent to the patient, such as age, ASA surgical risk and dementia

Objectives. Aged trauma patients are at high risk for various comorbidities and loss of function following hip fracture. Consequently a multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of these patients has become more famous in order to maintain the patients” activity level and health status prior to trauma. This study evaluates the effect of a multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation on the short- and long-term functional status of geriatric patients following hip fracture surgery. Methods. A collective of 158 hip fracture patients (> 80 years) who underwent surgery were included in this study. An initial Barthel Index lower than 30 points was a criteria to exclude patients from this study. Two subgroups, depending on the availability of treatment spots at the rehabilitation center were made. No other item was used to discriminated between the groups. Group A (n=95) stayed an average of 21 days at an inpatient rehabilitation center specialized in geriatric patients. Group B (n=63) underwent the standard postoperative treatment. As main outcome parameter we used the Barthel Index, which was evaluated for every patient on the day of discharge and checkups after three, six and twelve months. Results. After three months, the average Barthel Index was 82,27 points for group A and 74,68 points for group B (p=0,015). In the six-months-checkup group A”s average Barthel Index was 84,05 points and group B”s was 74,76 points (p=0,004). After twelve months, patients from group A had an average Barthel Index of 81,05 while patients from group B had an average Barthel Index of 71,51 (p=0,010). Conclusion. This study reveals a significant better outcome in both, the short-term and the long-term functional status for geriatric hip-fracture patients, who underwent an inpatient treatment in a rehabilitation center following the initial surgical therapy. This is shown at the timepoints three, six and twelve month after discharge. To maintain quality of life and mobility as well as the patient”s independence in daily life, a treatment in a rehabilitation center specialized in geriatric patients is highly recommendable

Aims: To evaluate the inßuence of the type of anesthesia on the superior efþcacy of fondaparinux over enoxaparin in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) in orthopedic surgery (RRR > 50%; P< 0.0001). Methods: 4 randomized, double-blind trials were performed: 2 in hip replacement (THR), 1 in North America (NA) and 1 in Europe; 1 in knee surgery (MKS); and 1 in hip-fracture surgery (HF). The choice of anesthesia was left to the investigators. A predeþned covariate analysis according to the type of anesthesia was performed on primary efþcacy. Conclusions: Fondaparinux once-daily started postoperatively provided superior efþcacy versus enoxaparin in preventing VTE whatever the type of anesthesia and may improve convenience in current practice

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe the current pathways of care for patients with a fracture of the hip in five low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in South Asia (Nepal and Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines).

Aims: The fondaparinux thromboprophylaxis phase III studies database including 7344 patients in orthopaedic surgery provides information regarding patient management according to country specificities. Methods: 4 randomized double-blind trials were conducted in 376 centers in 23 countries comparing fondaparinux to enoxaparin – 1 in major knee surgery (MKS) in North America (NA); 2 in total hip replacement (THR) in NA and in Europe, respectively; and 1 in hip-fracture (HF) surgery worldwide except in NA. The use of regional anesthesia or cement during surgery, use of stockings during hospitalization, or prolonged prophylaxis (PP) after discharge were left to the investigators. Results: In all studies the majority of patients were women, particularly in HF. The median age was 67 years for THR, 69 years for MKS, and 79 years for HF. In THR studies, regional anesthesia was used more frequently in Europe (59%) than in NA (24.4%). The table summarizes investigators’ practice. Conclusions: There are important differences in the management of orthopedic surgery patients according to country specificities and type of surgery. However, fondaparinux is more effective than enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis irrespective of patient or surgery characteristics

Objectives: To determine the magnitude and duration of excess mortality after hip fracture among postmenopausal women. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to estimate the pooled relative risk of death after hip fracture by time since fracture. We selected only controlled studies that reported data on postmenaupausal women aged 50 years or older, carried out a life-table analysis, and displayed the survival curves of the hip-fracture group and an ageand sex-matched control group. Using random-effects models we calculated the pooled relative risk of death with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) by time since fracture. Results: Twenty-three studies contributed to this meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk of dying within three, six, twelve, and twenty-four months following hip fracture was 5.06 (95%CI: 4.31, 5.93), 3.92 (95%CI: 3.11, 4.94), 2.71 (95%CI: 2.33, 3.14), and 2.02 (95%CI: 1.83, 2.23), respectively. Thereafter, excess mortality remained relatively constant. The relative risk of mortality at five years, ten years, and fifteen years post-fracture was 1.44 (95%CI: 1.29, 1.62), 1.40 (95%CI: 1.35, 1.45), and 1.36 (95%CI, 1.31, 1.41), respectively. Conclusions: Excess mortality among postmenopausal women having suffered a hip fracture was most apparent immediately after the event, declined steeply during the first years post-fracture, but did not return to that of age- and sex-matched controls, even at the longest duration of follow-up. The impact of a hip fracture on excess mortality among postmenopausal women continued for up to 15 years

Aims:We conducted a prospective study among elderly women with a femoral neck fracture to determine if medical care costs during the one-year period after hospital discharge differ by surgical procedure type. In addition, we analysed potential predictors of costs. Methods: The design was a one-year prospective cohort study assessing day-to-day clinical practice. Eighty-four women were enrolled. Direct costs of care were documented during the oneyear period after hospital discharge and expressed in Euro (€) per hip-fracture patient. Multiple regression analyses were performed to explore potential predictors of costs. Results: Three fracture groups were defined by the type of surgical repair. Total-hiparthroplasty patients were significantly younger than hemiarthroplasty or internal-fixation patients (median age 71, 81, and 80 years, respectively; p = 0.001). Average costs during the one-year follow up period after hospital discharge were lower after total hip arthroplasty (e 9,486) than after hemiarthroplasty (€ 12,146) or internal fixation (€ 15,687), although these trends failed to achieve the level of statistical significance (p = 0.322). A multivariate regression model identified two significant determinants of increased costs: increasing age (p = 0.023) and living in an institution at time of injury (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Direct costs of care during the one-year period after hospital discharge among elderly women with a femoral neck fracture do not depend on the type of surgical procedure. Increasing age and living in an institution at time of injury, on the other hand, are strong predictors of increased costs during the one-year period after hospital discharge

INTRODUCTION. In recent years the age of world's population has risen and with it there has been a significant increase in the frequency of hip fractures in the elderly. These fractures are known to increase morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the frequency and characteristics of patients who sustain a second hip fracture. We examined the incidence and the underlying associated medical disorders of patients with a second fracture in the other hip. MATERIAL & METHODS. This study consists of 132/1208 Pts. (10.9%) treated in our department between 1998–2006 that had a secondary hip fracture 1–9 years following the first hip fracture. We examined the most common complications following surgery of this type, the most common related illnesses among these patients, and the influence of post-surgical rehabilitative care on the patients' return to daily functioning. RESULTS. 132 Pts (10.9%) of this series (34 M, 98 F; 64–101 year old; mean 81Y) had a second hip fracture. Most of them (82%) had chronic associated disorders such as heart problems, dementia, old CVA, sight problems and renal failure. Of those with a second hip fracture- 9/132 (6.8%) had the second hip fracture within the first year following surgery, 35/132 (26.5.3%) after 2 years and the remaining 102/132 (66.7%) after 3–6 years. 70.8% of the second hip fracture were of the same type and location of the first hip fracture. 65% of the single hip-fracture patients returned to the same type of daily functioning that they had had prior to injury within one year following surgery. 52% of the patients with the second hip fracture returned to the same level of daily functioning they had had during the period between the first and the second hip fracture Furthermore, we also found that sub-capital fractures are more characteristic of a younger population than are intertrochanteric fractures. DISCUSSION. Based on this study it seems that the frequency of a second fracture in the other hip was 10.9%. The length of time between occurrence of the first and second fractures ranged from one to six years, a third of them within the first 2 years and two thirds of them after 3–6 years. Age and medical status of the patient may be important predictors of a second hip fracture. It is therefore imperative to improve bone quality, medical and functional status of the patients following the first hip fractures in order to reduce the risk of the second hip fractures

For some years, there has been vast international interest in creating models for joint efforts between geriatricians and orthopedic surgeons. We present data from two such models. For the first time in Denmark, the Department of Orthopedics Bispebjerg University Hospital (BUP) recruited two full-time geriatricians in September 2009. They were assigned an independent unit meant for severely ill orthopaedic patients with high comorbidity and polypharmacy. These two geriatricians had, during the previous two years, consulted another orthopaedic department at Gentofte University Hospital (GUH) in a neighbouring community three times a week. The aim of their intervention was then to optimize treatment for comorbidity, to clarify indication of acute fall-assessment, osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment, presence of delirium and dementia. Methods. A total of 1344 hip fracture patients (age 70 years) divided into three populations were included in this study. Mortality data were collected from the Danish Civil Registry. Population 1 (P1), n = 645 was included at GUH from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007. During the entire period, the patients had access to a senior consultant in geriatric medicine three times a week. In this population, the majority of patients were assessed for dementia (n = 636), delirium (n = 627) and Barthel Index (Barthel100) at admission (n = 394). Population 2 (P2), n = 381 included at BUH from September 1, 2009 until July 8, 2010 with orthogeriatric access. Population 3 (P3), n = 318 were included at BUH from September 28, 2008 until August 31, 2009 with no orthogeriatric access. Age mean (SD): P1 84.7 (6.8), P2 85.5 (7.3), P3 85.3 (14.3) P = 0.1(ANOVA) Sex ratio: females/males: P1 0.73/0.27, P2 0.80/0.20, P3 0.75/0.25 P = 0.09 Chi square). Results. In-hospital mortality rate: P1 4.8%, P2 6.3%, P3 9.1% P = 0.03 (Chi square). Three month mortality: In P1 dementia, delirium and Barthel Index (below 50 versus above 50) were all strong predictors: No dementia: 53/383 (13.8%) versus dementia present 68/253 (26.9%) died, P = 0001 (log-rank test). No delirium 69/456 (15.1%) versus delirium present 47/171 (27.5%) died F = 0.0004 (log-rank test) Barthel Index 50 38/372 (10.2%) versus Barthel<50 7/22 (31.8%) died P = 0.0004. Conclusion. This paper reports data from two different models with orthogeriatric service. Our data present delirium, dementia and Barthel Index to be very strong predictors for three month mortality (P1). Despite the time needed to implement a new orthogeriatric unit and the fact that the geriatricians only assessed a proportion of hip fracture patients, in-hospital mortality was reduced significantly for the total hip-fracture population (P2) within the first 10 months

Aims

Osseointegrated prosthetic limbs allow better mobility than socket-mounted prosthetics for lower limb amputees. Fractures, however, can occur in the residual limb, but they have rarely been reported. Approximately 2% to 3% of amputees with socket-mounted prostheses may fracture within five years. This is the first study which directly addresses the risks and management of periprosthetic osseointegration fractures in amputees.

There is currently limited information available on the benefits and risks of extended thromboprophylaxis after hip fracture surgery. SAVE-HIP3 was a randomised, double-blind study conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of extended thromboprophylaxis with the ultra-low molecular-weight heparin semuloparin compared with placebo in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. After a seven- to ten-day open-label run-in phase with semuloparin (20 mg once daily subcutaneously, initiated post-operatively), patients were randomised to once-daily semuloparin (20 mg subcutaneously) or placebo for 19 to 23 additional days. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of any venous thromboembolism (VTE; any deep-vein thrombosis and non-fatal pulmonary embolism) or all-cause death until day 24 of the double-blind period. Safety parameters included major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding, laboratory data, and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Extended thromboprophylaxis with semuloparin demonstrated a relative risk reduction of 79% in the rate of any VTE or all-cause death compared with placebo (3.9% vs 18.6%, respectively; odds ratio 0.18 (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.45), p < 0.001). Two patients in the semuloparin group and none in the placebo group experienced clinically relevant bleeding. TEAE rates were similar in both groups. In conclusion, the SAVE-HIP3 study results demonstrate that patients undergoing hip fracture surgery benefit from extended thromboprophylaxis.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:459–66.