We randomised prospectively 44 patients with fractures of the shaft of the humerus to open reduction and internal fixation by either an intramedullary nail (IMN) or a dynamic compression plate (DCP). Patients were followed up for a minimum of six months. There were no significant differences in the function of the shoulder and elbow, as determined by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons’ score, the visual analogue pain score, range of movement, or the time taken to return to normal activity. There was a single case of shoulder impingement in the DCP group and six in the IMN group. Of these six, five occurred after antegrade insertion of an IMN. In the DCP group three patients developed complications, compared with 13 in the IMN group. We had to perform secondary surgery on seven patients in the IMN group, but on only one in the DCP group (p = 0.016).

Our findings suggest that open reduction and internal fixation with a DCP remains the best treatment for unstable fractures of the shaft of the humerus. Fixation by IMN may be indicated for specific situations, but is technically more demanding and has a higher rate of complications.

We have treated 16 patients with recurrent complex elbow instability using a hinged external fixator. All patients had instability, dislocation or subluxation of the ulnohumeral joint. The injuries were open in eight patients and were associated with 20 other fractures and five peripheral nerve injuries. Two patients had received initial treatment from us; 14 had previously had a mean of 2.1 unsuccessful surgical procedures (1 to 6). The fixator was applied at a mean of 4.8 weeks (0 to 9) after the injury and remained on the elbow for a mean of 8.5 weeks (6 to 11). After treatment we found the mean range of flexion-extension to be 105° (65 to 140). At a final follow-up of 23 months (14 to 40), the mean Morrey score was 84 (49 to 96): this translated into one poor, three fair, ten good and two excellent results.

Complications included one fractured humeral pin, one temporary palsy of the radial nerve, one recurrent instability, one wound infection, one severe pin-track infection and one patient with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Although technically demanding, the use of the fixator is an important advance in the management of recurrent complex elbow instability after failure of conventional treatment.

Previous studies of the Ilizarov procedure have concentrated on musculoskeletal assessments rather than the opinions of patients. In a prospective trial of 25 consecutive patients, we evaluated the effect of Ilizarov reconstruction of post-traumatic deformity on general health status using the SF36 and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP).

The patients had very low preoperative scores, which remained low during treatment and correction, but increased postoperatively. The mean overall SF36 score improved from 36 ± 3 to 58 ± 7 (p = 0.031) and the NHP score from 39 ± 11 to 67 ± 10 (p = 0.002). The improvements in scores were not limited to the physical components and were equal or better than the improvements reported for other orthopaedic procedures, including total joint arthroplasty.

Ilizarov-type reconstruction of deformity of the lower limb not only restores bony configuration, but also produces a large improvement in the general health status of patients.

We performed ulnar nerve neurolysis and transposition during reconstructive operations on 20 consecutive patients (21 elbows) with neuropathy after the failure of primary treatment of elbow fractures. There were 11 men and nine women with a mean age of 48.3 years. Preoperatively, four elbows were in McGowan stage I, seven in stage II and ten in stage III and the mean Gabel and Amadio ulnar nerve score was 3.2. At a mean follow-up of 32.1 months (24 to 67) we performed comprehensive neurological, functional, electrophysiological and outcome assessments.

Patient satisfaction was high with good pain relief and restoration of hand strength and dexterity. The mean Gabel and Amadio score had improved to 6.5, an improvement of 3.3. There were one excellent, 16 good, 2 fair and 2 poor results; both of the last were due to failure of the underlying elbow reconstruction. Even for advanced stage-II and stage-III lesions we achieved good function, return of intrinsic power, and a high rate of patient satisfaction.

We reviewed 23 patients who had had 25 Darrach procedures for traumatic or post-traumatic disorders of the wrist at a mean follow-up of 75.5 months (36 to 121). The mean age at the time of operation was 61.1 years (34 to 82). All patients were reviewed in person. Assessment included a history, a questionnaire on patient satisfaction and a detailed physical examination. Standardised radiographs of both wrists were taken with the patient’s hands in a resting position and during maximal grip.

Convergence of the distal ulnar stump towards the distal radius during maximal grip (dynamic radio-ulnar convergence) was seen in 14 wrists including five with actual contact (dynamic radio-ulnar impingement), but this produced symptoms in only two cases. The presence of dynamic radio-ulnar convergence did not correlate with grip strength, pinch strength, range of movement or wrist score, but was associated with increased length of excision of the distal ulna. Nineteen of the 23 patients were satisfied with the procedure.

Dynamic radio-ulnar convergence is common after the Darrach procedure, but is rarely symptomatic; resection of the distal ulna remains a reliable procedure in the older patient with pain and loss of movement. Excision of the lower end of the ulna should be restricted to the least required to restore full rotation.