Global surgical literature suggests that female trainees have less operative autonomy than their male counterparts. This pilot study had the primary objective to identify difference in autonomy by gender, and to power a national study to carry out further quantitative and qualitative research on this.

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study utilising eLogbook data for all orthopaedic trainees (ST2-8) and consultants with CCT date 2016–2021 in a single Scottish deanery. The primary outcome measure was percentage of procedures undertaken as lead surgeon. 15 trainees and four recent consultants participated, of which 12 (63%) were male (mean grade 5.2), and 7 (37%) were female (mean grade 4.3). Trainees were lead surgeon on 64% of procedures (17595/27558), with autonomy rising with grade (37% ST1 to 85% ST8, OR 9.4). Operative autonomy was higher in male vs female trainees (66.5% and 61.4% respectively, p=<0.0001), with female trainees more likely to operate with a supervisor present (STU/S vs P/T, f 48%:13%, m 45%:20%).

This pilot study found that there was a significant difference in operative autonomy between male and female trainees, however this may be explained by differences in mean grade of male vs female trainees. Five trainees took time OOT, 4/5 of whom were female. Extension to a national multi-centre study should repeat the quantitative method of this study with additional qualitative analysis including assessing effect of time OOT to explore the reason for any gender discrepancies seen across different deaneries in the UK.

It is probable that both genetic and environmental factors play some part in the aetiology of most cases of degenerative hip disease. Geneticists have identified some single gene disorders of the hip, but have had difficulty in identifying the genetics of many of the common causes of degenerative hip disease. The heterogeneity of the phenotypes studied is part of the problem. A detailed classification of phenotypes is proposed. This study is based on careful documentation of 2003 consecutive total hip replacements performed by a single surgeon between 1972 and 2000. The concept that developmental problems may initiate degenerative hip disease is supported. The influences of gender, age and body mass index are outlined. Biomechanical explanations for some of the radiological appearances encountered are suggested. The body weight lever, which is larger than the abductor lever, causes the abductor power to be more important than body weight. The possibility that a deficiency in joint lubrication is a cause of degenerative hip disease is discussed. Identifying the phenotypes may help geneticists to identify genes responsible for degenerative hip disease, and eventually lead to a definitive classification.

Corticosteroid use has been implicated in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). The exact mechanism and predisposing factors such as age, gender, dosage, type and combination of steroid treatment remain controversial. Between March and July 2003, a total of 539 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were treated with five different types of steroid. There were 129 men (24%) and 410 women (76%) with a mean age of 33.7 years (21 to 59). Routine screening was undertaken with radiographs, MRI and/or CT to determine the incidence of ONFH.

Of the 129 male patients with SARS, 51 (39.5%) were diagnosed as suffering from ONFH, compared with only 79 of 410 female patients (19.3%). The incidence of ONFH in the patients aged between 20 and 49 years was much higher than that of the group aged between 50 and 59 years (25.9% (127 of 491) versus 6.3% (3 of 48); p = 0.018). The incidence of ONFH in patients receiving one type of steroid was 12.5% (21 of 168), which was much lower than patients receiving two different types (28.6%; 96 of 336) or three different types of steroid (37.1%; 13 of 35).

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:259–62.

Pre- and post-operative Knee Society Scores for 2105 Total Knee Replacements (TKRs) with minimum three year follow-up were evaluated. The effect of gender, age at operation and BMI at operation on Knee Society Data at pre-operative review, at one year post-operatively and at three years after TKR was analysed.

Total Knee Score pre-operatively, and at both one year and three year review was found to be independent of gender, age and BMI. There was no effect of the three demographic variables on the component scores for pain, range of motion, stability, alignment, extensor lag and flexion contracture.

Lower Function Scores were associated with female gender (p< 0.001), age greater than 70 at time of operation (p≤0.004) and obesity (p< 0.001). Median Function Scores were consistently higher in males than females by 5 points pre- and post-operatively (p< 0.001). At three years post-operatively, the median Function Score in the 80 and over age group was lower than all other age groups (p< 0.001), by between 15 and 20 points. Whilst the normal and overweight groups had similar Function Scores the class I obese and class II obese groups consistently had lower median Function Scores by 5 (p< 0.001) and 10 points (p< 0.001) respectively.

We conclude that whilst the Knee Score and its component scores are independent of gender, age and BMI, all three of these demographic variables can be associated with significant differences in Function Score.

Orthopaedics has been earmarked as one of the specialties that could make significant savings in the National Health Service. A large number of young adults are receiving total hip replacements and there has been a trend towards using uncemented implants. We describe the clinical and functional results at minimum 19 year follow up of cemented total hip replacements in patients under the age of fifty-five in our health region between 1990 and 1997. 104 cemented THRs performed in 100 patients under 55 years were included in this study. The follow-up data had been collected prospectively in the University database. 88.46% hips showed good to excellent results at final follow-up with a mean Harris hip score of 87.9±8.64. Revision was performed in 2 hips (1.92%), one for aseptic acetabular loosening and the other for late haematogenous infection. Probable radiological loosening was seen in 14 acetabular components (14.89%) and 4 femoral components (4.25%) at final follow-up. The mean rate of acetabular wear was 0.12mm/year and was not influenced by gender or diagnosis. The mean follow-up was 21.68±2.11 years (range 19 to 26 years) and the survivorship at 19 years was 98.07%. The GIRFT report looked at the economic aspect of implant selection and found that the cost of uncemented implants was almost double that of the cemented implants. Savings of atleast £10 million a year can be made if cemented implants were used. We recommend that in a publically funded health system like the NHS, cemented implants can be used in patients under 55 with good long term functional outcomes and large savings in the healthcare costs

Background. We present the results of cementless total hip arthroplasty using anatomically adapted stem and hemispherical cup with a fully coated Spongiosa metal surface, first introduced in 1982, which aims to achieve a surface structure approaching that of human cancellous bone. This implant is still being used in clinical practice with minor modifications. Aim. The aim of the study is to determine the long-term outcomes of spongiosa-I metal surface hip arthroplasty over minimum of twenty years follow-up. Material and Methods. Between 1983 and 1985, 209 consecutive total hip arthroplasty procedures were performed using the Spongiosa-I metal surface chrome-cobalt total hip arthroplasty. We reported clinical and radiological outcomes, frequencies and reasons of revision, influence of gender and age on the outcome and complications. Results. The outcomes of 159 patients were reviewed. We lost the follow-up of 40 patients none of whom had revision surgery. The mean follow-up time was 262 months. There were 19 hips revisions, including 14 stem revisions, two cup revisions and three revisions of both components. The mean Harris hip score for patients who didn't have revision surgery was 81.9 points. According to the criteria of Engh et al., all implants were graded as stable bone in growth. The probability of survival of both components at twenty years, with any revision as the end point, was 97%. The probability of survival of the acetabular component was 98% and that of the stem component only was 86%. Component durability was significantly increased in the older group of patients. Conclusion. The results of Spongiosa -I hip arthroplasty were excellent at a minimum of twenty years of follow-up. The outcomes of the femoral stem components were very good, while the survival rates of the acetabular component were better than any reported results in the English literature

Several studies have suggested that, in TKR, gender specific-prostheses are needed to accommodate anatomic differences between males and females. This study was performed to examine whether gender is a factor contributing to the variability of the size, shape and orientation of the patellofemoral sulcus. 3D computer models of the femur were reconstructed from CT scans of 20 male and 20 female femora. The patellofemoral groove was quantified by measuring landmarks at 10 degree increments around the epicondylar axis. The orientation of the groove was defined by the tracking path generated by a sphere moving from the top of the groove to the intercondylar notch. To assess the influence of gender on the shape of the distal femur, all morphologic parameters were normalized for differences in bone size. Overall, the distal femur was 15% larger in males compared to females. The male condyles were 4% wider than the female for constant AP depth (p=0.13). When normalized for bone size, there was no gender difference in most patello-femoral dimensions, including the length, width, angle or tilt of the sulcus. Female femora had a less prominent medial anterior ridge (p=0.07), and a larger normalized radius of curvature of the tracking path (p=0.03). In addition, the orientation of the sulcus differed by 1–2 degrees in both the coronal and axial planes. Overall, gender explained 4.7% of the anatomic variation of the parameters examined, varying from 0 to 15.9%. The size, shape and orientation of the patello-femoral groove are highly variable. While the patello-femoral morphology of male and female femora are very similar, some of the anatomic variability is related to gender, particularly the prominence of the medial ridge and the sulcus radius of curvature. The biomechanical and clinical significance of these differences after TKA have yet to be determined

This study utilised NJR primary hip data from the 6. th. Annual Report to determine the rate and indication for revision between cemented, uncemented, hybrid and resurfacing prosthetic groups. Regression analysis was performed to identify the influence of gender and ASA grade on these revision rates. Validity of the data was interrogated by exploring for episodes of misclassification. Results. We identified 2,264 misclassified episodes within the four groups (Misclassification rate 2.7% primary, 4.3% revision procedures). Analysis was performed using the “reclassified dataset”. The Kaplan-Meier revision rates at 3 years were 0.9% (95%CI: 0.8%-1.0%) for cemented prostheses, 1.9% (95%CI: 1.8%-2.0%) for uncemented hips, 1.2% (95%CI: 1.0%-1.4%) for hybrids and 3.0%, (95%CI: 2.7%-3.3%) in the resurfacing group. The trends in revision rates were comparable to those published in the NJR (6. th. Ed. n. ) with significant differences across all groups (p< 0.0001). Revision rates in the under 55 year age group showed an identical hierarchy with cemented and hybrid arthroplasty having the lowest revision rates. Cox Regression analysis indicated that both the prosthesis group in isolation and the interaction between prosthesis group and ASA grade significantly influenced the rate of failure (p< 0.001). Indications for revision showed significant differences in rates for, pain, aseptic loosening, dislocation and malalignment between prosthesis types (p< 0.001). The indications including Aseptic loosening, pain, malalignment and dislocation all demonstrated similar trends in revision rates between prosthetic groups with cemented hips having the lowest rates followed by ascending rates for hybrid, uncemented and resurfacing groups. The exception being dislocation with resurfacings having the lowest revision rates. Discussion. This study provides important baseline revision rates by indication for each prosthetic group from which future comparisons can be made. Areas of misclassification within the NJR dataset have been reported back for future annual analysis

Introduction and purpose: Fatigue leads to various disruptions in the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, it has been observed that fatigue disturbs perception of the position of the limbs and the spine as well as posture balancing control and gait kinematics. The purpose of this study is to determine whether orientation of the pelvis undergoes changes after a period of extreme work-related fatigue. Materials and methods: Orthopaedic Surgery residents in our hospital often work 24-hour shifts in the emergency department, which is considered a tiring activity which constitutes an appropriate model for professional burnout. In order to assess the position of the pelvis, we used pelvis tilt on the sagittal plane which is defined as the inclination of the plane which runs through all four anterosuperior and posterosuperior iliac spines with respect to the horizontal. The pelvic tilt of 19 resident doctors was measured at the beginning of their shifts, 16 hours into their shifts and on completing their 24-hour shift. An analysis was made of the differences between the values obtained and the influence of gender, weight and body mass index. Results: Fatigue caused by 16 and 24 hour shifts in the emergency department led to a mean decrease in pelvic tilt of 1.1° (significant p=0,014) and 1.6° (significant p=0,003) respectively. Conclusions: The fatigue caused to resident doctors by their shifts in the emergency department leads to significant pelvic retroversion

Purpose: It is well established that skeletal muscle ischemia followed by reperfusion induces oxidative damage, metabolic stress, and an inflammatory response. This ischemia-reperfusion injury has been studied extensively in experimental models and, importantly, in the clinical setting where it is associated with tourniquet (TQ) inflation during orthopedic trauma surgery. Of particular clinical concern is the notion that reperfusion upon TQ release is central to oxidative injury, since release necessarily follows surgery. Consequently, the effects of ischemia alone, without reperfusion, is poorly documented. That is, it remains unknown what are the effects of muscle ischemia, per se, on muscle properties that could influence functional recovery postoperatively or what preventative measures might be taken to minimize the potentially deleterious effects of the ischemic period alone. Hence the purpose of this study was to investigate changes in myofibrillar contractile protein oxidation over the course of TQ-induced leg muscle ischemia during orthopedic trauma surgery. Method: Among patients with unilateral ankle fractures requiring surgery at our institution, 24 subjects gave informed consent to participate. All subjects underwent standard general anesthesia. PRE surgical biopsies were collected from the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) immediately after TQ inflation and incision of the skin and underlying connective tissue. POST surgical biopsies were collected from the same muscle immediately before TQ release. Oxidation of PT myosin, actin, and total protein was quantified using Western blot analysis for 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) modified proteins. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results: Total TQ time ranged from about 21 to 84 min (50.5±16). As anticipated, in PRE biopsies compared to POST biopsies there were large increases in the PT content of 4-NE modified myosin (174.4±128%; P< 1×10-6), actin (223.7±182%; P< 5×10-9), and total protein (567.5±378%; P< 5×10-7). Intriguingly, there was a much greater increase in PT protein oxidation in males than in females (43.3% difference; P< 0.05), although there was no relationship observed between PT protein oxidation and subject age. Surprisingly, there was no significant relationship between muscle protein oxidation and duration of the TQ-induced ischemia. Conclusion: TQ-induced skeletal muscle ischemia for 21 to 84 min during orthopedic trauma surgery leads to considerable oxidative muscle injury as measured by muscle protein oxidation, including of the functionally relevant contractile proteins myosin and actin. This injury occurs even without reperfusion. Interestingly, the extent of oxidative muscle injury appears to be influenced by gender, but is not dependent upon the duration of ischemia. FUNDING: MSFHR, COF, BCLA

Introduction: In total hip arthroplasty (THA) an optimal fit and fill of the stem is essential for stable fixation. Thus femur morphology must be studied during pre-op planning (implant choice, sizing, positioning) or when a new stem is to be designed. Using plain AP x-ray analysis and the definition of a simple two-level parameter (canal flare index, CFI), Noble et al. identified an age related transition of the endosteal canal in AP view from a ‘champagne flute’ to a ‘stove pipe’. This reference data is 2D only, limited to the endosteal geometry and the elderly age range was defined as 60–90yrs so that the number of octogenerians > 80yrs was too low to analyze morphological features of this rapidly growing and critical THA patient population. In this study the endosteal and periosteal femur morphology of subjects > 80yrs was studied using 3D CT analysis. It was the goal to. describe age related changes of the femur morphology in 3D,. to study the influence of gender. to investigate if the results may affect fit & fill of current stem designs. Methods: High-resolution CT-scans (slice thickness 1mm) were made of 170 consenting volunteers (m/ f=101/69). The old group consisted of 119 subjects ≥80yrs (m/f=65/54, mean age: 84.1yrs [80–105]) and the young group of 51 subjects < 80yrs (m/f=36/15, mean age 67.8yrs [39–79]). After thresholding the bone boundaries in Mimics V12 (Materialise, B), the endos-teal and periosteal coordinates were analyzed for width, wall thickness, surface areas and various CFI’s relating dimensions at 20mm above LT and at a distal level (e.g. 60mm below LT, isthmus): Surface CFI (3D-CFI), frontal and lateral CFI based on the AP and ML projections (2D-CFI) and flaring in each of the four directions (1DCFI). Results: The surface CFI was sign. lower in subjects ≥80yrs (5.08 ±1.23) than in subjects < 80yrs (6.61 ±1.72, p< 0.0001). This difference was sign. larger in females than in males (−32% vs. −17%), an observation valid with reference to any distal level. Equivalent age differences were found in both the frontal and lateral 2D-CFI as well as the medial, lateral and anterior 1D-CFI with changes in the anterior direction (−26.3%) being most dominant. In addition wall thickness was sign. reduced in the very elderly. E.g. at 20mm above LT, the medial wall measured 10.40mm at < 80yrs and 7.61 at ≥80yrs, a reduction of −27% (p< 0.001). In females (−35%) this difference was sign. larger (males: −23%, p< 0.001) even when corrected for height. Discussion: The age driven transition of proximal femur morphology continues in the octogenarian population. This transition is not limited to two discrete levels in the AP plane as previously reported but it is a continuous 3D phenomenon with high directional asymmetry. In addition, this transition also affects the wall thickness and the periosteal shape. Furthermore a strong gender effect was identified with aging females showing increasingly and asymmetrically less flaring and thinner walls. An age and gender specific THA stem design seems necessary to fit the morphed femur. The asymmetric transition prohibits the effective use of current implant systems with proportionally scaled dimensions but favors a matrix sizing scheme with frontal and lateral dimensions changing independently

Purpose: Parent worry about torsional or angular anomalies of the lower limbs of their children is widespread. The relationship between a child’s postural habits and torsional anomalies of the lower limbs is often mentioned in the literature despite the lack of a single study demonstrating solid evidence. Active treatment of such anomalies is exceptionally necessary. Postural education is undoubtedly provided by parents. The purpose of this study was not to establish a cause and effect relationship between postural habits and torsional anomalies but rather to determine whether children who exhibit a preferential nocturnal and diurnal posture have torsional anomalies of the lower limbs. Material and methods: This retrospective analysis included all patients consulting one paediatric orthopaedist for in-toeing during a period of six years. Patients with a neurological disorder, bone and joint disease, or a congenital malformation as well as those with a history of orthesis use for fracture or surgery of the lower limbs were excluded. The cohort was composed of 463 children aged 1.5 to 15 years. Five habitual postures were studied: sitting cross-legged, sitting on knees feet under the buttocks, laying on knees with buttocks upward and feet inward, laying on belly knees extended and feet inward, and indifferent sitting and reclining positions. Abnormal torsion was determined clinically. Internal hip rotation greater than 70 (Staheli) observed in the ventral decubitus position with knees flexed 90° was considered to indicate excessive femoral anteversion (EFAV). Internal tibial torsion (ITT) was considered to be present when the thigh-foot angle was 0 measured in the ventral decubitus position or sitting on the table legs hanging. We searched for correlations between habitual posture and abnormal torsion as well as the influence of gender and age using the chi-square test and 95% confidence intervals. Patients with both EFAV and ITT were stratified by group using the Woolf method associated with the Mantel-Haenszel test. Results: Abnormal torsion was found more often in children aged less than 4 years with no difference between boys and girls. Among the children in this study presenting in-toeing, 31% did not have a preferred sitting or reclining position and only 7% presented clearly abnormal torsion. There was a significant direct correlation between EFAV and sitting crosslegged and a significant inverse correlation between EFAV and the other habitual postures. Conversely, there was no significant correlation between ITT and the habitual postures studied. Discussion and conclusion: This study provided objective information concerning widely accepted but poorly documented notions. There were two limitations: 1) the lack of a control group not presenting in-toeing, 2) the absence of precise goniometric measurements, a problem encountered in most studies using clinical methods. Although the presence of abnormal torsion of the lower limb appears to significantly influence the gait pattern in children, it does not appear to affect habitual postures. A significant relationship was found only between habitual posture and EFAV, and not ITT. These results should be taken into consideration when planning treatment

The aim of the study was to compare mortalitiy and complication rate after operative treatment of pertrochanteric fractures with primary cemented arthroplasty, dynamic hip screw (DHS) or proximal femoral nail (PFN). 283 patients, which were treated betwen 1992 and 2005 for pertrochanteric femoral fractures, except pathologic fractures and a minimum age of sixty years were included. 132 of these 283 patients were treated by primary arthroplasty. Up to the end of 1999 all unstable fractures were treated by primary total hip replacement. In the year 2000 the PFN was introduced and only patients with severe osteoarthritis and osteoporosis received primary arthroplasty. I possible, more stable fractures were treated with a DHS. One year mortality was chosen as main indicator as it depends on the surgical trauma as well as the rapid return to preinjury activity and further complications. A one year period was chosen as the mortality ratio approaches that of an age matched reference population after this interval. Influencing cofactors were eliminated by stepwise logistic regression analysis. It was shown that restoration of the preoperative ambulatory level correlated with survival rate after one year. As elderly patients are often unable to cooperate with partial weight bearing, the primary stability of the device is crucial to allow early mobilisation. Mortality was significantly influenced by age, gender and comorbidities but not by fracture classification. One-year mortality was significantly higher for primary total hip replacement (34.2 %) than for internal fixation (DHS: 18.4 %; PFN 21.4 %) and hemiarthroplasty (13.3 %). Since the PFN and hemiarthroplasty were introduced the over all mortality was reduced from 29 % to 18 %. Conclusion: For stable fractures a Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) and for unstable fractures a short proximal femoral nail (PFN) can be recommended. Primary cemented hemiarthroplasty is a viable option for treatment of intertrochanteric fractures if osteoporosis prevents from full weight bearing or if osteoarthritis makes further operations likely. Primary total hip replacement should be avoided, due to the fact that dislocation and mortality were significantly higher than in the other groups

The total knee replacement is one of the most common operations in an Orthopaedics Department. Despite of being a frequent procedure, it’s been calculated that between 18 and 20% of the patients aren’t satisfied with the result. One of the complications that may occur after TKR is patella baja, which has been related to poor outcomings. The main factor that may produce it after TKR is the shortening of the patellar tendon. As it has been published, the medial parapatellar approach and the eversion of the patella may cause patella baja. Many authors defend the use of minimally invasive approaches to prevent this complication. We studied if the use of the variation of the traditional approach that Insall described produces low patella. We have also analysed if this complication produces poorer outcomings. To know if the patellar tendon’s length was reduced, we used the Insall–Salvati Ratio. We measured it before and after the operation. We considered low patella if the IIS value was lower than 0,8. All the analyses were also done considering low patella if the ISR had decreased more than 10% after the operation. We reviewed 200 consecutive TKR performed in the Orthopaedics Department of Marqués de Valdecilla Hospital, from 1997 to 2001. All of the patients were operated by seniors surgeons. 2 patients were excluded because they died before we had finished the study. We analysed the influence of age, gender, BMI, preoperative diagnosis, degree of joint’s erosion and some surgical maneuvers. We also analysed the outcome, using the KSS score, paying special attention to the postoperative pain, the ability of walking and using stairs and the maximal postoperative extension and flexion degrees. SPSS v15.0 program was used for the statistical analysis. For the proportion analysis was used the ji-squared test or the Fisher test. For the main comparation we used the t-student test or the Wilcoxon test. The p values under 0,05 were considered to be significant. 3,3% of the TKR developed postoperative low patella. We founded statistically significant differences considering BMI, age and diagnosis. The shortening of the patellar tendon caused poorer outcomes:statistically significant differences were found in the maximal postoperative flexion and in climbing stairs. Considering low patella if the ISR decrease > 10% after the operation, the results were similar. It’s not been published the influence of the Insall’s variation in developing low patella after TKR. We couldn’t found references about the influence of age, BMI, diagnosis or level of joint’s erosion in the developing of this complication. In our study, obesity seems to protect and being young seems to predispose to suffer it;no surgical maneuver seems to have any influence. The outcome is worse if low patella is present. We concluded that the Insall variation is a comparable option to the MIS approaches in preventing the low patella after TKR

Purpose of the study: Injury of the long head of the biceps (LHB) can cause pain in rotator cuff tears (RCT). Our objectives were to:. establish an epidemiological database on LHB injuries in RCT;. study the dynamic behaviour of LHB in RCT;. search for a correlation between injected imaging findings and arthroscopic findings. Materials and Methods: Prospective, consecutive, multi-centric study (April 2005-June 2006). Inclusion criteria:. partial or full-thickness RCT demonstrated arthroscopically,. arthorscopic description of LHB,. imaging with injection (arthroscan or arthro-MR),. data collected on the internet site of the Socité Française d’Arthroscopie (SFA). Other reasons for arthroscopy, past surgery and MRI were excluded. The dynamic examination consisted in a search for the incapacity to glide the LHB in its gutter during passive abduction of the arm leading to intra-articular fold (hourglass test) and instability of the LHB in its groove during external rotation (medial instability) or internal rotation (lateral instability) with the arm at 90° abduction (RE2 and RI2 tests). Extension of the RCT in the frontal and sagittal plane were determined using the classification of the French Arthroscopic Society. Results: 378 patients (378 shoulders, 211 women, 167 men, mean age 57.9 years, age range 28–93 years). Arthroscan for 312 shoulders and arthroMR for 66 shoulders revealed 61 partial deep RCT and 317 full-thickness RCT. Among the full-thickness tears, 15 involved the subscapularis (SSc) alone, one the infraspinatus (ISp) alone and 301 the supraspinatus (SSp) alone (with 52 posterior extensions to the ISp, 90 anterior to the SSc and 31 mixted). Epidemiological data (static test): LHB intact 21%, tenosynovitis 51%, hypertrophy 21%, delamination 12%, pre-tears 7%, subluxation 18%, dislocation 9%, tear 2%. No influence of age, gender or side operated. Conversely, the rate of lesions increased significantly with extention of the RCT in the frontal and sagittal plane. Dynmaic study: positive hourglass test 29%, instability in RE2 26%, instability in RI2 8%. Hourglass test correlated with intra-articular hypertrophy of the LHB (76% versus 2%). Subscapularis tears lead to medial instability in 82% of cases. Among the 81 shoulders with an intact LBH statically, 17% presented a dynamic anomaly. In all the static and dynamic tests only left 18% of the LHB intact. Imaging-dynamic arthroscopy correlation: 25% of LHB lesions were not diagnosed by injected imaging. Inversely, there was a good correlation to determine the position of the LHB in its groove

Aims

Asphericity of the femoral head-neck junction is common in cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and usually quantified using the alpha angle on radiographs or MRI. The aim of this study was to determine the natural alpha angle in a large cohort of patients by continuous circumferential analysis with CT.

Patients with mechanical back pain have been treated in a nurse-led spinal clinic. They attend two one-on-one sessions with a nurse, the second session usually between three and 12 months after the first. Between these visits, they also attended two sets of classes in the spinal assessment clinic to help them improve and manage their back pain. A questionnaire is completed at presentation and at review. The questionnaires include three scores: The low back outcome Score, MSPQ and the Zung Depression Scale. Since 1995, approximately 2250 patients have been treated. The influence of smoking, gender, age, occupation and marital status on recovery has been studied. Smoking: Patients who had given up smoking between the first and second questionnaires showed a significant improvement in their outcome score and MSPQ score. Out of 827 who said they smoked on presentation, 280 said they did not on review. From an average outcome score on presentation of 25, those who gave up improved more than those who did not (average score at review 37 vs. 31). A similar trend was seen in the MSPQ averages (from 9 to 7.4 vs. 9 to 8.7). Non-smokers had better results than smokers with an increased outcome score from 30 to 38, MSPQ from 8 to 7.1 and Zung from 20.6 to 19.6. Thus people who gave up smoking showed a larger improvement in their outcome and MSPQ scores than those who continued smoking and those who did not smoke at all. Gender: Women showed greater improvement in each of the areas than men – 14.5% greater in the outcome score, a 21.2% greater increase in the MSPQ score, and 3.7% in the Zung score. Age: Patients were divided into 10-year groups. The age group of 50–60 showed the lowest average response for each score, ( 28 to 34 on outcome (average difference = 8), 8.3 to 7.8 on MSPQ (average difference = −0.8), and 21.1 to 21 on Zung (average difference = −0.7). The 30–40 group showed the highest average change on each score (29 to 39 on outcome, 7.9 to 6.9 on MSPQ, 21.8 to 20.1 on Zung). The adjacent age groups showed similar trends but the numbers were not significant. Occupation: Occupation was divided into eight categories from high-grade professionals to the unemployed. The least improvement was shown by the low-grade occupations (semi-skilled manual workers and the unemployed). The greatest improvements were shown by the middle grade groups. The highest grade occupation showed poor improvement but this was not significant. Marital Status: For the outcome score, patients who were divorced/separated showed the least improvement, while the married group showed the greatest. On the MSPQ and Zung score, divorced/separated showed the greatest and second greatest improvement (61 % greater than the average on Zung score). The single group showed the worst overall response, scoring the second lowest improvement for the outcome score, the lowest on the MSPQ score (difference −0.47) and their average response actually worsened for the Zung score (from 21 to 21.6). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that demographic and socio-economic factors significantly influence the level of improvement which patients make in their recovery from mechanical back pain after a treatment program

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural integrity of torn and non-torn human acetabular labral tissue.

Objectives

Intramedullary fixation is considered the most stable treatment for pertrochanteric fractures of the proximal femur and cut-out is one of the most frequent mechanical complications. In order to determine the role of clinical variables and radiological parameters in predicting the risk of this complication, we analysed the data pertaining to a group of patients recruited over the course of six years.

Aims

Hydroxyapatite coatings for uncemented fixation in total knee arthroplasty can theoretically provide a long-lasting biological interface with the host bone. The objective of this study was to test this hypothesis with propriety hydroxyapatite, peri-apatite, coated tibial components using component migration measured with radiostereometric analysis over two years as an indicator of long-term fixation.