Aims. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potential complication of foot and ankle surgery. There is a lack of agreement on contributing risk factors and chemical prophylaxis requirements. The primary outcome of this study was to analyze the 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE and VTE-related mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery and Achilles tendon (TA) rupture. Secondary aims were to assess the variation in the provision of chemical prophylaxis and risk factors for VTE. Methods. This was a multicentre, prospective national collaborative audit with data collection over nine months for all patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre or TA rupture treatment, within participating UK hospitals. The association between VTE and thromboprophylaxis was assessed with a univariable logistic regression model. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify key predictors for the risk of VTE. Results. A total of 13,569 patients were included from 68 sites. Overall, 11,363 patients were available for analysis: 44.79% were elective (n = 5,090), 42.16% were trauma excluding TA ruptures (n = 4,791), 3.50% were acute diabetic procedures (n = 398), 2.44% were TA ruptures undergoing surgery (n = 277), and 7.10% were TA ruptures treated nonoperatively (n = 807). In total, 11 chemical anticoagulants were recorded, with the most common agent being low-molecular-weight heparin (n = 6,303; 56.79%). A total of 32.71% received no chemical prophylaxis. There were 99 cases of VTE (incidence 0.87% (95% CI 0.71 to 1.06)). VTE-related mortality was 0.03% (95% CI 0.005 to 0.080). Univariable analysis showed that increased age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade had higher odds of VTE, as did having previous cancer, stroke, or history of VTE. On multivariable analysis, the strongest predictors for VTE were the type of foot and ankle procedure and ASA grade. Conclusion. The 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE and mortality related to VTE is low in foot and ankle surgery and TA management. There was notable variability in the chemical prophylaxis used. The significant risk factors associated with 90-day symptomatic VTE were TA rupture and high ASA grade. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(11):1249–1256

Introduction. VTE is a possible complication of foot and ankle surgery, however there is an absence of agreement on contributing risk factors in the development of VTE. The primary outcome of this study was to analyse the 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE following foot and ankle surgery and to determine which factors may increase the risk of VTE. Methods. This was a national, multi-centre prospective audit spanning a collection duration of 9 months (2022/2023). Primary outcomes included incidence of symptomatic VTE and VTE related mortality up to 90 days following foot and ankle surgery and Achilles tendon rupture, and analysis of risk factors. Results. In total 11,363 patients were available for analysis. 5,090 patients (44.79%) were elective procedures, 4,791 patients (42.16%) were trauma procedures (excluding Achilles ruptures), 398 patients (3.50%) were acute diabetic procedures, 277 patients (2.44%) were Achilles ruptures undergoing surgery and 807 patients (7.10%) were Achilles ruptures treated non-operatively. There were 99 cases of VTE within 90 days of admission across the whole group (Total incidence = 0.87%), with 3 cases of VTE related mortality (0.03%). On univariate analysis, increased age and ASA grade showedhigher odds of 90-day VTE, as did previous cancer, stroke, history of VTE, and type of foot and ankle procedure / injury (p<0.05). However, on multivariate analysis, the only independent predictors for 90-day VTE were found to be the type of foot and ankle procedure (Achilles tendon rupture = Odd's Ratio 11.62, operative to 14.41, non-operative) and ASA grade (grade III/IV = Odd's Ratio 3.64). Conclusion. The incidence of 90-day post procedure VTE in foot and ankle surgery in this national audit was low. Significant, independent risk factors associated with the development of 90-day symptomatic VTE were Achilles tendon rupture management and high ASA grade

Introduction. The management of open or unstable ankle and distal tibial fractures pose many challenges. In certain situations, hindfoot nailing (HFN) is indicated, however this depends on surgeon preference and regional variations exist. This study sought to establish the current management and outcomes of complex ankle fractures in the UK. Methods. A National collaborative study in affiliation with BOTA was conducted and data retrospectively collected between January 1. st. – June 30. th. 2019. Adult patients with open and closed complex ankle fractures (AO43/44) were included. Complex fractures included the following patient characteristics: diabetes ± neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, alcoholism, polytrauma and cognitive impairment. We obtained data on fixation choice and patient outcomes. Institutional approval was obtained by all centres, and statistical analysis was performed including propensity matching. Results. Fifty-six centres provided data for 1360 patients. The average age of the cohort was 53.9 years ±19 (SD) with a male/female ratio of 1:1.3. 920 patients were ASA 1/2, 440 were ASA 3/4; 316 had diabetes, and 275 were open fractures. Most fractures were AO44 (71.2%) and more commonly associated with diabetes (P<0.001), alcoholism (P<0.007), open (P<0.013), and advanced age (55.7 vs. 46.3). 1227 patients underwent primary-fixation (111 HFN), with the remainder treated with external-fixation (84 definitive). Of the 111 HFN, 35% underwent primary fusion. Wound complication and thromboembolic rates were greater in the HFN group compared to ORIF groups (P<0.003), being more evident in the HFN group with primary fusion even after propensity matching. However, 1081 patients were non-weightbearing post-op contrary to the BOAST guidance. Conclusion. This is the first National collaborative audit of complex ankle fractures. Hindfoot nails were used in 9% of patients and we observed more complications in this group when compared to other cohorts. Despite BOAST guidance, only 21% of patients undergoing operative management were instructed to fully weightbear post-operatively

Objectives. The primary objective was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 infection and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery during the global pandemic. Secondary objectives were to determine if there was a change in infection and complication profile with changes introduced in practice. Design. Multicentre retrospective national audit. Setting. UK-based study on foot and ankle patients who underwent surgery between the 13. th. January to 31. st. July 2020 – examining time periods pre- UK national lockdown, during lockdown (23. rd. March to 11. th. May 2020) and post-lockdown. Participants. All adult patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre during the study period included from 43 participating centres in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Main Outcome Measures. Variables recorded included demographics, surgical data, comorbidity data, COVID-19 and mortality rates, complications, and infection rates. Results. 6644 patients were included. In total 0.52% of operated patients contracted COVID-19 (n=35). The overall all cause 30-day mortality rate was 0.41%, however in patients who contracted COVID-19, the mortality rate was 25.71% (n=9); this was significantly higher for patients undergoing diabetic foot surgery (75%, n=3 deaths). Matching for age, ASA and comorbidities, the OR of mortality with COVID-19 infection was 11.71 (95% CI 1.55 to 88.74, p=0.017). There were no differences in surgical complications or infection rates prior to or after lockdown, and amongst patients with and without COVID-19 infection. After lockdown COVID-19 infection rate was 0.15% and no patient died of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions. COVID-19 infection was rare in foot and ankle patients even at the peak of lockdown. However, there was a significant mortality rate in those who contracted COVID-19. Overall surgical complications and post-operative infection rates remained unchanged during the period of this audit. Patients and treating medical personnel should be aware of the risks to enable informed decisions

Introduction. Corrective fusion for the unstable deformed hind foot in Charcot Neuroarthropathy (CN) is quite challenging and is best done in tertiary centres under the supervision of multidisciplinary teams. Patients and methods. We present our results with a series of 42 hind foot deformity corrections in 40 patients from a tertiary level teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. The mean patient age was 59 (33–82). 16 patients had type1 diabetes mellitus, 20 had type 2 diabetes and 4 were non-diabetic. 18 patients had chronic ulceration. 17 patients were ASA 2 and 23 were ASA grade 3. All patients had acute single stage correction and Trigen hind foot nail fusion performed through a standard technique by the senior author and managed peri-operatively by the multidisciplinary team. Our outcome measures were limb salvage, deformity correction, ulcer healing, weight bearing in surgical shoes and return to activities of daily living (ADL). Results. At a mean follow up of 37 months (7–79) we achieved 100% limb salvage initially and 97% healing of arthrodesis. One patient with persisting non-union has been offered amputation. Deformity correction was achieved in 100% and ulcer healing in 89%. 72.5% patients are able to mobilize and manage independent ADL. There were 11 patients with one or more complications including metal failure, infection and ulcer reactivation. We performed nine repeat procedures including one revision fusion and one vascular procedure. Conclusion. Single stage corrective fusion for hind foot deformity in CN is an effective procedure when delivered by a skilled multidisciplinary team

Introduction. The mid foot joints are usually the first to be affected in Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN). Reconstruction is technically demanding and fraught with complications. Patients and methods. We present our experience of mid foot fusion in CN from a tertiary diabetic foot centre. We undertook mid foot corrective fusion in 27 feet (25 patients). Twelve of these had concurrent hind foot fusion. Eleven patients had type 1 diabetes, 12 had type 2 and 2 were non-diabetics. 23 patients were ASA grade 3 and 2 were ASA 2. 21 feet had ulcers preoperatively and mean HbA1c was 8.2. 13 patients had diabetic retinopathy and 6 had nephropathy. Results. Average patient age was 59 (43 to 80) and our mean follow up was 35 months (7 to 67). One patient was lost to follow up and 2 patients died. Complete follow up data was available for 26 feet in 24 patients. Satisfactory correction of deformity was achieved in all patients. The mean correction of calcaneal pitch was from 0.6 preoperatively to 10.6 degrees postoperatively, mean Meary angle from 22 to 9 degrees, talo-metatarsal angle on AP view from 33 to 13 degree. Bony union was achieved in 21 out of 26 feet and at least one joint failed to fuse in 5. 19 out of 24 patients were able to mobilize fully or partially weight bearing. We had 6 patients with persisting and 3 with recurrent ulceration. Seven repeat procedures were carried out which included 2 revision fixations. Conclusion. With our technique and a strict protocol 100% limb salvage and 81% union was achieved. 80% patients were mobile and ulcer healing was achieved in 72%. Corrective mid foot fusion is an effective procedure in these complex cases but require the input of a multidisciplinary team for perioperative care

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This scoping review aims to identify patient-related factors associated with a poorer outcome following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA).

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Despite the increasing numbers of ankle arthroplasties, there are limited studies on their survival and comparisons between different implants. The primary aim of this study was to determine the failure rates of primary ankle arthroplasties commonly used in the UK.

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The primary aim of this study was to present the mid-term follow-up of a multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT) which compared the functional outcome following routine removal (RR) to the outcome following on-demand removal (ODR) of the syndesmotic screw (SS).

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The Vantage Total Ankle System is a fourth-generation low-profile fixed-bearing implant that has been available since 2016. We aimed to describe our early experience with this implant.

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The aim of this study was to capture 12-month outcomes from a representative multicentre cohort of patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), describe the pattern of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at 12 months, and identify predictors of these outcome measures.

Introduction. Stress fractures in the foot are common; the common practice is to look for any factor in the history or for any foot deformity that could cause the fracture. Once found, it is common to treat the fractures without further investigations. The aim of this study is to assess if we are missing any underlying metabolic disorder associated with such injury. Materials and methods. We studied 34 sequential cases referred for chronic foot pain. Stress fractures were confirmed either by classic x-ray's features or MRI. Clinical examination and further tests were performed for Vitamin D levels, Thyroid function, PTH, DEXA scan, Biochemical and bone profile. All stress fractures were treated conservatively. Results. Mean age was 50 (13–72) (22 Females, 9 Males), 29 patients were fit and healthy ASA 1, 5 cases were ASA 2. 12 cases presented with a precipitating event. 14 cases had a minor foot deformity (such as hallux valgus of minor pes planus). mean BMI 27.6. The blood tests newly diagnosed: 17 Vitamin D deficiencies cases, 2 hyperparathyroidism cases, one case of Cushing's Syndrome secondary to adrenal adenoma and one case of delay in puberty in addition to 3 osteoporosis cases. All fractures responded to conservative means of treatment and none needed surgical interventions. Discussion. The study shows that the incidence of endocrinological disorders is patients presenting with stress fractures is much higher than the incidence in the general population; for example the incidence of Cushing's syndrome is 1 per 130000 individuals while in our series was 1 per 34. This study raises the question if all patients presetting with stress fractures should be investigated for endocrinological disorders

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether on-demand removal (ODR) is noninferior to routine removal (RR) of syndesmotic screws regarding functional outcome.

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In our unit, we adopt a two-stage surgical reconstruction approach using internal fixation for the management of infected Charcot foot deformity. We evaluate our experience with this functional limb salvage method.

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The primary objective was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 infection and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery during the global pandemic. Secondary objectives were to determine if there was a change in infection and complication profile with changes introduced in practice.

Introduction. Greater length of stay (LOS) after elective surgery results in increased use of health care resources and higher costs. Within the realm of foot and ankle surgery, improved perioperative care has enabled a vast majority of procedures to be performed as a day surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the perioperative factors that predict a prolonged LOS after elective ankle replacement or fusion. Methods. Data was prospectively collected on patients undergoing either an ankle fusion or ankle replacement for end-stage ankle arthritis at our institution (2003–2010). In the analysis, LOS was the outcome and age, sex, physical and mental functional scores, comorbid factors, ASA grades, type and length of operation and body mass index (BMI) were potential perioperative risk factors. Univariate and multivariate generalized linear regression models with gamma distribution and log link function were conducted. Results. A total of 336 patients were included in the study. The median LOS was 76 hours with interquartile range of 52.5–97. Using regression analysis, we showed aging, female gender, a higher ASA score, multiple medical comorbidities, rheumatoid arthritis, a lower score in the physical component (PCS) and general health domain (GH) of SF-36, open surgery and an increased length of surgical time were all significantly associated with an increased LOS. Conversely, obesity, the SF-36 Mental Component Score and the date of admission were noninfluential of LOS. A predictive model was also developed using these same risk factors. Conclusions. Increased age, female gender, high ASA scores, low SF-36 GH and PCS scores, increased number of medical comorbidities, rheumatoid arthritis and open surgery were all factors that increased LOS significantly after ankle fusion or ankle replacement. This group of patients may warrant better education and more focused perioperative care when it comes to designing care pathways and allocating health care resources

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Limb salvage for diabetic foot infections often require multiple procedures. Some patients will eventually end up with below knee amputation (BKA) when all limb salvage attempts fail. We seek to study the patients’ ability to return to normal life, functional status, prosthesis usage and perspectives on multiple limb salvage procedures that culminated in BKA to review if they would undertake a similar path if their situation was repeated.

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Hindfoot arthrodesis with retrograde intramedullary nailing has been described as a surgical strategy to reconstruct deformities of the ankle and hindfoot in patients with Charcot arthropathy. This study presents case series of Charcot arthropathy patients treated with two different retrograde intramedullary straight compression nails in order to reconstruct the hindfoot and assess the results over a mid-term follow-up.

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Lifestyle risk factors are thought to increase the risk of infection after acute orthopaedic surgery but the evidence is scarce. We aimed to investigate whether smoking, obesity and alcohol overuse are risk factors for the development of infections after surgery for a fracture of the ankle.

While many forefoot procedures may be performed as a day case, there are no specific guidelines as to which procedures are suitable. This study assessed the early post-operative pain after forefoot surgery performed a day case, compared with conventional inpatient management.

A total of 317 consecutive operations performed by a single surgeon were included in the study. Those eligible according to the criteria of the French Society of Anaesthesia (SFAR) were managed as day cases (127; 40%), while the remainder were managed as inpatients.

The groups were comparable in terms of gender, body mass index and smoking status, although the mean age of the inpatients was higher (p < 0.001) and they had higher mean American Society of Anaesthesiologists scores (p = 0.002). The most severe daily pain was on the first post-operative day, but the levels of pain were similar in the two groups; (4.2/10, sd 2.5 for day cases, 4.4/10, sd 2.4 for inpatients; p = 0.53). Overall, 28 (9%) of patients who had their surgery as a day case and 34 (11%) of inpatients reported extreme pain (≥ 8/10). There were more day case patients rather than inpatients that declared their pain disappeared seven days after the surgery (p = 0.02). One day-case patient with excessive bleeding was admitted post-operatively.

Apart from the most complicated cases, forefoot surgery can safely be performed as a day case without an increased risk of pain, or complications compared with management as an inpatient.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1645–50.