Osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be caused by a variety of disorders and affects the relatively young patient. Most studies have concentrated on the femoral changes; the sites of early lesions of the labrum and acetabular cartilage have not been recorded. We studied 17 hips with osteonecrosis and a wide congruent joint space on radiographs and by direct inspection of the femoral head, labrum and acetabular cartilage during surgery. All of the femoral heads had some anterosuperior flattening which reduced the head-neck ratio in this area. A consistent pattern of damage to the labrum and the acetabular cartilage was seen in all hips. Intraoperatively, impingement and the cam-effect with its spatial correlation with lesions of the labrum and acetabular cartilage were observed. These findings could be helpful when undertaking conservative surgery for osteonecrosis, since the recognition of early radiologically undetectable acetabular lesions may require modification of the surgical technique

We investigated differences in the location and mode of labral tears between dysplastic hips and hips with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We also investigated the relationship between labral tear and adjacent cartilage damage. We retrospectively studied 72 symptomatic hips (in 68 patients: 19 men and 49 women) with radiological evidence of dysplasia or FAI on high-resolution CT arthrography. The incidence and location of labral tears and modes of tear associated with the base of the labrum (Mode 1) or body of the labrum (Mode 2) were compared among FAI, mildly dysplastic and severely dysplastic hips. The locations predominantly involved with labral tears were different in FAI and mild dysplastic hips (anterior and anterosuperior zones) and in severely dysplastic hips (anterosuperior and superior zones) around the acetabulum. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of Mode 1 versus Mode 2 tears in FAI hips (72% (n = 13) vs 28% (n = 5)) and severe dysplastic hips (25% (n = 2) vs 75% (n = 6)). The frequency of cartilage damage adjacent to Mode 1 tears was significantly higher (42% (n = 14)) than that adjacent to Mode 2 tears (14% (n = 3)). Hip pathology is significantly related to the locations and modes of labral tears. Mode 1 tears may be a risk factor for the development of adjacent acetabular cartilage damage. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1320–5

Aims. Acetabular edge-loading was a cause of increased wear rates in metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties, ultimately contributing to their failure. Although such wear patterns have been regularly reported in retrieval analyses, this study aimed to determine their in vivo location and investigate their relationship with acetabular component positioning. Methods. 3D CT imaging was combined with a recently validated method of mapping bearing surface wear in retrieved hip implants. The asymmetrical stabilizing fins of Birmingham hip replacements (BHRs) allowed the co-registration of their acetabular wear maps and their computational models, segmented from CT scans. The in vivo location of edge-wear was measured within a standardized coordinate system, defined using the anterior pelvic plane. Results. Edge-wear was found predominantly along the superior acetabular edge in all cases, while its median location was 8° (interquartile range (IQR) -59° to 25°) within the anterosuperior quadrant. The deepest point of these scars had a median location of 16° (IQR -58° to 26°), which was statistically comparable to their centres (p = 0.496). Edge-wear was in closer proximity to the superior apex of the cups with greater angles of acetabular inclination, while a greater degree of anteversion influenced a more anteriorly centred scar. Conclusion. The anterosuperior location of edge-wear was comparable to the degradation patterns observed in acetabular cartilage, supporting previous findings that hip joint forces are directed anteriorly during a greater portion of walking gait. The further application of this novel method could improve the current definition of optimal and safe acetabular component positioning. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(10):639–649

Damage to and repair of the acetabular labral-chondral complex are areas of clinical interest in the treatment of young adults with pain in the hip and in the prevention of degenerative arthritis of the hip. There are varying theories as to why most acetabular tears are located anterosuperiorly. We have studied the prenatal development of the human acetabular labral-chondral complex in 11 fetal hips, aged from eight weeks of gestation to term. There were consistent differences between the anterior and posterior acetabular labral-chondral complex throughout all ages of gestation. The anterior labrum had a somewhat marginal attachment to the acetabular cartilage with an intra-articular projection. The posterior labrum was attached and continuous with the acetabular cartilage. Anteriorly, the labral-chondral transition zone was sharp and abrupt, but posteriorly it was gradual and interdigitated. The collagen fibres of the anterior labrum were arranged parallel to the labral-chondral junction, but at the posterior labrum they were aligned perpendicular to the junction. We believe that in the anterior labrum the marginal attachment and the orientation of the collagen fibres parallel to the labral-chondral junction may render it more prone to damage than the posterior labrum in which the collagen fibres are anchored in the acetabular cartilage. The anterior intra-articular projection of the labrum should not be considered to be a pathological feature

This study aims to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients who reported their pre-operative quality of life (QoL) was ‘worse than death’ (‘WTD’) prior to hip arthroscopy (HA) or peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO). Adult patients who underwent HA or PAO between 1. st. January 2012 and 31. st. October 2020 were extracted from the UK Non-Arthroplasty Hip Registry. International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT-12) and EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) index questionnaires were collected pre-operatively and at 6 and 12 months. WTD was defined as an EQ-5D score of less than zero. Chi-squared and t-tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. 8493 procedures (6355 HA, 746 PAO) were identified in whom 7101 (84%) returned pre-operative EQ-5D questionnaires. 283 HA and 52 PAOs declared their pre-operative QoL to be ‘WTD’. Compared to those patients with pre-operative QoL ‘better than death’ (n=6072, control group) (EQ-5D ≥ zero) patients reporting ‘WTD’ function prior to HA were more likely to be female (66% vs 59%, p = 0.013), of higher body mass index (mean 27.6 kg/m. 2. (SD 5.9) vs 25.7 kg/m. 2. (4.5), p < 0.0001) however there were no statistically significant differences in mean age (36.8 vs 36.4 years), femoroacetabular impingement pattern, or femoral or acetabular cartilage lesion severity. There were no significant demographic differences for PAO. For HA, iHOT-12 scores in WTD patients were significantly poorer pre- [10.8 (95% CI 9.6 to 12.0) vs 33.3 (32.8 to 33.8)] and 12 months post-operatively [34.9 (29.0 to 40.8) vs 59.3 (58.2 to 60.4)] compared to controls. Whilst the majority of patients saw improvement in their scores (p <0.0001), a significantly smaller proportion achieved the minimum clinically important difference for iHOT-12 by 12 months. (51% in the WTD group vs 65% in the control group). Similar trends were observed for PAO. Patients with WTD quality of life may benefit less from hip preservation surgery and should be counselled accordingly regarding expectations. Although the scores improve, only 51% achieve scores beyond MCID

Aims. Several studies have reported the safety and efficacy of subcapital re-alignment for patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) using surgical dislocation of the hip and an extended retinacular flap. Instability of the hip and dislocation as a consequence of this surgery has only recently gained attention. We discuss this problem with some illustrative cases. Materials and Methods. We explored the literature on the possible pathophysiological causes and surgical steps associated with the risk of post-operative instability and articular damage. In addition, we describe supplementary steps that could be used to avoid these problems. Results. The causes of instability may be divided into three main groups: the first includes causes directly related to SCFE (acetabular labral damage, severe abrasion of the acetabular cartilage, flattening of the acetabular roof and a bell-shaped deformity of the epiphysis); the second, causes not related to the SCFE (acetabular orientation and poor quality of the soft tissues); the third, causes directly related to the surgery (capsulotomy, division of the ligamentum teres, shortening of the femoral neck, pelvi-trochanteric impingement, previous proximal femoral osteotomy and post-operative positioning of the leg). Conclusion. We present examples drawn from our clinical practice, as well as possible ways of reducing the risks of these complications, and of correcting them if they happen. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:16–21

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Eccentric reductions may become concentric through femoral head ‘docking’ (FHD) following closed reduction (CR) for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, changes regarding position and morphology through FHD are not well understood. We aimed to assess these changes using serial MRI.

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To clarify the mid-term results of transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA), a type of spherical periacetabular osteotomy, combined with structural allograft bone grafting for severe hip dysplasia.

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The primary aim of this study was to determine the ten-year outcome following surgical treatment for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We assessed whether the evolution of practice from open to arthroscopic techniques influenced outcomes and tested whether any patient, radiological, or surgical factors were associated with outcome.

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Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common pre- and postoperative issue in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. The conventional technique for measuring LLD has historically been on a non-weightbearing anteroposterior pelvic radiograph; however, this does not capture many potential sources of LLD. The aim of this study was to determine if long-limb EOS radiology can provide a more reproducible and holistic measurement of LLD.

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The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and factors for developing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following hemiarthroplasty (HA) for hip fracture, and to evaluate treatment outcome and identify factors associated with treatment outcome.

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This study uses prospective registry data to compare early patient outcomes following arthroscopic repair or debridement of the acetabular labrum.

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Avascular femoral head necrosis in the context of gymnastics is a rare but serious complication, appearing similar to Perthes’ disease but occurring later during adolescence. Based on 3D CT animations, we propose repetitive impact between the main supplying vessels on the posterolateral femoral neck and the posterior acetabular wall in hyperextension and external rotation as a possible cause of direct vascular damage, and subsequent femoral head necrosis in three adolescent female gymnasts we are reporting on.

Introduction. Successful joint preservation surgery requires the ability to accurately assess the health of the articular cartilage pre-operatively. Traditional radiological methods allow morphological assessment of the cartilage and therefore only identify those with established degeneration. Biophysical properties of cartilage are now being used to identify these changes occurring earlier in the disease processes. Prior literature states that healthy cartilage has a transverse relaxation time of between 15–60 ms (16). Our study aims to establish the correlation and accuracy of MRI with T2 cartilage mapping with observed intra-operative chondral defects. Methods. We routinely request MRI with T2 mapping on all patients with suspected or confirmed femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). A review was performed on all patients who underwent both pre-operative imaging and subsequent hip arthroscopy for FAI over a 24-month period. Using linear regression we correlated intra-operatively observed chondral defects of the femoral head and acetabulum (Outerbridge classification scores) with the pre-operative transverse relaxation times. Statistical analysis of 66 chondral points was undertaken. Results. Results show that there is a significant association between an increase in transverse relaxation time and higher acetabular Outerbridge classification (p = 0.0141). Discussion. This study has identified that MRI with T2 cartilage mapping is an accurate predictor of acetabular cartilage health. Our findings suggest that 3T MRI with T2 cartilage mapping is a useful tool in joint preservation surgery and provides accurate information allowing hip arthroscopists to identify patients who may benefit most from conservative operative intervention

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Although periacetabular osteotomies are widely used for the treatment of symptomatic dysplastic hips, long-term surgical outcomes and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are still unclear. Accordingly, we assessed hip survival and PROMs at 20 years after transpositional osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA).

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Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) has been reported to be effective in improving symptoms and preventing osteoarthritis (OA) progression in patients with mild to severe develomental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, some patients develop secondary OA even when the preoperative joint space is normal; determining who will progress to OA is difficult. We evaluated whether the preoperative cartilage condition may predict OA progression following surgery using T2 mapping MRI.

There have been considerable recent advances in the understanding and management of femoroacetabular impingement and associated labral and chondral pathology. We have developed a classification system for acetabular chondral lesions. In our system, we use the six acetabular zones previously described by Ilizaliturri et al. The cartilage is then graded on a scale of 0 to 4 as follows: grade 0, normal articular cartilage lesions; grade 1, softening or wave sign; grade 2, cleavage lesion; grade 3, delamination; and grade 4, exposed bone. The site of the lesion is further classed as A, B or C based on whether the lesion is less than one-third of the distance from the acetabular rim to the cotyloid fossa, one-third to two-thirds of the same distance and greater than two-thirds of the distance, respectively. In order to validate the classification system, six surgeons graded ten video recordings of hip arthroscopy. Our findings showed a high intra-observer reliability of the classification system with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.81 and a high interobserver reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88. We have developed a simple reproducible classification system for lesions of the acetabular cartilage, which it is hoped will allow standardised documentation to be made of damage to the articular cartilage, particularly that associated with femoroacetabular impingement

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This paper aims to review the evidence for patient-related factors associated with less favourable outcomes following hip arthroscopy.

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The aims of this study were to review the surgical technique for a combined femoral head reduction osteotomy (FHRO) and periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), and to report the short-term clinical and radiological results of a combined FHRO/PAO for the treatment of selected severe femoral head deformities.

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Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) is an effective joint-preserving surgical treatment for acetabular dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in muscle strength, gait speed, and clinical outcome in the operated hip after RAO over a one-year period using a standard protocol for rehabilitation.