Background. Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common practice to treat the disability or chronic instability of the knee. Several factors associated with success or failure of the ACL reconstruction, including surgical technique and graft material and graft tension. We aimed to show how we can optimize the graft properties and achieve better post surgical outcomes during ACL reconstruction using 3-dimensional computational finite element simulation. Methods. In this paper, 3-dimensional model of the knee was constructed to investigate the effect of graft tensioning on the knee joint biomechanics. Four different grafts were compared: 1) bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (BPTB) 2) Hamstring tendon 3) BPTB and a band of gracilis 4) Hamstring and a band of gracilis. The initial graft tension was set as “0, 20, 40, or 60N”. The anterior loading was set to 134 N. Findings. Our study shows that the use of the discarded gracilis tendon, which usually excised after graft fixation, could be associated with a host of merits. Our results show that preserving this excess part of gracilis would decrease the required pretention load and, subsequently, could optimize biomechanical properties of the knee. Conclusion. Required pretension during surgery will have decreased significantly by adding a band of gracilis to the proper graft. Therefore, in addition to achieving normal stability of the knee, we can have lower risk of degradation

The purpose of this study is to assess the long term results of combined ACL reconstruction and unicompartmental knee replacements (UKR). These patients have been selected for this combined operation due to their combination of instability symptoms from an absent ACL and unicompartmental arthritis. Retrospective review of 44 combined UKR and ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon. Surgeries included both medial and lateral UKR combined with either revision ACL reconstruction or primary ACL reconstruction. Patient reported outcomes were obtained preoperatively, at one year, 5 years and 10 years. Revision rate was followed up over 13 years for a mean of 7.4 years post-surgery. The average Oxford score at one year was 43 with an average increase from pre-operation to 1 year post operation of 15. For the 7 patients with 10 year follow up average oxford score was 42 at 1 year, 43 at 5 years and 45 at 10 years. There were 5 reoperations. 2 for revision to total knee arthroplasty and 1 for an exchange of bearing due to wear. The other 2 were the addition of another UKR. For those requiring reoperation the average time was 8 years. Younger more active patients presenting with ACL deficiency causing instability and unicompartmental arthritis are a difficult group to manage. Combining UKR and ACL reconstruction has scant evidence in regard to long term follow up but is a viable option for this select group. This paper has one of the largest cohorts with a reasonable follow up averaging 7.4 years and a revision rate of 11 percent. Combined unilateral knee replacements and ACL reconstruction can be a successful operation for patients with ACL rupture causing instability and unicompartmental arthritis

Arthrofibrosis is a less common complication following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and there are concerns that undergoing early surgery may be associated with arthrofibrosis. The aim of this study was to identify the patient and surgical risk factors for arthrofibrosis following primary ACL reconstruction. Primary ACL reconstructions prospectively recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry between April 2014 and December 2019 were analyzed. The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) database was used to identify patients who underwent a subsequent reoperation with review of operation notes to identify those who had a reoperation for “arthrofibrosis” or “stiffness”. Univariate Chi-Square test and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed to identify the risk factors for arthrofibrosis. 9617 primary ACL reconstructions were analyzed, of which 215 patients underwent a subsequent reoperation for arthrofibrosis (2.2%). A higher risk of arthrofibrosis was observed in female patients (adjusted HR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.22 – 2.27, p = 0.001), patients with a history of previous knee surgery (adjusted HR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.11 – 3.50, p = 0.021) and when a transtibial femoral tunnel drilling technique was used (adjusted HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.06 – 2.28, p = 0.024). Patients who underwent early ACL reconstruction within 6 weeks of their injury did not have a higher risk of arthrofibrosis when compared to patients who underwent surgery more than 6 weeks after their injury (3.5% versus 2.1%, adjusted HR = 1.56, 95% CI 0.97 – 2.50, p = 0.07). Age, graft type and concomitant meniscal injury did not influence the rate of arthrofibrosis. Female sex, a history of previous knee surgery and a transtibial femoral tunnel drilling technique are risk factors for arthrofibrosis following primary ACL reconstruction

Abstract. Aims. Growth disturbances after transphyseal paediatric ACL reconstruction have led to the development of physeal-sparing techniques. However, evidence in their favour remains weak. This study reviews the literature to identify factors associated with growth disturbances in paediatric ACL reconstructions. Materials and Methods. Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed were searched for case series studying paediatric ACL reconstructions. Titles, abstracts, text, results and references were examined for documentation of growth disturbances. Incidences of graft failures were also studied in these selected studies. Results. 78 studies with 2693 paediatric ACL reconstructions had 70 growth disturbances (2.6%). Of these 17 were varus, 26 valgus, 13 shortening, 14 lengthening and 5 patients had reduced tibial slope. Coronal plane deformities were seen more frequently with eccentric physeal arrest and lengthening with intraepiphyseal tunnelling. Shortening and reduced tibial slope were related to large central physeal arrest and anterior tibial physeal arrest respectively. Extraphyseal technique were least likely to have growth disturbances. 62 studies documented 166 graft failures in 2120 patients (7.83%). Conclusion. Growth disturbances resulting from transphyseal ACL reconstruction can be minimised by keeping drill size small, drilling steep and away from the physeal periphery. Insertion of bone plug, hardware or synthetic material through the drilled physis should be avoided. The evidence to accurately quantify such growth disturbances till skeletal maturity remains weak. Robust long term studies such as national ligament registries may standardise preoperative and postoperative outcome assessment to further characterise the risk of growth disturbance and re-ruptures

The bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft has a lower rate of graft failure but a higher rate of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury after primary ACL reconstruction. Subsequent contralateral injury may be a marker of success of the BTB graft, but it is unclear whether the type of graft influences the rate of return to sport. This study aimed to compare the rates of return to weekly sport and return to preinjury activity levels between the BTB and hamstring tendon autografts following primary ACL reconstruction. Prospective data on primary ACL reconstructions recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry between April 2014-November 2019 were analyzed. The primary outcome was return to weekly sport, defined as a Marx activity score of 8, at 2-year follow-up. The secondary outcome was return to preinjury activity level, defined as a post-operative Marx activity score that was equal or greater to the patient's preinjury Marx score. Return to sport was compared between the BTB and hamstring tendon autografts via multivariate binary logistic regression with adjustment for patient demographics. 4259 patients were analyzed, of which 50.3% were playing weekly sport (n = 2144) and 28.4% had returned to their preinjury activity level (n = 1211) at 2-year follow-up. A higher rate of return to weekly sport was observed with the BTB autograft compared to the hamstring tendon autograft (58.7% versus 47.9%, adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, p = 0.009). Furthermore, the BTB autograft had a higher rate of return to preinjury activity levels (31.5% versus 27.5%, adjusted odds ratio = 1.21, p = 0.025). The BTB autograft is associated with a higher return to sport and may explain the higher rate of contralateral ACL injury following primary ACL reconstruction

Meniscal repairs are commonly performed during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for meniscal repair failure following concurrent primary ACL reconstruction. Primary ACL reconstructions with a concurrent repair of a meniscal tear recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry between April 2014 and December 2018 were analyzed. Meniscal repair failure was defined as a patient who underwent subsequent meniscectomy, and was identified after cross-referencing data from the ACL Registry with the national database of the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC). Multivariate Cox regression was performed to produce hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to identify the patient and surgical risk factors for meniscal repair failure. 2041 meniscal repairs were analyzed (medial = 1235 and lateral = 806). The overall failure rate was 9.4% (n = 192). Failure occurred in 11.1% of medial (137/1235) and 6.8% of lateral (55/806) meniscal repairs. The risk of medial failure was higher with hamstring tendon autografts (adjusted HR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.23 – 3.26, p = 0.006) and in patients with cartilage injury in the medial compartment (adjusted HR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.09 – 2.23, p = 0.015). The risk of lateral failure was higher when the procedure was performed by a surgeon with an annual case volume of less than 30 ACL reconstructions (adjusted HR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.10 – 3.33, p = 0.021). Age, gender, time from injury-to-surgery and femoral tunnel drilling technique did not influence the risk of meniscal repair failure. When repairing a meniscal tear during ACL reconstruction, the use of a hamstring tendon autograft or the presence of cartilage injury in the medial compartment increases the risk of medial meniscal repair failure. Lower surgeon case volume increases the risk of lateral meniscal repair failure

Background. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with concomitant meniscal injury occurs frequently. Meniscal repair is associated with improved long-term outcomes compared to resection but is also associated with a higher reoperation rate. Knowledge of the risk factors for repair failure may be important in optimizing patient outcomes. Purpose. This study aimed to identify the patient and surgical risk factors for meniscal repair failure, defined as a subsequent meniscectomy, following concurrent primary ACL reconstruction. Methods. Data recorded by the New Zealand ACL Registry and the Accident Compensation Corporation, the New Zealand Government's sole funder of ACL reconstructions and any subsequent surgery, was reviewed. Meniscal repairs performed with concurrent primary ACL reconstruction was included. Root repairs were excluded. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis was performed to identify the patient and surgical risk factors for meniscal repair failure. Results. Between 2014 and 2020, a total of 3,024 meniscal repairs were performed during concurrent primary ACL reconstruction (medial repair = 1,814 and lateral repair = 1,210). The overall failure rate was 6.6% (n = 201) at a mean follow-up of 2.9 years, with a failure occurring in 7.8% of medial meniscal repairs (142 out of 1,814) and 4.9% of lateral meniscal repairs (59 out of 1,210). The risk of medial failure was higher in patients with a hamstring tendon autograft (adjusted HR = 2.20, p = 0.001), patients aged 21–30 years (adjusted HR = 1.60, p = 0.037) and in those with cartilage injury in the medial compartment (adjusted HR = 1.75, p = 0.002). The risk of lateral failure was higher in patients aged ≤ 20 years (adjusted HR = 2.79, p = 0.021) and when the procedure was performed by a surgeon with an annual ACL reconstruction case volume of less than 30 (adjusted HR = 1.84, p = 0.026). Conclusion. When performing meniscal repair during a primary ACL reconstruction, the use of a hamstring tendon autograft, younger age and the presence of concomitant cartilage injury in the medial compartment increases the risk of medial meniscal repair failure, whereas younger age and low surgeon volume increases the risk of lateral meniscal repair failure

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been increasing, especially amongst adolescents. These injuries can increase the risk for early-onset knee osteoarthritis (OA). The consequences of late-stage knee OA include structural joint change, functional limitations and persistent pain. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory biomarker reflecting knee joint healing, and increasing evidence suggests that IL-6 may play a critical role in the development of pathological pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between subjective knee joint pain and function, and synovial fluid concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, in adolescents undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Seven youth (12-17 yrs.) undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery participated in this study. They completed the Pedi International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKDC) questionnaire on knee joint pain and function. At the time of their ACL reconstruction surgery, synovial fluid samples were collected through aspiration to dryness with a syringe without saline flushing. IL-6 levels in synovial fluid (sf) were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between IL-6 levels and scores from the Pedi-IKDC questionnaire. There was a statistically significant correlation between sfIL-6 levels and the Pedi-IKDC Symptoms score (-.929, p=0.003). The correlations between sfIL-6 and Pedi-IKDC activity score (.546, p = .234) and between sfIL-6 and total Pedi-IKDC score (-.536, p = .215) were not statistically significant. This is the first study to evaluate IL-6 as a biomarker of knee joint healing in an adolescent population, reported a very strong correlation (-.929, p=0.003) between IL-6 in knee joint synovial fluid and a subjective questionnaire on knee joint pain. These findings provide preliminary scientific evidence regarding the relationship between knee joint pain, as determined by a validated questionnaire and the inflammatory and healing status of the patient's knee. This study provides a basis and justification for future longitudinal research on biomarkers of knee joint healing in patients throughout their recovery and rehabilitation process. Incorporating physiological and psychosocial variables to current return-to-activity (RTA) criteria has the potential to improve decision making for adolescents following ACL reconstruction to reduce premature RTA thereby reducing the risk of re-injury and risk of early-onset knee OA in adolescents

Surgery performed in low-volume centres has been associated with longer operating time, longer hospital stays, lower functional outcomes, and higher rates of revision surgery, complications, and mortality. This has been reported consistently in the arthroplasty literature, but there is a paucity of data regarding the relationship between surgical volume and outcome following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare the ACL reconstruction failure rate between hospitals performing different annual surgical volumes. The hypothesis was that ACL reconstructions performed at low-volume hospitals would be associated with higher failure rates than those performed at high-volume centres. This level-II cohort study included all patients from the Norwegian Knee Ligament Registry that underwent isolated primary autograft ACL reconstruction between 2004 and 2016. Hospital volume was divided into quintiles based on the number of ACL reconstructions performed annually, defined arbitrarily as: 1–12 (V1), 13–24 (V2), 25–49 (V3), 50–99 (V4), and ≥100 (V5) annual procedures. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival curves and survival percentages were calculated with revision ACL reconstruction as the end point. Mean change in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Quality of Life and Sport subsections from pre-operative to two-year follow-up were compared using t-test. 19,204 patients met the inclusion criteria and 1,103 (5.7%) underwent subsequent revision ACL reconstruction over the study period. Patients in the lower volume categories (V1-3) were more often male (58–59% vs. 54–55% p=<0.001) and older (27 years vs. 24–25 years, p=<0.001) compared to the higher volume hospitals (V4-5). Concomitant meniscal injuries (52% vs. 40%) and participation in pivoting sports (63% vs. 56%) were most common in V5 compared with V1 (p=<0.001). Median operative time decreased as hospital volume increased, ranging from 90 minutes at V1 hospitals to 56 minutes at V5 hospitals (p=<0.005). Complications occurred at a rate of 3.8% at low-volume (V1) hospitals versus 1.9% at high-volume (V5) hospitals (p=<0.001). Unadjusted 10-year survival with 95% confidence intervals for each hospital volume category were: V1 – 95.1% (93.7–96.5%), V2 – 94.1% (93.1–95.1%), V3 – 94.2% (93.6–94.8%), V4 – 92.6% (91.8–93.4%), and V5 – 91.9% (90.9–92.9%). There was no difference in improvement between pre-operative and two-year follow-up KOOS scores between hospital volume categories. Patients having ACL reconstruction at lower volume hospitals did not have inferior clinical or patient reported outcomes, and actually demonstrated a lower revision rate. Complications occurred more frequently however, and operative duration was longer. The decreased revision rate is an interesting finding that may be partly explained by the fact that patients being treated in these small, often rural hospitals, may be of lower demand as suggested by the increased age and decreased participation in pivoting sports. In addition, patients with more complicated pathology such as meniscal tears were more commonly treated in the larger volume hospitals. The most significant limitation of this study is that provider volume was not assessed, and the number of surgeons dividing up the surgical volume at each hospital is not known

The optimal method of tibial fixation when using a hamstring tendon autograft in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is unclear. This study aimed to compare the risk of revision ACL reconstruction between suspensory and interference devices on the tibial side. Prospective data on primary ACL reconstructions recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry between April 2014 and December 2019 were analyzed. Only patients with a hamstring tendon autograft fixed with a suspensory device on the femoral side were included. The rate of revision ACL reconstruction was compared between suspensory and interference devices on the tibial side. Univariate Chi-Square test and multivariate Cox regression was performed to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with adjustment for age, gender, time-to-surgery, activity at the time of injury, number of graft strands and graft diameter. 6145 cases were analyzed, of which 59.6% were fixed with a suspensory device on the tibial side (n = 3662), 17.6% fixed with an interference screw with a sheath (n = 1079) and 22.8% fixed with an interference screw without a sheath (n = 1404). When compared to suspensory devices (revision rate = 3.4%), a higher risk of revision was observed when using an interference screw with a sheath (revision rate = 6.2%, adjusted HR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.20 – 3.52, p = 0.009) and without a sheath (revision rate = 4.6%, adjusted HR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.02 – 3.23, p = 0.044). The number of graft strands and a graft diameter of ≥8 mm did not influence the risk of revision. When reconstructing the ACL with a hamstring tendon autograft, the use of an interference screw, with or without a sheath, on the tibial side has a higher risk of revision when compared to a suspensory device

The bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft is associated with difficulty kneeling following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, however it is unclear whether it results in a more painful or symptomatic knee when compared to the hamstring tendon autograft. This study aimed to identify the rate of significant knee pain and difficulty kneeling following primary ACL reconstruction and clarify whether graft type influences the risk of these complications. Primary ACL reconstructions prospectively recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry between April 2014 and November 2019 were analyzed. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was analyzed to identify patients who reported significant knee pain, defined as a KOOS Pain subscale score of ≤72 points, and kneeling difficulty, defined as a patient who reported “severe” or “extreme” difficulty when they kneel. The rate of knee pain and kneeling difficulty was compared between graft types via univariate Chi-square test and multivariate binary logistic regression with adjustment for patient demographics. 4492 primary ACL reconstructions were analyzed. At 2-year follow-up, 9.3% of patients reported significant knee pain (420/4492) and 12.0% reported difficulty with kneeling (537/4492). Patients with a BTB autograft reported a higher rate of kneeling difficulty compared to patients with a hamstring tendon autograft (21.3% versus 9.4%, adjusted odds ratio = 3.12, p<0.001). There was no difference between graft types in the rate of significant knee pain (9.9% versus 9.2%, p = 0.49) or when comparing absolute values of the KOOS Pain (mean score for BTB = 88.7 versus 89.0, p = 0.37) and KOOS Symptoms subscales (mean score for BTB = 82.5 versus 82.1, p = 0.49). The BTB autograft is a risk factor for post-operative kneeling difficulty, but it does not result in a more painful or symptomatic knee when compared to the hamstring tendon autograft

The treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) in conjunction with anterior knee laxity is an issue of debate. Current treatment options include knee joint distraction, unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) or high tibial osteotomy with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction or total knee replacement. Bone-conserving options are preferred for younger and active patients with intact lateral and patello-femoral compartment. However, still limited experience exists in the field of combining medial UKR and ACL reconstruction. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the results of combined fixed-bearing UKR and ACL reconstruction, specifically with regard to patient satisfaction, activity level, and postoperative functional outcomes. The hypothesis was that this represents a safe and viable procedure leading to improved stability and functional outcome in patients affected by isolated unicompartmental OA and concomitant ACL deficiency. Fourteen patients with ACL deficiency and concomitant medial compartment symptomatic osteoarthritis were treated from 2006 to 2010. Twelve of them were followed up for an average time of 7.8 year (range 6–10 years). Assessment included Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Oxford Knee score (OKS), American Knee Society scores (AKSS), WOMAC index of osteoarthritis, Tegner activity level, objective examination including instrumented laxity test with KT-1000 arthrometer and standard X-rays. Wilcoxon test was utilized to compare the pre-operative and follow-up status. Differences with a p value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. KOOS score, OKS, WOMAC index and the AKSS improved significantly at follow-up (p < 0.05). There was no clinical evidence of instability in any of the knees as evaluated with clinical an instrumented laxity testing (p < 0.05). No pathologic radiolucent lines were observed around the components. In one patient a total knee prosthesis was implanted due to the progression of signs of osteoarthritis in the lateral compartment 3 years after primary surgery. UKR combined with ACL reconstruction is a valid therapeutic option for young and active patients with a primary ACL injury who develop secondary OA and confirms subjective and objective clinical improvement up to 8 years after surgery

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reasons for delay to surgery are secondary to health system constraints or patient factors. This study explored factors that contribute to patients' delay to surgery as well as how patients perceive the delay in surgery to have affected their treatment and care. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 patients aged 18 to 50 years old who had undergone arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. Qualitative data analysis was performed in accordance with the Straus and Corbin theory to derive codes, categories and themes. Patient interviews revealed three overarching themes regarding delay to ACL reconstruction surgery: access to care, finances and work, and personal advocacy. Elements of those factors were shown to influence the timing of ACL reconstruction surgery. Less common factors included choice of imaging study (i.e., ultrasound), geography, and family commitments. Patients' perceptions of delay in access to care was overwhelming due to the wait time for MRI. Several patients also described significant self-advocacy required to navigate the healthcare system, suggesting that some level of medical literacy may be necessary to gain timely access to surgery. Once patients had seen the surgeon, few patients described untimely delay to surgery, suggesting that OR resources are adequate. Recommendations to decrease delays to ACL reconstruction surgery include better access to MRI and broader education of non-surgical healthcare providers to help navigate access to surgery

Young, active patients with end-stage medial osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency present a treatment challenge for surgeons. Current surgical treatment options include high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with or without ACL reconstruction, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with ACL reconstruction, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A recent systematic review reported a much higher rate of complications in HTO combined with ACL reconstruction than with UKA-ACL (21.1% vs 2.8%), while survivorship between the two procedures was similar. UKA offers several advantages over TKA, namely faster recovery, lower blood loss, lower rate of postoperative complications, better range of motion, and better knee kinematics. However, UKA has classically been contraindicated in the presence of ACL deficiency due to reported concerns over increased incidence aseptic loosening tibia. However, as a majority of patients presenting with this pathology are young and active, concerns about implant longevity with TKRA and loss of bone stock have arisen. As a result, several authors have described combining ACL reconstruction with medial UKA to decrease the tibiofemoral translation-related stress on the tibial component, thereby decreasing aseptic loosening-related failures. The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcomes and survivorship of combined medial UKA and ACL reconstruction (UKA-ACL) with those of a matched TKA cohort. We hypothesized that UKA-ACL patients would have better functional outcomes than TKA patients while maintaining similar survivorship. Material and Methods. We conducted a case-control study establishing UKA-ACL as the study group and TKA as the control group by a single senior surgeon between October 2005 and January 2015. We excluded patients who were over the age of 55 at the time of surgery and those who had less than two-year follow-up. A total of 21 patients (23 knees) were ultimately included in each group. Propensity matching was for age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched control group of TKA cases. Surgical technique. UKA-ACL. This patient's had an arthroscopy to allow for tunnel preparation in the standard fashion and then the graft was passed and fixed on the femoral side. An MIS medial incision was then made to allow for insertion of the Oxford mobile-bearing unicompartmental prosthesis (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN). Primary choice of ACL graft was autogenous ipsilateral semitendinosus and gracilis tendons, which was available I and 6 of the cases were revision from previous Gore-Tex synthetic ligament reconstruction. Results. Preoperatively, baseline questionnaires demonstrated that the TKA group had scored significantly lower on the symptom subscore of the KOOS. There was no difference between the groups in the rest of the KOOS subscores, (the UCLA, and the Tegner. All scores (UCLA, and Tegner – TBC post stats) improved significantly after surgery in both groups. Improvement in each subscore of the KOOS surpassed the minimal clinically important difference in both the UKA-ACL and TKA groups. At latest follow-up, there was no significant difference between the groups on the KOOS, UCLA or Tegner, showing that our UKA-ACL patients fared as our TKA patients. This confirms that UKA-ACL is an important tool in dealing with young patients with end-stage medial OA and ACL deficiency and offers an option that leads to less bone loss and potentially easier future revision. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

The aim of this study was to determine Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) graft and contralateral ACL (CACL) survival in patients who have undergone ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with hamstring autograft following netball injuries, and determine factors associated with repeat ACL injury and return to netball. From a prospectively collected database, a consecutive series of 332 female netballers who underwent primary ACLRs using hamstring autografts were identified. Subjects were surveyed at a minimum of five years following reconstruction, including details of further ACL injuries to either knee, return to netball or other sports and psychological readiness with the ACL-RSI score. 264 participants (80%) were reviewed at the mean follow up of 9 years (60-180 months). There were 12 ACL graft ruptures (5%) and 35 contralateral ACL ruptures (13%). ACL graft survival was 97% and 97%, 96% at 2, 5 and 7 years respectively. CACL survival was 99%, 94%, and 90% at 2, 5 and 7 years respectively. The 7-year ACL graft survival was 97% in those 25 or more and 93% in those under 25 years (p=0.126). The 7-year CACL survival was 93% in those 25 or more and 85% in those under 25 years (HR 2.6, 95%CI 1.3-5.0, p=0.007). A family history of ACL injury was reported by 32% of participants. A return to netball was reported by 61% of participants. The mean ACL-RSI score was 65 in those who returned to netball and 37 in those who did not (p=0.001). ACLR with hamstring autografts is a reliable procedure for netballers with a survival rate of 96% at 7 years, allowing 63% of participants to return to netball. A successful return to sport was associated with greater psychological readiness. CACL injury occurred with more than double the frequency of ACL graft rupture and was increased by 2.6x in those <25 years

To document and assess the available evidence regarding single bundle, hamstrings autograft preparation techniques for Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and provide graft preparation options for different clinical scenarios. Three online databases (Embase, PubMed and Ovid [MEDLINE]) were searched from database inception until April 10, 2021. The inclusion criteria were English language studies, human studies, and operative technique studies for single bundle hamstrings autograft preparation for ACLR. Descriptive characteristics, the number of tendons, number of strands, tendon length, graft length and graft diameter were recorded. The methodological quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) instrument and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system for non-randomized and randomized studies, respectively. The initial search yielded 5485 studies, 32 met the inclusion criteria. The mean MINORS score across all nonrandomized studies was 8.2 (standard deviation, SD 6.6) indicating an overall low quality of evidence. The mean MINORS score for comparative studies was 17.4 (SD 3.2) indicating a fair quality of evidence. The GRADE assessment for risk of bias in the randomized study included was low. There were 2138 knees in 1881 participants, including 1296 (78.1%) males and 363 (21.9%) females recorded. The mean age was 30.3 years. The mean follow-up time was 43.9 months when reported (range 16-55 months). Eleven studies utilized the semitendinosus tendon alone, while 21 studies used both semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. There were 82 (3.8%) two-strand grafts, 158 (7.4%) three-strand grafts, 1044 (48.8%) four-strand grafts, 546 (25.5%) five-strand grafts, and 308 (14.4%) six-strand grafts included. Overall, 372 (19.7%) participants had a single-tendon ACLR compared to 1509 (80.2%) participants who had a two-tendon ACLR. The mean graft diameter was 9.4mm when reported. The minimum semitendinosus and gracilis tendon lengths necessary ranged from 210-280mm and 160-280mm respectively. The minimum graft length necessary ranged from 63-120mm except for an all-epiphyseal graft in the paediatric population that required a minimum length of 50mm. The minimum femoral, tibial, and intra-articular graft length ranged from 15-25mm, 15-35mm and 20-30mm respectively. Thirteen studies detailed intra-operative strategies to increase graft size such as adding an extra strand or altering the tibial and/or femoral fixation strategies to shorten and widen the graft. Two studies reported ACL reinjury or graft failure rate. One study found no difference in the re-injury rate between four-, five- and six-strand grafts (p = 0.06) and the other found no difference in the failure rate between four- and five- strand grafts (p = 0.55). There was no difference in the post-operative Lysholm score in 3 studies that compared four- and five-strand ACLR. One of the five studies that compared post-operative IKDC scores between graft types found a difference between two- and three- strand grafts, favoring three-strand grafts. There are many single bundle hamstrings autograft preparation techniques for ACLR that have been used successfully with minimal differences in clinical outcomes. There are different configurations that may be utilized interchangeably depending on the number, size and length of tendons harvested to obtain an adequate graft diameter and successful ACLR

Introduction. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries represent a significant burden of disease to the orthopaedic surgeon and often necessitate surgical reconstruction in the presence of instability. The hamstring graft has traditionally been used to reconstruct the ACL but the quadriceps tendon (QT) graft has gained popularity due to its relatively low donor site morbidity. Methods. This is a single centre comparative retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients who had an ACL reconstruction (either with single tendon quadrupled hamstring graft or soft tissue quadriceps tendon graft). All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using the All-inside technique. For this study, there were 20 patients in each group. All patients received the same post-operative rehabilitation protocol and were added to the National Ligament Registry to monitor their patient related outcome scores (PROM). Results. The average age of patients in the QT group was 29 years (16 males, 4 females) and in the hamstring group was 28 years (18 males, 2 females). The most common mechanism of injury in both groups was a contact twisting injury. There were no statistical differences between the two patient groups in regards to PROMS and need for further revision surgery as analysed on the National Ligament Registry. Conclusions. The all soft tissue QT graft seems to be equivocal to quadrupled hamstring graft in terms of patient function and recovery graft characteristics. Further research may be needed to elucidate the long-term results of the all soft tissue QT graft given its recent increase in use

Little guidance exists in the current literature regarding which patient recorded outcome measures (PROMs) are most clinically appropriate following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) surgery, and what results surgeons should expect or accept. Many PROMs have been validated, but their “ideal” results have not been published, limiting a surgeon's ability to compare their patients’ outcomes with those of their colleagues. We undertook a systematic review of PROMs for ACL to look at common usage and outcomes. After appropriate paper selection, we then undertook a pragmatic meta-analysis (i.e., including all papers that fulfilled the selection criteria, regardless of CONSORT status) and calculated weighted mean outcome scores and standard deviations for the most commonly used PROMs. A comprehensive literature search of all English articles of PubMed and other sources including search terms (‘Patient related outcome measure’ or ‘PROM’) AND ‘anterior cruciate ligament’ (limited to abstract/title) yielded 722 articles. Title review narrowed this to 268, and abstracts review to 151, of which 88 were included in our meta-analysis. Weighted mean and standard deviations were calculated for IKDC, KOOS, Lysholm, Teneger and “VAS Pain” PROMs as the most commonly reported. We identified significant, novel findings relating to selected PROMs and (i) demographics including age, gender and body mass index, (ii) surgical factors including bundle count, strand count, and graft type, and (iii) post operative complications. We clarified the most commonly used PROMs for ACL, and their weighted means and standard deviations. This will allow surgeons to compare results with colleagues, ensuring they meet international levels of quality in PROMs. We have also updated which patient and operative factors have an impact on PROMs scoring to allow for population variance

Anatomic all-inside ACL reconstruction using TransLateral technique is a relatively new technique that reduces surgical invasion and pain leading to early recovery. We evaluated clinical outcomes of patients undergoing primary anatomic all-inside ACL reconstruction using TransLateral technique. Retrospective case-series evaluating patients undergoing surgery from June 2013 – December 2017. Patients were followed up clinically and using PROMS including EQ-5D, KOOS, IKDC and Tegner scores. Paired two-tailed student t-tests were used to assess clinical significance. 138 patients were included (115 males, 23 females). Mean age was 30 years (range 16.0 – 60.2). Graft choice included isolated semitendinosus (n=115) or both semitendinosus and gracilis (n=26). Mean graft length and diameter were 62.1mm and 8.7mm. Sixteen cases (11.3%) returned to theatre; MUA for arthrofibrosis (n=4), infection (n=2), haemarthrosis (n=1) and metalwork failure (n=1). Incidence of graft re-rupture was 5.7% (n=8); 7 cases were in the mid-bundle femoral tunnel placement. 52.5% (n=74) had complete peri-operative PROMS scores. Mean peri-operative EQ-5D VAS scores were 69.8 and 78.2 (p=0.02). Mean peri-operative KOOS scores for all domains demonstrated significant improvements (p<0.001). Mean peri-operative IKDC scores were 46.1 and 72.5 (p<0.05) and peri-operative Tegner activity scores were 3.3 and 5.3 (p<0.001). Anatomic all-inside ACL reconstruction using TransLateral technique demonstrates favourable clinical and biomechanical advantages including independent anatomic femoral tunnel placement, bone preservation and use of single tendon graft. Patients report significant improvements in pain, functional outcome, quality of life and return to sports. Mid-bundle femoral tunnel placement has been abandoned due to higher failure rate

Hamstring grafts have been associated with reduced strength, donor site pain and muscle strains following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR). Traditional graft fixation methods required both semitendinosus and gracilis tendons to achieve a graft of sufficient length and diameter, but newer techniques allow for shorter, broad single tendon grafts. This study seeks to compare the outcomes between Single Tendon (ST) and Dual Tendon (DT) ACLR, given there is no prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) in the literature comparing outcomes between these options. In this ongoing RCT: (ANZ Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN126200000927921) patients were recruited and randomised into either ST or DT groups. All anaesthetic and surgical techniques were uniform aside from graft technique and tibial fixation. 13 patients were excluded at surgery as their ST graft did not achieve a minimum 8mm diameter. 70 patients (34 ST, 36DT) have been assessed at 6 months, using PROMS including IKDC2000, Lysholm and Modified Cincinnati Knee, visual analog scale for pain frequency (VAS-F) and severity (VAS-S), dedicated donor site morbidity score, KT-1000 assessment, and isokinetic strength. Graft diameters were significantly lesser in the ST group compared to the DT group (8.44mm/9.11mm mean difference [MD],-0.67mm; P<0.001). There was a significant and moderate effect in lower donor site morbidity in the ST group compared to the DT group (effect size [ES], 0.649; P = .01). No differences between groups were observed for knee laxity in the ACLR limb (P=0.362) or any of the patient-reported outcome measures (P>0.05). Between-group differences were observed for hamstrings strength LSI favouring the ST group, though these were small-to-moderate and non-significant (ES, 0.351; P = .147). ST (versus DT) harvest results in significantly less donor site morbidity and this is the first prospective RCT to determine this. There were no differences between ST and DT hamstring ACLR were observed in PROMs, knee laxity and hamstring strength. Younger female patients tend to have inadequate single tendon size to produce a graft of sufficient diameter, and alternative techniques should be considered. Further endpoints include radiological analysis, longer term donor site morbidity, revision rates and return to sport and will continue to be presented in the future