Limited information is published regarding the activity level after gracilis autograft reconstruction, and usually a knee-injury based score is used rather than a specific ankle PROM. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity level and functional results after lateral ankle gracilis autograft reconstruction in patients with severe lateral ankle instability. The hypothesis was that patients would regain their pre-injury Tegner activity level or one level below and secondary to compare a specific ankle activity score, instability and function score. Finally, donor site and graft complications, clinical stability and range of motion were measured. All 69 patients (50 women, 19 men) recorded at the hospital with severe instability who underwent reconstruction of the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligament with a gracilis autograft and were minimum 6 months post-operative, were invited to participate in the study. Outcomes measures included the Tegner Activity level (1–10), Ankle Activity Score (0–10) recorded as pre-injury and at follow up. The Karlsson Petterson Ankle Function Score (0–100) and Visual Analog Score (VAS)(0–10) recorded pre-operatively and at follow up. All pre-injury and pre-operative data were recalled retrospectively from memory. Identification of functional ankle instability (IDFAI)(0–37) was recorded at follow up. The clinical tests, Anterior drawer test (0–4), Talar tilt test (0–4) and Range of motion (ROM)(degrees) were compared to the unaffected side at follow up. A difference of 1 in the activity scores was chosen as a clinical relevant difference. Data was tested for normal distribution and for statistical significant difference with a students t-test. study design: Cross sectional clinical study with a retrospective questionnaire. A total of 33 patients (27 women, 6 men), with a mean age on 45 years (range 19–68), were included in this study. Mean follow up was 3.7 years. Mean pre-operative Tegner score was 5.8 vs 5.6 at follow up (p. On average, the patients returned to their pre-injury activity level, with similar specific ankle activity scores to the Tegner. The majority had good functional results and few residual symptoms of functional instability. The response rate was low with few men responding; hence a prospective study is called for to establish the true effect of the surgical technique

Introduction. This study aimed to compare MIPO and IMNr in the treatment of supracondylar femur fracture following TKA in respect of fracture healing, complications and functional results. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was made of 32 supracondylar femur fractures classified according to the Rorabeck classification, comprising 20 cases treated with MIPO and 12 with IMNr. The two techniques were compared in respect of ROM, KSS, SF-12 scores, intraoperative blood loss, surgery time, and radiological examination findings. Results. No significant difference was determined between the two groups in respect of age, gender and fracture type, or in the median time to union (MIPO 4.3 months, IMNr 4.2 mths) (p >0.05). In the MIPO group, 2 patients had delayed union, so revision surgery was applied. The mean postoperative ROM was comparable between IMNr and MIPO (86.2 °vs 86 °, p > 0.05). The mean Knee Society Score (KSS) and SF-12 score did not differ between the IMN and MIPO groups. (p>0.05). Reduction quality in the sagittal plane was better in the MIPO group and no difference was determined in coronal alignment. Greater shortening of the lower extremity was seen in the IMNr group than in the MIPO group. (20.3 vs 9.3mm, p<0.05). Perioperative blood loss was greater (2 units vs.1.2 units) and mean operating time was longerin the MIPO group. (126.5 min vs 102.2 min, p<0.05). Conclusion. In patients with good bone stock, supracondylar femur fracture following TKA can be treated successfully with IMN or MIPO. IMN has the advantage of less blood loss and a shorter operating time. Reduction quality may be improved with the MIPO technique. Both surgery techniques can be successfully used by orthopaedic surgeons taking a case-by-case approach

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is a substance that requires repeated application due to its effectiveness being lost 12–16 weeks post application. Performing these intra-muscular injections under anesthesia reduces pain and distress during applications, ensuring effective and successful functional results. This study evaluates motor development of patients undergoing 3 or more repeated BoNT-A application in a tertiary pediatric hospital and the safety as well as effect of 3 different types of anesthesia. 75 children with cerebral palsy who underwent BoNT-A application at least three times consecutively with 6-month intervals and a total of 320 procedures admitted between January 2008 and January 2018 were retrospectively examined. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was employed in motor development evaluation. To observe the improvement in motor development, those with 2-1-0 level decreases in GMFCS classes were grouped and compared in terms of birth time, birth weight, cerebral palsy type and first BoNT-A application age. The 3 types of anesthesia methods (sedation analgesia, larengeal mask anesthesia (LMA) and inhalation mask anesthesia) applied during the procedures were compared in terms of sedation, procedure, recovery and total operation room time. The mean age of the children for all procedures was 45.51 ± 22.40 months. As a result of procedures, significant motor development was observed in 60 (80%) patients (p <0,000∗). No significant difference was observed when the children with cerebral palsy whose GMFCS declined in the form of level 2, 1 and unchanged were compared in terms of first application age, birth weight and gestational age. It was found that 106 (33.1%) were applied sevoflurane with anesthesia mask, 103 (32.1%) were administered sevoflurane with laryngeal mask, and 111 (34.6%) were sedation-analgesia. Only 10 out of 320 procedures were seen to develop side effects (8 vomiting, 2 bronchospasm). In the patients who underwent sedation analgesia during the first 3 BoNT-A procedures, the duration of recovery and total operating room time was seen to be significantly shorter than the others, while there was no difference between the anesthesia methods in the 4th and subsequent procedures. Regardless of the type of anesthesia, the recovery and total operating room times of those having undergone 6 or more procedures were longer than those with less than 6 procedures (p <0.009, p <0.016, respectively). As conclusion, repeated BoNT-A applications in children with CP provides progress in motor steps, it can be applied safely and effectively under anesthesia. Sedation analgesia application provides easier recovery compared to general anesthesia with LMA and mask only in the first three applications. However, recovery time increases with 4 and more repeated applications as the number of applications increases

Objectives. There are various pin-in-plaster methods for treating fractures of the distal radius. The purpose of this study is to introduce a modified technique of ‘pin in plaster’. Methods. Fifty-four patients with fractures of the distal radius were followed for one year post-operatively. Patients were excluded if they had type B fractures according to AO classification, multiple injuries or pathological fractures, and were treated more than seven days after injury. Range of movement and functional results were evaluated at three and six months and one and two years post-operatively. Radiographic parameters including radial inclination, tilt, and height, were measured pre- and post-operatively. Results. The average radial tilt was 10.6° of volar flexion and radial height was 10.2 mm at the sixth month post-operatively. Three cases of pin tract infection were recorded, all of which were treated successfully with oral antibiotics. There were no cases of pin loosening. A total of 73 patients underwent surgery, and three cases of radial nerve irritation were recorded at the time of cast removal. All radial nerve palsies resolved at the six-month follow-up. There were no cases of median nerve compression or carpal tunnel syndrome, and no cases of tendon injury. Conclusion. Our modified technique is effective to restore anatomic congruity and maintain reduction in fractures of the distal radius. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:176–180

Background. The objective was to evaluate the benefit that could be obtained in terms of pain and efficacy with processed segmental allografts on 20 patients in meniscal repair treatment. Methods. Segmental meniscal allografts were extracted from tibial plateaux during total knee arthroplasties on lateralised osteoarthritis and selected on macroscopic integrity criteria. They underwent decellularisation and deproteinisation processes to obtain a sterile collagenous matrix with glycosaminoglycans removal. Under arthroscopy, the grafts (50mm length) were fixed at the posterior horn and at the meniscosynovial wall. The main evaluation criterion was the IKDC subjective knee score evolution. Secondary criteria were the meniscus morphology (Magnetic Resonance Imaging after 12 months) and the recellularisation (biopsy after 1 year). Material. In this Phase II monocentric, prospective and open-label clinical trial, a total of 10 male patients (mean age: 39 years [24–50]) were enrolled. They were symptomatic (IKDC score < 70), did not suffer from osteoarthritis (Kellgreen-Lawrence score < Grade 2) and presented a meniscal tissue defect on the posterior and/or medium segment, respecting the posterior horn. Exclusion criteria were lax knees, significant frontal deviations, pre-osteoarthritis and obese patients. Results. One patient dropped out. The mean IKDC score increased from 45 points [23 to 70] at the inclusion to 70 points [49 to 90] after 1 year. The MRI and biopsies results are currently being analysed. The first biopsies studied show that the allograft is cellularised with fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Conclusions. The functional results are encouraging, at least equivalent to the ones obtained for massive grafts. Indications for segmental allografts are difficult to prescribe early and the surgical technique is challenging; these two facts contribute to good outcome. The early clinical results are positive, while awaiting the morphological and histological outcomes in a few months. Level of evidence. III

Anterior cruciate ligament (acl) reconstruction is one of the most commonly performed procedures in orthopedics for acl injury. While literature suggest short-term good-to-excellent functional results, a significant number of long-term studies report unexplained early oa development, regardless type of reconstruction. The present study reports the feasibility analysis and development of a clinical protocol, integrating different methodologies, able to determine which acl reconstruction technique could have the best chance to prevent oa. It gives also clinicians an effective tool to minimize the incidence of early oa. A prospective clinical trial was defined to evaluate clinical outcome, biochemical changes in cartilage, biomechanical parameters and possible development of oa. The most common reconstruction techniques were selected for this study, including hamstring single-bundle, single-bundle with extraarticular tenodesis and anatomical double-bundle. Power analysis was performed in terms of changes at cartilage level measurable by mri with t2 mapping. A sample size of 42 patients with isolated traumatic acl injury were therefore identified, considering a possible 10% to follow-up. Subjects presenting skeletal immaturity, degenerative tear of acl, other potential risk factors of oa and previous knee surgery were excluded. Included patients were randomized and underwent one of the 3 specified reconstruction techniques. The patients were evaluated pre-operatively, intra-operatively and post-operatively at 4 and 18 months of follow-up. Clinical evaluation were performed at each time using subjective scores (koos) and generic health status (sf-12). The activity level were documented (marx) as well as objective function (ikdc). Preliminary results allow to verify kinematic patterns during active tasks, including level walking, stair descending and squatting using dynamic roentgen sterephotogrammetric analysis (rsa) methodology before and after the injured ligament reconstruction. Intra-operative kinematics was also available by using a dedicated navigation system, thus to verify knee laxity at the time of surgery. Additionally, non-invasive assessment was possible both before the reconstruction and during the whole follow-up period by using inertial sensors. Integrating 3d models with kinematic data, estimation of contact areas of stress patterns on cartilage was also possible. The presented integrate protocol allowed to acquired different types of information concerning clinical assessment, biochemical changes in cartilage and biomechanical parameters to identify which acl reconstruction could present the most chondroprotective behavior. Preliminary data showed all the potential of the proposed workflow. The study is on-going and final results will be shortly provided

Tightrope fixation is known method for reconstructing acromioclavicular joint and the presence of good bone stock around the two drillholes is the most important determining factor for preventing failure. Aim. Arthroscopic-assisted tightrope stabilisation involve drilling clavicle and coracoids in a straight line. This leads to eccentric drillholes with inadequate bone around it. Open tightrope fixation involves drilling holes under direct vision, independently and leading to centric hole with adequate bone around it. Our study assesses the hypothesis of tightrope fixation in relation to location of drillholes using CT-scan and cadaveric models for arthroscopic and open technique for ACJ fixation. Methods. CT-scans of 20 shoulders performed. Special software used to draw straight line from distal end of clavicle to coracoid. Bone volume around coracoid drillhole was calculated. Cadaveric shoulder specimens were dissected. The arthroscopic technique was performed under vision by drilling both clavicle and base of coracoid holes in one direction. Same specimens were used for open technique. Base of coracoid crossectioned and volume calculated. Results. 40 shoulders were included(20 cadaveric specimens&20 CT). Bone stock was adequate in both techniques. Variable angle for insertion of drillholes using arthroscopic technique were needed depending on shape of shoulder. Conclusion. Tightrope allows nonrigid anatomic fixation of acromioclavicular joint. Published studies showed high rate of fixation failure with tightrope system but with patient satisfaction and high functional results. Our study showed adequate bone stock around coracoid in both open and arthroscopic technique. Mode of failure remains unclear and we recommend further biomechanical studies to assess failure factors

Background. Hip resurfacing has resurged in the last decade due to a renewed interest in metal on metal bearing. One of the proposed advantages is ease of revision of the femoral component. Short term functional results after femoral revision are similar to those after conventional total hip replacement. Survival and function after revision of the acetabular component only or of both components have not been reported. We aimed to assess hip function and implant survival after revision of the acetabular component for failed Birmingham hip resurfacing (BHR). Methods. The Oswestry Outcome Centre collected data prospectively on 5000 patients who underwent hip resurfacing between 1997 and 2002. Of these, 182 hips were revised: 42% had revision of the femoral component only, 8% revision of the acetabular component only, and 50% revision of both components. This study analyzed patients who had revision of the acetabular component, either in isolation or in combination with the femoral component. Results. In the isolated acetabular revision group the median Harris Hip Score was 74 at a mean of 4.5 years post-revision. In the both components revision group the median Harris hip score was 85 at a mean of 4 years. There was no significant difference in function between the groups. Kaplan-Meier survivor ship analysis after revision showed an average survival of 91% at 10 years. There was a significant difference between survival of isolated acetabular revision (75%) and both component revision (96%). Conclusions. Revision total hip replacement subsequent to failure of hip resurfacing has good outcome and good midterm survival. Isolated acetabular revision and revision of both components had similar function but survival was significantly worse in the isolated acetabular revision group

The aim of management of an adult distal humeral fracture is to restore mobility, stability and pain-free elbow function. Good results are usually achieved in the majority of fractures treated with ORIF, but the management of comminuted fractures in elderly, frail patients with osteoporotic bone remains controversial. The literature focuses on elbow replacement if stable internal fixation cannot be achieved, with “bag-of-bones” management now rarely discussed eg. key-note paper - 10 successful cases reported by Brown RF & Morgan RG in 1971 (JBJS 53-B(3):425-428). We present the experience in two units in which conservative management has been actively adopted in selected cases by consultants with a subspecialty interest in the elbow. All patients over the age of 60 with distal humeral fractures (2007 – 2009) who had been treated conservatively were reviewed clinically and radiologically. Duration of follow-up and outcome, including the Oxford and quick DASH scores, were recorded, with the fractures classified using the AO system. There were 25 patients, 19 female and 6 male. 19/25 patients have been successfully treated conservatively with a mean Range Of Movement: Extension/Flexion: 45/125, Pronation/Supination 74/70. Only 5 underwent subsequent total elbow replacement and one delayed ORIF. There is a significant complication rate following surgical treatment with ORIF or elbow replacement in elderly, frail patients, including infection, painful non-union and/or stiffness. We believe that there is a role for initial conservative treatment in selected patients with low, displaced, comminuted humeral fractures in osteoporotic bone. Initial early mobilisation as pain allows can give good functional results without the risks of operation. It does not preclude future surgery if conservative treatment fails, but this is not required in the majority of cases

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiographical mid-term follow-up results of a second generation metal-on-metal cementless total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients younger than 50 years. Methods. Twenty eight patients (35 hips) who underwent total hip arthroplasty with second generation metal-on-metal bearings for osteonecrosis of the femoral head at a minimum 5-year follow-up were included in this study. There were 5 women (6 hips) and 23 men (29 hips) who had a mean age of 40 years (range, 23 to 49 years) and a mean follow-up of 7 years. We used a Fitmore (Zimmer) cup and a 28mm Metasul femoral head in all cases. A CLS (Protek AG/Zimmer) femoral stem was used in 30 hips and a Cone prosthesis¯ (Protek AG) was used in 5 hips. Functional results were measured by Harris hip (HHS) and WOMAC scores. Radiographic evaluations were used to assess loosening and osteolysis according to Gruen and Delee and Charnley criteria. Results. The mean Harris hip score improved from 58 points (range, 35 to 67 points) pre-operatively to 92 points (range, 84 to 99 points) post-operatively, and the mean WOMAC score improved from 73 points (range, 63 to 89 points) to 30 points (range, 24 to 41 points). On radiological evaluation, all femoral and acetabular components were well-fixed without loosening or subsidence. Osteolysis was observed in 5 hips (14%) (acetabular osteolysis in 2 cases-Zone 2; 1, Zone 3; 1, femoral osteolysis in 3 cases- Zone 1; 2, Zone 7; 1). There were no complications including immediate post-operative deep infection, delayed infection, or recurrent dislocation. There was no case of revision for aseptic loosening. Conclusion. Second generation metal-on-metal cementless total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients younger than 50 years showed favorable functional and radiographic results

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiographical results in patients younger than 30 years who underwent cementless third generation ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods. Forty one patients (55 hips) who underwent total hip arthroplasty with third generation ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for osteonecrosis of the femoral head with a minimum 4-year follow-up were included in this study. There were 26 men and 15 women who had a mean age of 26 years (range, 16 to 29 years). The average duration of follow-up was 6 years (range, 4 to 7 years). All surgeries were done by a single hip surgeon and third generation ceramic-on-ceramic articulations were used. Securefit (Stryker) acetabular components were used in 46 hips and Duraloc (Depuy) in 9 hips. Accolade (Stryker) femoral stems were used in 33 hips, cone prosthesis (Zimmer) in 18 hips and CLS (Zimmer) in 4 hips. Functional results were measured by Harris hip (HHS) and WOMAC scores. Radiographic evaluation was assessed for loosening and osteolysis according to Gruen and Delee and Charnley criteria. Results. The average HHS improved from 53 points (range, 24 to 59 points) pre-operatively to 95 points (range, 88 to 100 points) at last follow-up. WOMAC scores improved from 72 points (range, 50 to 98 points) to 25 points (range, 21 to 37 points). Thirty nine patients (51 hips) continued their normal occupation. There was no aseptic loosening, osteolysis, and no prosthesis had been revised. There was one patient who complained of continuous squeaking and two patients with Brooker grade I heterotopic ossification. There were no other major complications such as ceramic fracture. Conclusion. Total hip arthroplasty with third generation ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for osteonecrosis of the femoral head especially in active and young patients resulted in satisfactory clinical and radiological results at minimum 4 year follow-up. If long-term follow-up shows excellent results, then the age limit for total hip arthroplasty might be lowered

The response of the muscle is critical in determining the functional outcome of limb lengthening. We hypothesised that muscle response would vary with age and therefore studied the response of the muscles during tibial lengthening in ten young and ten mature rabbits. A bromodeoxyuridine technique was used to identify the dividing cells. The young rabbits demonstrated a significantly greater proliferative response to the distraction stimulus than the mature ones. This was particularly pronounced at the myotendinous junction, but was also evident within the muscle belly. Younger muscle adapted better to lengthening, suggesting that in patients in whom a large degree of muscle lengthening is required it may be beneficial to carry out this procedure when they are young, in order to achieve the optimal functional result

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiographical results in patients who underwent a modified minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty using large-diameter ceramic-on-ceramic articulations for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods. One hundred and one patients (135 hips) who underwent unilateral minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasties using large diameter ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for osteonecrosis of the femoral head with a minimum 12-months follow-up were included in this study. There were 22 women and 79 men who had a mean age of 46 years (range, 22 to 82 years). The mean follow-up was 25 months (range, 12 to 36 months). All surgeries were done by a single hip surgeon. The authors modified the original minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty technique and used large-diameter (32mm, 36mm) ceramic-on-ceramic articulations. In the lateral position, an anterolateral approach between the gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata muscles and a posterior approach between the piriformis and gluteus medius muscles was used. Functional results were measured by Harris hip (HHS) and WOMAC scores. Radiographic evaluation was assessed for positioning of the components and complications were assessed. Results. The mean Harris hip score improved from 43 points (range, 13 to 58 points) pre-operatively to 96 points (range, 73 to 100 points) post-operatively and the mean WOMAC score improved from 67 points (range, 50 to 98 points) to 28 points (range, 26 to 39 points). On radiological evaluation, the mean lateral opening angle of the acetabular component was 35.9 degrees (range, 27.1 degrees to 47.4 degrees) and the mean stem position was valgus 2.4 degrees (range, varus 2.7 degrees to valgus 5.3 degrees). One patient suffered an intra-operative femur fracture and another underwent revision surgery due to stem subsidence. There were no complications such as immediate post-operative deep infection, delayed infection, or recurrent dislocation. Conclusion. A modified minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty using large-diameter ceramic-on-ceramic articulation for osteonecrosis of the femoral head is safe and reproducible in terms of achieving proper implant positioning and early functional recovery. In particular, the complication rates encountered, especially dislocation, were low

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiographical results in patients who underwent a modified minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty using large-diameter metal-on-metal articulations for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods. From December 2007 to July 2008, 45 hips (33 patients) underwent total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. There was 1 woman (2 hips) and 32 men (43 hips) who had a mean age of 39 years (range, 22 to 64 years). The minimum follow-up was 12 months (range, 12 to 19 months). The authors modified the original minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty technique and used large-diameter metal-on-metal articulations. In the lateral position, an anterolateral approach was used between the gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata muscles and for the posterior approach the muscle plane was between the piriformis and gluteus medius muscles. The acetabular components, Durom¯ (Zimmer) in 20 hips and Magnum¯ (Biomet) was used in 25 hips. M/L taper¯ (Zimmer) femoral stems were used in all cases. The size of the femoral heads were 38 mm (1 hip), 40 mm (3 hips), 42 mm (13 hips), 44 mm (18 hips), 46 mm (5 hips), 48 mm (4 hips) and 50 mm (1 hip). Postures such as excessive flexion or adduction which cause dislocation were not restricted, post-operatively. Functional results were measured by Harris hip scores (HHS), WOMAC scores, and range of motion. Radiographic evaluation was assessed for positions of components and post-operative complications were noted. Results. Mean operation time was 72 minutes (range, 54 to 94 minutes). The mean Harris hip score improved from 50 points (range, 38 to 73 points) pre-operatively to 96 points (range, 84 to 100 points) post-operatively, and the mean WOMAC score improved from 68 points (range, 50 to 93 points) to 28 points (range, 26 to 34 points). The mean flexion improved from 85° pre-operatively to 122° post-operatively. The mean internal rotation improved from 2.5° pre-operatively to 25.3° post-operatively. The mean external rotation improved from 31.8° pre-operatively to 60.1° post-operatively. The mean abduction improved from 24.0° pre-operatively to 41.6° post-operatively. The mean adduction improved from 19.4 ° pre-operatively to 26.6° post-operatively. All patients were able to sit cross legged and squat. On radiological evaluation, the mean lateral opening angle of the acetabular component was 39.4° (range, 32.2°-48.5°) and the mean stem position was valgus 0.3° (range, varus 2.8° to valgus 2.0°). At last follow-up, all femoral and acetabular components were well-fixed without loosening or subsidence. There were no complications such as dislocation, immediate post-operative deep infection or delayed infection. Conclusion. Modified minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty using large-diameter metal-on-metal articulations for osteonecrosis of the femoral head results in satisfactory early clinical and radiologic results

The renewed interest in the clinically proven low wear of the metal-on-metal bearing combined with the capacity of inserting a thin walled cementless acetabular component has fostered the reintroduction of hip resurfacing. As in other forms of conservative hip surgery, i.e. pelvic osteotomies and impingement surgery, patient selection will help minimize complications and the need for early reoperation. Patient Selection and Hip Resurfacing. Although hip resurfacing was initially plagued with high failure rates, the introduction of metal on metal bearings as well as hybrid fixation has shown excellent survivorships of 97 to 99% at 4 to 5 years follow-up. However, it is important to critically look at the initial published results. In all of these series there was some form of patient selection. For example, in the Daniel and associates publications, only patients with osteoarthritis with an age less than 55 were included with 79% of patients being male. Treacy and associates stated that: “the operation was offered to men under the age of 65 years and women under the age of 60 years, with normal bone stock judged by plain radiographs and an expectation that they would return to an active lifestyle, including some sports”. However in the materials and methods, although the mean age is 52 years, the range is from 17 to 76 years including some patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as osteonecrosis. Obviously, some form of patient selection is needed; but how one integrates them is where the Surface Arthroplasty Risk Index (SARI) is useful. With a maximum score of 6, points are assigned accordingly: femoral head cyst >1cm: 2 points; patient weight <82kg: 2 points; previous hip surgery: 1 point; UCLA Activity level >6: 1 point. A SARI score >3 represented a 4 fold increase risk in early failure or adverse radiological changes and with a survivorship of 89% at four years. The SARI index also proved to be relevant in assessing the outcome of the all cemented McMinn resurfacing implant (Corin¯, Circentester, England) at a mean follow-up of 8.7 years. Hips which had failed or with evidence of radiographic failure on the femoral side had a significantly higher SARI score than the remaining hips, 3.9 versus 1.9. Finally, one must consider the underlying diagnosis when evaluating a patient for hip resurfacing. In cases of dysplasia, acetabular deficiencies combined with the inability of inserting screws through the acetabular component may make initial implant stability unpredictable. This deformity in combination with a significant leg length discrepancy or valgus femoral neck could compromise the functional results of surface arthroplasty, and in those situations a stem type total hip replacement may provide a superior functional outcome. In respect to other diagnoses (osteonecrosis, inflammatory arthritis), initial analyses have not demonstrated any particular diagnostic group at greater risk of earlier failure. The only reservation we have is in patients with compromised renal function since metal ions generated from the metal-on-metal bearing are excreted through the urine and the lack of clearance of these ions may lead to excessive levels in the blood. Surgical Technique. Because resurfacing has not been within the training curriculum of orthopaedic surgeons for the last 2 decades, there will most likely be a learning curve in the integration of this implant within clinical practice. This data was confirmed for hip resurfacing when looking at the Canadian Academic Experience where in the first 50 cases of five arthroplasty surgeons only a 3.2% failure rate was noted of which 1.6% were due to neck fracture. Femoral neck fracture can occur because of significant varus positioning as well as osteonecrosis of the femoral head due to either disruption of the blood supply or over cement penetration. Finally, abnormal wear patterns leading to severe soft tissue reactions are being increasingly recognized and are related to either impingement or vertically placed acetabular components. Although impingement has long been recognized after total hip arthroplasty to limit range of motion and in extreme cases to hip instability, the risk after hip resurfacing may be greater since the femoral head-neck unit is preserved. Beaulé and associates have reported that 56% of hips treated by hip resurfacing have an abnormal offset ratio pre-operatively, with the two main diagnostic groups presenting deficient head-neck offset being osteonecrosis and osteoarthritis both of which have been associated with femoroacetabular impingement in the pre arthritic state. Conclusion. Although patients with a high activity level are likely to put their hip arthroplasties at risk for earlier failure, limiting a patient's activity because of fear of revision with a stem type hip arthroplasty has been shown to negatively impact the quality of life at long term follow-up. Thus hip resurfacing arthroplasty plays a significant role in the treatment of hip arthritis by permitting a return to full activities or what the patient perceives as his/her full capacities to do so, permitting them to enjoy a better quality of life without fearing a major hip revision

We used demineralised bone matrix (DBM) to augment re-attachment of tendon to a metal prosthesis in an in vivo ovine model of reconstruction of the extensor mechanism at the knee. We hypothesised that augmentation of the tendon-implant interface with DBM would enhance the functional and histological outcomes as compared with previously reported control reconstructions without DBM. Function was assessed at six and 12 weeks postoperatively, and histological examination was undertaken at 12 weeks.

A significant increase of 23.5% was observed in functional weight-bearing at six weeks in the DBM-augmented group compared with non-augmented controls (p = 0.004). By 12 weeks augmentation with DBM resulted in regeneration of a more direct-type enthesis, with regions of fibrocartilage, mineralised fibrocartilage and bone. In the controls the interface was predominantly indirect, with the tendon attached to the bone graft-hydroxyapatite base plate by perforating collagen fibres.

We carried out lacerations of 50%, followed by trimming, in ten turkey flexor tendons in vitro and measured the coefficient of friction at the tendon-pulley interface with loads of 200 g and 400 g and in 10°, 30°, 50° and 70° of flexion. Laceration increased the coefficient of friction from 0.12 for the intact tendon to 0.3 at both the test loads. Trimming the laceration reduced the coefficient of friction to 0.2. An exponential increase in the gliding resistance was found at 50° and 70° of flexion (p = 0.02 and p = 0.003, respectively) following trimming compared to that of the intact tendon.

We concluded that trimming partially lacerated flexor tendons will reduce the gliding resistance at the tendon-pulley interface, but will lead to fragmentation and triggering of the tendon at higher degrees of flexion and loading. We recommend that higher degrees of flexion be avoided during early post-operative rehabilitation following trimming of a flexor tendon.

External fixation of distal tibial fractures is often associated with delayed union. We have investigated whether union can be enhanced by using recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7).

Osteoinduction with rhBMP-7 and bovine collagen was used in 20 patients with distal tibial fractures which had been treated by external fixation (BMP group). Healing of the fracture was compared with that of 20 matched patients in whom treatment was similar except that rhBMP-7 was not used.

Significantly more fractures had healed by 16 (p = 0.039) and 20 weeks (p = 0.022) in the BMP group compared with the matched group. The mean time to union (p = 0.002), the duration of absence from work (p = 0.018) and the time for which external fixation was required (p = 0.037) were significantly shorter in the BMP group than in the matched group. Secondary intervention due to delayed healing was required in two patients in the BMP group and seven in the matched group.

RhBMP-7 can enhance the union of distal tibial fractures treated by external fixation.

This study compared the effect of a computer-assisted and a traditional surgical technique on the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint during passive abduction after hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder for the treatment of fractures. We used seven pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders to create simulated four-part fractures of the proximal humerus, which were then reconstructed with hemiarthroplasty and reattachment of the tuberosities. The specimens were randomised, so that one from each pair was repaired using the computer-assisted technique, whereas a traditional hemiarthroplasty without navigation was performed in the contralateral shoulder. Kinematic data were obtained using an electromagnetic tracking device.

The traditional technique resulted in posterior and inferior translation of the humeral head. No statistical differences were observed before or after computer-assisted surgery.

Although it requires further improvement, the computer-assisted approach appears to allow glenohumeral kinematics to more closely replicate those of the native joint, potentially improving the function of the shoulder and extending the longevity of the prosthesis.