This study aimed to assess the outcomes of patients with complex rib fractures undergoing operative or non-operative management at our center over a six-year time period. Retrospective analysis was performed to identify all patients with complex rib fractures at our center from May 2016 to September 2022. Outcome measures included mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, pneumonia, and mortality at one year. 388 patients with complex rib fractures were identified. 37 (10%) patients fulfilled criteria for surgical management and underwent rib fracture fixation; 351 patients were managed non-operatively with anaesthetic block or analgesia alone. The fixation group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with flail chest (30 (81%) vs 94 (27%), p<0.001) and were significantly more likely to require ICU admission (30 (81%) vs. 16 (5%), p<0.001) than the non-operative group. At one year follow-up, no significant differences were seen for mortality between these groups (1 (3%) vs. 27 (7%), p=0.276). Of the surgical management group, those that underwent fixation <72 hours post injury were significantly less likely to develop pneumonia than those who were delayed >72 hours (2 (18%) vs 15 (58%), p=0.038), with downward trends noted for ICU length of stay (6 vs 10 days, p=0.140) and duration of mechanical ventilation (5 vs 8 days, p=0.177); no significant differences were seen for tracheostomy (3 vs. 5, p=0.588) or mortality (0 vs 1, p=0.856). Surgical fixation of complex rib fractures improves outcomes in selected patient groups. Early surgical fixation led to reduced rates of pneumonia and may improve other outcome measures

Historically rib fractures have been managed conservatively but over recent years evidence has continued to grow in support of fixation in select cases. Rib fractures can affect patients’ ability to adequately ventilate and increase the morbidity and mortality of patients with multiple injuries. There is increasing evidence that rib fracture fixation in certain patients is of benefit, reducing length of stay both in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and overall hospital stay, as well as resulting in a decreased rate of tracheostomy and pneumonia. We commenced rib fracture fixation two years ago as a combined procedure between Trauma Orthopaedics and Cardiothoracic surgery for carefully identified patients. We instituted a multi-disciplinary decision making process involving the Orthopaedic, Cardiothoracic and ICU teams. We present the initial results for these patients. Fourteen patients with a total of 49 ribs were fixed between November 2015 and August 2017. Nine patients were acute and multiply injured, with five patients treated with delayed fixation for ventilation problems following non-union of existing fractures. The average length of stay was 13 days. Follow up is ongoing with a mean follow up of 192 days. There have been no deep infections or acute complications and no incidence of peri-operative pneumothorax in this initial cohort. There have been no deaths, and all of these patients have since been discharged to their own home. The initial outcomes following the introduction of this new procedure to our unit have been encouraging, although the long term results are awaited

The aim was to report operative complications, radiographic and patient-reported outcomes following lateral tibial plateau fracture fixation augmented with calcium phosphate cement (CPC). From 2007–2018, 187 patients (median age 57yrs [range 22–88], 63% female [n=118/187]) with a Schatzker II/III fracture were retrospectively identified. There were 103 (55%) ORIF and 84 (45%) percutaneous fixation procedures. Complications and radiographic outcomes were determined from outpatient records and radiographs. Long-term follow-up was via telephone interview. At a median of 6 months (range 0.1–138) postoperatively, complications included superficial peroneal nerve injury (0.5%, n=1/187), infection (6.4%, n=12/187), prominent metalwork (10.2%, n=19/187) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA; 5.3%, n=10/187). The median postoperative medial proximal tibial angle was 89o (range 82–107) and posterior proximal tibial angle 82o (range 45–95). Three patients (1.6%) underwent debridement for infection and 27 (14.4%) required metalwork removal. Seven patients (4.2%) underwent total knee replacement for PTOA. Sixty percent of available patients (n=97/163) completed telephone follow-up at a median of 6yrs (range 1–13). The median Oxford Knee Score was 42 (range 3–48), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score 88 (range 10–100), EuroQol 5-Dimension score 0.812 (range −0.349–1.000) and Visual Analogue Scale 75 (range 10–100). There were no significant differences between ORIF and percutaneous fixation in patient-reported outcome (all p>0.05). Fixation augmented with CPC is safe and effective for lateral tibial plateau fractures, with a low complication rate and good long-term knee function and health-related quality of life. Percutaneous fixation offers a viable alternative to ORIF with no detriment to patient-reported outcome

This single-centre prospective randomised trial aimed to assess the superiority of operative fixation compared with non-operative management for adults with an isolated, closed humeral shaft fracture.

70 patients were randomly allocated to either open reduction and internal fixation (51%, n=36/70) or functional bracing (49%, n=34/70). 7 patients did not receive their assigned treatment (operative n=5/32, non-operative n=2/32); results were analysed based upon intention-to-treat. The primary outcome measure was the DASH score at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included treatment complications, union/nonunion, shoulder/elbow range of motion, pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

At 3 months, 66 patients (94%) were available for follow-up; the mean DASH favoured surgery (operative 24.5, non-operative 39.4; p=0.006) and the difference (14.9 points) exceeded the MCID. Surgery was also associated with a superior DASH at 6wks (operative 38.4, non-operative 53.1; p=0.005) but not at 6 months or 1yr. Brace-related dermatitis affected 7 patients (operative 3%, non-operative 18%; OR 7.8, p=0.049) but there were no differences in other complications. 8 patients (11%) developed a nonunion (operative 6%, non-operative 18%; OR 3.8, p=0.140). Surgery was associated with superior early shoulder/elbow range of motion, and pain, EuroQol and SF-12 Mental Component Summary scores. There were no other differences in outcomes between groups.

Surgery confers early advantages over bracing, in terms of upper limb function, shoulder/elbow range of motion, pain and HRQoL. However, these benefits should be considered in the context of potential operative risks and the absence of any difference in patient-reported outcomes at 1yr.

Aims. Ankle fracture fixation is commonly performed by junior trainees. Simulation training using cadavers may shorten the learning curve and result in a technically superior surgical performance. Methods. We undertook a preliminary, pragmatic, single-blinded, multicentre, randomized controlled trial of cadaveric simulation versus standard training. Primary outcome was fracture reduction on postoperative radiographs. Results. Overall, 139 ankle fractures were fixed by 28 postgraduate year three to five trainee surgeons (mean age 29.4 years; 71% males) during ten months' follow-up. Under the intention-to-treat principle, a technically superior fixation was performed by the cadaveric-trained group compared to the standard-trained group, as measured on the first postoperative radiograph against predefined acceptability thresholds. The cadaveric-trained group used a lower intraoperative dose of radiation than the standard-trained group (mean difference 0.011 Gym. 2. , 95% confidence interval 0.003 to 0.019; p = 0.009). There was no difference in procedure time. Conclusion. Trainees randomized to cadaveric training performed better ankle fracture fixations and irradiated patients less during surgery compared to standard-trained trainees. This effect, which was previously unknown, is likely to be a consequence of the intervention. Further study is required. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):594–601

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the trajectory of recovery following fixation of tibial plateau fractures up to five-year follow-up, including simple (Schatzker I-IV) versus complex (Schatzker V-VI) fractures.

Objectives

We aimed to further evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of two locking screws versus three standard bicortical screws in synthetic models of normal and osteoporotic bone.

Aims. To evaluate if, for orthopaedic trainees, additional cadaveric simulation training or standard training alone yields superior radiological and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation or hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture. Methods. This was a preliminary, pragmatic, multicentre, parallel group randomized controlled trial in nine secondary and tertiary NHS hospitals in England. Researchers were blinded to group allocation. Overall, 40 trainees in the West Midlands were eligible: 33 agreed to take part and were randomized, five withdrew after randomization, 13 were allocated cadaveric training, and 15 were allocated standard training. The intervention was an additional two-day cadaveric simulation course. The control group received standard on-the-job training. Primary outcome was implant position on the postoperative radiograph: tip-apex distance (mm) (DHS) and leg length discrepancy (mm) (hemiarthroplasty). Secondary clinical outcomes were procedure time, length of hospital stay, acute postoperative complication rate, and 12-month mortality. Procedure-specific secondary outcomes were intraoperative radiation dose (for DHS) and postoperative blood transfusion requirement (hemiarthroplasty). Results. Eight female (29%) and 20 male trainees (71%), mean age 29.4 years, performed 317 DHS operations and 243 hemiarthroplasties during ten months of follow-up. Primary analysis was a random effect model with surgeon-level fixed effects of patient condition, patient age, and surgeon experience, with a random intercept for surgeon. Under the intention-to-treat principle, for hemiarthroplasty there was better implant position in favour of cadaveric training, measured by leg length discrepancy ≤ 10 mm (odds ratio (OR) 4.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 14.22); p = 0.027). There were significantly fewer postoperative blood transfusions required in patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty by cadaveric-trained compared to standard-trained surgeons (OR 6.00 (95% CI 1.83 to 19.69); p = 0.003). For DHS, there was no significant between-group difference in implant position as measured by tip-apex distance ≤ 25 mm (OR 6.47 (95% CI 0.97 to 43.05); p = 0.053). No between-group differences were observed for any secondary clinical outcomes. Conclusion. Trainees randomized to additional cadaveric training performed hip fracture fixation with better implant positioning and fewer postoperative blood transfusions in hemiarthroplasty. This effect, which was previously unknown, may be a consequence of the intervention. Further study is required. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):602–611

Aims. The last decade has seen a marked increase in surgical rib fracture fixation (SRF). The evidence to support this comes largely from retrospective cohorts, and adjusting for the effect of other injuries sustained at the same time is challenging. This study aims to assess the impact of SRF after blunt chest trauma using national prospective registry data, while controlling for other comorbidities and injuries. Methods. A ten-year extract from the Trauma Audit and Research Network formed the study sample. Patients who underwent SRF were compared with those who received supportive care alone. The analysis was performed first for the entire eligible cohort, and then for patients with a serious (thoracic Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3) or minor (thoracic AIS < 3) chest injury without significant polytrauma. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of mortality. Kaplan-Meier estimators and multivariable Cox regression were performed to adjust for the effects of concomitant injuries and other comorbidities. Outcomes assessed were 30-day mortality, length of stay (LoS), and need for tracheostomy. Results. A total of 86,838 cases were analyzed. The rate of SRF was 1.2%. SRF significantly reduced risk of mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.27 (95 confidence interval (CI) 0.128 to 0.273); p < 0.001) and need for tracheostomy (OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.191 to 0.319); p < 0.001) after adjustment for other covariables across the whole cohort. SRF remained protective in patients with a serious chest injury (hazard ratio (HR) 0.24 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.45); p < 0.001). The benefit in more minor chest injury was less clear. Mean LoS for patients who survived was longer in the SRF group (24.29 days (SD 26.54) vs 16.60 days (SD 26.35); p < 0.001). Conclusion. SRF reduces mortality after significant chest trauma associated with both major and minor polytrauma. The rate of fixation in the UK is low and potentially underused as a treatment for severe chest wall injury. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(6):729–735

We aimed to determine the rate of and risk factors for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requirement after operative management of tibial plateau fractures (TPF) in older adults. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 182 operatively managed TPFs in 180 patients ≥60 years old over a 12-year period with minimum follow up 1 year. Data including patient demographics, clinical frailty scores, mechanism of injury, management, reoperation and mortality were recorded. Radiographs were reviewed for: Schatzker classification; pre-existing knee osteoarthritis (KOA); severe joint depression >15mm; and development of PTOA. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was performed. Regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for radiographic indication for TKA and actual TKA. Forty-seven percent were Schatzker II fractures. Radiographic KOA was present at fracture in 32.6%. Fracture fixation was performed in 95.6% cases and acute TKA in 4.4%. Thirteen patients underwent late TKA (7.5%). At five-years, 11.8% (6.0-16.7 95% CI) had required TKA and 20.9% (14.4-27.4 95% CI) had a radiographic indication for TKA. Severe joint depression and pre-existing KOA were associated with worse survival for endpoints radiographic indication for TKA and actual TKA. Severe joint depression (HR 2.49(1.35-4.61 95% CI), p=0.004), pre-existing KOA (HR 2.23(1.17-4.23), p=0.015) and inflammatory arthropathy (HR 2.4(1.04-5.53), p=0.039) were independently associated with radiographic indication for TKA. In conclusion, severe joint depression and pre-existing arthritis are independent risk factors for both severe PTOA and TKA after TPFs in older adults. These features should be considered as an indication for primary management with acute TKA

Aims. Proper preoperative planning benefits fracture reduction, fixation, and stability in tibial plateau fracture surgery. We developed and clinically implemented a novel workflow for 3D surgical planning including patient-specific drilling guides in tibial plateau fracture surgery. Methods. A prospective feasibility study was performed in which consecutive tibial plateau fracture patients were treated with 3D surgical planning, including patient-specific drilling guides applied to standard off-the-shelf plates. A postoperative CT scan was obtained to assess whether the screw directions, screw lengths, and plate position were performed according the preoperative planning. Quality of the fracture reduction was assessed by measuring residual intra-articular incongruence (maximum gap and step-off) and compared to a historical matched control group. Results. A total of 15 patients were treated with 3D surgical planning in which 83 screws were placed by using drilling guides. The median deviation of the achieved screw trajectory from the planned trajectory was 3.4° (interquartile range (IQR) 2.5 to 5.4) and the difference in entry points (i.e. plate position) was 3.0 mm (IQR 2.0 to 5.5) compared to the 3D preoperative planning. The length of 72 screws (86.7%) were according to the planning. Compared to the historical cohort, 3D-guided surgery showed an improved surgical reduction in terms of median gap (3.1 vs 4.7 mm; p = 0.126) and step-off (2.9 vs 4.0 mm; p = 0.026). Conclusion. The use of 3D surgical planning including drilling guides was feasible, and facilitated accurate screw directions, screw lengths, and plate positioning. Moreover, the personalized approach improved fracture reduction as compared to a historical cohort. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(1):46–52

The surgical care of extra-articular distal tibial fractures remains controversial. This study looks at the radiological outcomes of distal tibial fractures treated with either a direct medial or anterolateral plate, with or without plating of the fibula, to assess the outcome and complications associated with these 2 approaches. This is a retrospective review of 80 patients with distal tibial extra-articular fractures, treated with an open reduction and plating, between 2008 and 2019 at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Case notes and x-rays were reviewed. Of those tibial fractures fixed with only a medial plate, 78% united (28/36), 5% (2/36) had a non-union and 17% (6/36) a malunion. In the group treated with a combination of medial tibial and fibular plating, the figures were; 71% (15/21), 19% (4/21) and 10% (2/21). However, in the group treated with anterolateral plating of the tibia alone, only 53% (8/15) united, with a 20% (3/15) non-union and 13% (2/15) malunion rate. Additionally in this group, there were 2 patients (13%) with loss of fracture reduction within the first two months of fracture fixation, requiring revision surgery. Interestingly, of the 8 patients treated with anterolateral tibial and fibular plating, 88% (7/8) showed full union and only one (12%) had a non-union, with no malunions is this group. It would appear that medial tibial and a combination of medial tibial and fibular plating, have superior outcomes compared to anterolateral plating. Results suggest, if anterolateral plating is done, this should be augmented by fixation of the fibular fracture as well

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of revision for distal femoral arthroplasty (DFA) performed as a primary procedure for native knee fractures using data from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Arthroplasty Registry (AOANJRR). Methods. Data from the AOANJRR were obtained for DFA performed as primary procedures for native knee fractures from 1 September 1999 to 31 December 2020. Pathological fractures and revision for failed internal fixation were excluded. The five prostheses identified were the Global Modular Arthroplasty System, the Modular Arthroplasty System, the Modular Universal Tumour And Revision System, the Orthopaedic Salvage System, and the Segmental System. Patient demographic data (age, sex, and American Society of Anesthesiologists grade) were obtained, where available. Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival were used to determine the rate of revision, and the reasons for revision and mortality data were examined. Results. The AOANJRR identified 153 primary DFAs performed for native knee fractures in 151 patients during the study period, with 63.3% of these (n = 97) performed within the last five years. The median follow-up was 2.1 years (interquartile range 0.8 to 4.4). The patient population was 84.8% female (n = 128), with a mean age of 76.1 years (SD 11.9). The cumulative percent revision rate at three years was 10%. The most common reason for revision was loosening, followed by infection. Patient survival at one year was 87.5%, decreasing to 72.8% at three years postoperatively. Conclusion. The use of DFA to treat native knee fractures is increasing, with 63.3% of cases performed within the last five years. While long-term data are not available, the results of this study suggest that DFA may be a reasonable option for elderly patients with native knee fractures where fixation is not feasible, or for whom prolonged non-weightbearing may be detrimental. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):894–901

Aims. The Open-Fracture Patient Evaluation Nationwide (OPEN) study was performed to provide clarity in open fracture management previously skewed by small, specialist centre studies and large, unfocused registry investigations. We report the current management metrics of open fractures across the UK. Method. Patients admitted to hospital with an open fracture (excluding phalanges or isolated hand injuries) between 1 June 2021 and 30 September 2021 were included. Institutional information governance approval was obtained at the lead site and all data entered using Research Electronic Data Capture software. All domains of the British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Open Fracture Management were recorded. Results. Across 51 centres, 1,175 patients were analyzed. Antibiotics were given to 754 (69.0%) in the emergency department, 240 (22.0%) pre-hospital, and 99 (9.1%) as inpatients. Wounds were photographed in 848 (72.7%) cases. Median time to first surgery was 16 hrs 14 mins (interquartile range (IQR) 8 hrs 29 mins to 23 hrs 19 mins). Complex injuries were operated on sooner (median 12 hrs 51 mins (IQR 4 hrs 36 mins to 21 hrs 14 mins)). Of initial procedures, 1,053 (90.3%) occurred between 8am and 8pm. A consultant orthopaedic surgeon was present at 1,039 (89.2%) first procedures. In orthoplastic centres, a consultant plastic surgeon was present at 465 (45.1%) first procedures. Overall, 706 (60.8%) patients required a single operation. At primary debridement, 798 (65.0%) fractures were definitively fixed, while 734 (59.8%) fractures had fixation and coverage in one operation through direct closure or soft-tissue coverage. Negative pressure wound therapy was used in 235 (67.7%) staged procedures. Following wound closure or soft-tissue cover, 509 (47.0%) patients received antibiotics for a median of three days (IQR 1 to 7). Conclusion. OPEN provides an insight into care across the UK and different levels of hospital for open fractures. Patients are predominantly operated on promptly, in working hours, and at specialist centres. Areas for improvement include combined patient review and follow-up, scheduled operating, earlier definitive soft-tissue cover, and more robust antibiotic husbandry. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(9):1073–1080

Aims. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of conducting a full-scale, appropriately powered, randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing internal fracture fixation and distal femoral replacement (DFR) for distal femoral fractures in older patients. Patients and Methods. Seven centres recruited patients into the study. Patients were eligible if they were greater than 65 years of age with a distal femoral fracture, and if the surgeon felt that they were suitable for either form of treatment. Outcome measures included the patients’ willingness to participate, clinicians’ willingness to recruit, rates of loss to follow-up, the ability to capture data, estimates of standard deviation to inform the sample size calculation, and the main determinants of cost. The primary clinical outcome measure was the EuroQol five-dimensional index (EQ-5D) at six months following injury. Results. Of 36 patients who met the inclusion criteria, five declined to participate and eight were not recruited, leaving 23 patients to be randomized. One patient withdrew before surgery. Of the remaining patients, five (23%) withdrew during the follow-up period and six (26%) died. A 100% response rate was achieved for the EQ-5D at each follow-up point, excluding one missing datapoint at baseline. In the DFR group, the mean cost of the implant outweighed the mean cost of many other items, including theatre time, length of stay, and readmissions. For a powered RCT, a total sample size of 1400 would be required with 234 centres recruiting over three years. At six months, the EQ-5D utility index was lower in the DFR group. Conclusion. This study found that running a full-scale trial in this country would not be feasible. However, it may be feasible to undertake an international multicentre trial, and our findings provide some guidance about the power of such a study, the numbers required, and some challenges that should be anticipated and addressed. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1408–1415

Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of preoperative serum CRP, white blood cell count (WBC), percentage of neutrophils (%N), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) when using the fracture-related infection (FRI) consensus definition. Methods. A cohort of 106 patients having surgery for suspected septic nonunion after failed fracture fixation were studied. Blood samples were collected preoperatively, and the concentration of serum CRP, WBC, and differential cell count were analyzed. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of diagnostic tests were compared using the z-test. Regression trees were constructed and internally cross-validated to derive a simple diagnostic decision tree. Results. Using the FRI consensus definition, 46 patients (43%) were identified as infected. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of CRP were 67% (95% confidence interval (CI) 52% to 80%), 61% (95% CI 47% to 74%), and 0.64 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.74); of WBC count were 17% (95% CI 9% to 31%), 95% (95% CI 86% to 99%), and 0.57 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.62); of %N 13% (95% CI 6% to 26%), 87% (95% CI 76% to 93%), and 0.50 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.56); and of NLR 28% (95% CI 17% to 43%), 80% (95% CI 68% to 88%), and 0.54 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.63), respectively. A better performance of serum CRP was shown in comparison to the leucocyte count (p = 0.006), %N (p < 0.001), and NLR (p = 0.001). A statistically lower serum CRP level was shown in patients with an infection caused by a low virulence microorganism in comparison to high virulence bacteria (p = 0.008). We found that a simple decision tree approach using only low serum neutrophils (< 3.615 × 10. 9. /l) and low CRP (< 2.45 mg/l) may allow better identification of aseptic cases. Conclusion. The evaluated serum inflammatory markers showed limited diagnostic value in the preoperative diagnosis of FRI when using the uniform FRI Consensus Definition. Therefore, they should remain as suggestive criteria in diagnosing FRI. Although CRP showed a higher performance in comparison to the other serum markers, it is insufficiently accurate to diagnose a septic nonunion, especially when caused by low virulence microorganisms. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7):904–911

Aims. The aim of this study was to examine trends in the management of fractures of the distal radius in Ireland over a ten-year period, and to determine if there were any changes in response to the English Distal Radius Acute Fracture Fixation Trial (DRAFFT). Patients and Methods. Data was grouped into annual intervals from 2008 to 2017. All adult inpatient episodes that involved emergency surgery for fractures of the distal radius were included. Results. In 2008 Kirschner-wire (K-wire) fixation accounted for 59% of operations for fractures of the distal radius, and plate fixation for 21%. In 2017, the rate of K-wire fixation had fallen to 30%, and the proportion of patients who underwent plate fixation had risen to 62%. Conclusion. There is an increasing trend towards open reduction and internal fixation for fractures of the distal radius in Ireland. This has been accompanied by a decrease in popularity for K-wire fixation. DRAFFT did not appear to influence trends in the management of fractures of the distal radius in Ireland. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1550–1556

Aims

Patient decision aids have previously demonstrated an improvement in the quality of the informed consent process. This study assessed the effectiveness of detailed written patient information, compared to standard verbal consent, in improving postoperative recall in adult orthopaedic trauma patients.

Aims

Proximal femur fractures treatment can involve anterograde nailing with a single or double cephalic screw. An undesirable failure for this fixation is screw cut-out. In a single-screw nail, a tip-apex distance (TAD) greater than 25 mm has been associated with an increased risk of cut-out. The aim of the study was to examine the role of TAD as a risk factor in a cephalic double-screw nail.

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe services available to patients with periprosthetic femoral fracture (PPFF) in England and Wales, with focus on variation between centres and areas for care improvement.