Introduction. Promoting bone mass homeostasis keeps skeleton away from osteoporosis. a-Ketoglutarate (a-KG) is an indispensable intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) process for cellular energy production. a-KG mitigates cellular senescence, tissue degeneration, and oxidative stress. We investigated whether a-KG affected osteoblast activity or osteoporosis development. Method. Serum and bone specimens were biopsied from 26 patients with osteoporosis or 24 patients without osteoporosis who required spinal surgery. Ovariectomized or aged mice were fed 0.25% or 0.75% a-KG in drinking water for 8 – 12 weeks ad libitum. Bone mineral density, trabecular/cortical bone microarchitecture, mechanical strength, bone formation, and osteoclastic erosion were investigated using mCT, material testing device, in vivo calcein labelling, and TRAP histochemical staining. Serum a-KG, osteocalcin, and TRAP5b levels were quantified using ELISA kits. Bone-marrow mesenchymal cells and macrophages were incubated osteogenic and osteoclastogenic media. Histone H3K27me3 levels and enrichment were investigated using immunoblotting and chromatin precipitation-PCR. Result. Serum a-KG levels in patients with osteoporosis were less than controls; and were correlated with T-scores of hips (R2 = 0.6471, P < 0.0001) and lumbar spine (R2 = 0.7235, P < 0.001) in osteoporosis (AUC = 0.9941, P < 0.001). a-KG supplement compromised a plethora of osteoporosis signs in ovariectomized or aged mice, including bone mass loss, trabecular bone microarchitecture deterioration, and mechanical strength loss. It elevated serum osteocalcin levels and decreased serum TRAP5b. a-KG preserved caclein-labelling bone formation and repressed osteoclast resorption. It reversed osteogenic differentiation of bone-marrow stromal cells and reduced osteoclast formation in ovariectomized mice. Mechanically, a-KG attenuated H3K27 hypermethylation and Runx2 transcription repression, improving mineralized matrix production in osteogenic cells. Conclusion. Decreased serum a-KG is correlated with human and murine osteoporosis. a-KG reverses bone loss by repressing histone methylation in osteoblasts. This study highlighted a-KG supplement as a new biochemical option for protecting osteoporosis

Introduction. The increased prevalence of osteoporosis in the patient population undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) results in significantly increased complication rates. Mainly demographic and clinical predictors are currently taken into the preoperative assessment for risk stratification without quantification of preoperative computed tomography (CT) data (e.g. bone density). It was hypothesized that preoperative CT bone density measures would provide objective quantification with subsequent classification of the patients’ humeral bone quality. Methods. Thirteen bone density parameters from 345 preoperative CT scans of a clinical RSA cohort represented the data set in this study. The data set was divided into testing (30%) and training data (70%), latter included an 8-fold cross validation. Variable selection was performed by choosing the variables with the highest descriptive value for each correlation clustered variables. Machine learning models were used to improve the clustering (Hierarchical Ward) and classification (Support Vector Machine (SVM)) of bone densities at risk for complications and were compared to a conventional statistical model (Logistic Regression (LR)). Results. Clustering partitioned this cohort (training data set) into a high bone density subgroup consisting of 96 patients and a low bone density subgroup consisting of 146 patients. The optimal number of clusters (n = 2) was determined based on optimization metrics. Discrimination of the cross validated classification model showed comparable performance for the training (accuracy=91.2%; AUC=0.967) and testing data (accuracy=90.5 %; AUC=0.958) while outperforming the conventional statistical model (Logistic Regression (LR)). Local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) were created for each patient to explain how the predicted output was achieved. Conclusion. The trained and tested model provides preoperative information for surgeons treating patients with potentially poor bone quality. The use of machine learning and patient-specific calibration showed that multiple 3D bone density scores improved accuracy for objective preoperative bone quality assessment

Introduction. Achieving an appropriate primary stability after implantation is a prerequisite for the long-term viability of a dental implant. Virtual testing of the bone-implant construct can be performed with finite element (FE) simulation to predict primary stability prior to implantation. In order to be translated to clinical practice, such FE modeling must be based on clinically available imaging methods. The aim of this study was to validate an FE model of dental implant primary stability using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with ex vivo mechanical testing. Method. Three cadaveric mandibles (male donors, 87-97 years old) were scanned by CBCT. Twenty-three bone samples were extracted from the bones and conventional dental implants (Ø4.0mm, 9.5mm length) were inserted in each. The implanted specimens were tested under quasi-static bending-compression load (cf. ISO 14801). Sample-specific homogenized FE (hFE) models were created from the CBCT images and meshed with hexahedral elements. A non-linear constitutive model with element-wise density-based material properties was used to simulate bone and the implant was considered rigid. The experimental loading conditions were replicated in the FE model and the ultimate force was evaluated. Result. The experimental ultimate force ranged between 67 N and 789 N. The simulated ultimate force correlated better with the experimental ultimate force (R. 2. =0.71) than the peri-implant bone density (R. 2. =0.30). Conclusion. The developed hFE model was demonstrated to provide stronger prediction of primary stability than peri-implant bone density. Therefore, hFE Simulations based on this clinically available low-radiation imaging modality, is a promising technology that could be used in future as a surgery planning tool to assist the clinician in evaluating the load-bearing capacity of an implantation site. Acknowledgements. Funding: EU's Horizon 2020 grant No: 953128 (I-SMarD). Dental implants: THOMMEN Medical AG

Introduction. Osteoporosis accounts for a major risk factor of fracture-associated disability or premature death in the elderly. Enhancement of bone anabolism for slowing osteoporosis is highly demanding. Exerkine fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) regulates energy metabolism, inflammation, and aging. This study was aimed to investigate whether Fndc5 signaling in osteoblasts changed estrogen deficiency-mediated bone loss or microarchitecture deterioration. Method. Female osteoblast-specific Fndc5 transgenic mice (Fndc5Tg), which overexpressed Fndc5 under the control of key osteoblast marker osteocalcin promoter, were given bilateral ovariectomy to induce estrogen deficiency-mediated osteoporosis. Bone mass, microstructures, and biomechanical properties were quantified using μCT imaging and material testing. Dynamic bone formation was traced using fluorescence calcein. Osteogenic differentiation and adipocyte formation of bone-marrow mesenchymal cells were investigated using von Kossa staining and Nile red staining, respectively. Serum osteocalcin, CTX-1 and TRAP5b levels were quantified using designated ELISA kits. Mitochondrial respiration was investigated using Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Result. Fndc5Tg mice developed relatively higher bone mass and microarchitecture than wild-type mice. Fndc5 overexpression attenuated the losses of bone mineral density and trabecular network, including trabecular volume, thickness, and trabecular number, and improved cortical thickness and porosity in ovariectomized mice. Gain of Fndc5 function preserved biomechanical characteristics (maximum load, breaking force, and energy), serum bone formation marker osteocalcin levels, and bone formation rate, whereas it reduced serum bone resorption makers CTX-1 and TRAP5b levels, osteoclast overburden, and marrow adiposis. In vitro, Fndc5 reversed the estrogen deficiency-mediated mineralized matrix underproduction and adipocyte formation of bone-marrow mesenchymal cells, and inhibited osteoclast formation in osteoporotic bone. Mechanistically, Fndc5 activated AMPK signaling, promoting mitochondrial respiration and ATP production to enhance osteoblastic activity. Conclusion. Fndc5 signaling exerted bone-protective actions delaying estrogen deficiency-mediated osteoporosis. This study highlighted a new molecular remedial option for osteoporosis development by manipulating Fndc5 functions

Aims

The incidence of limb fractures in patients living with HIV (PLWH) is increasing. However, due to their immunodeficiency status, the operation and rehabilitation of these patients present unique challenges. Currently, it is urgent to establish a standardized perioperative rehabilitation plan based on the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of ERAS in the perioperative period of PLWH with limb fractures.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the level of upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) in frail patients undergoing surgery for adult spine deformity (ASD).

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We aimed to compare reoperations following distal radial fractures (DRFs) managed with early fixation versus delayed fixation following initial closed reduction (CR).

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This study examined the relationship between obesity (OB) and osteoporosis (OP), aiming to identify shared genetic markers and molecular mechanisms to facilitate the development of therapies that target both conditions simultaneously.

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The optimum type of antibiotics and their administration route for treating Gram-negative (GN) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remain controversial. This study aimed to determine the GN bacterial species and antibacterial resistance rates related to clinical GN-PJI, and to determine the efficacy and safety of intra-articular (IA) antibiotic injection after one-stage revision in a GN pathogen-induced PJI rat model of total knee arthroplasty.

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Limited implant survival due to aseptic cup loosening is most commonly responsible for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Advances in implant designs and materials have been crucial in addressing those challenges. Vitamin E-infused highly cross-linked polyethylene (VEPE) promises strong wear resistance, high oxidative stability, and superior mechanical strength. Although VEPE monoblock cups have shown good mid-term performance and excellent wear patterns, long-term results remain unclear. This study evaluated migration and wear patterns and clinical and radiological outcomes at a minimum of ten years’ follow-up.

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The liner design is a key determinant of the constraint of a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). The aim of this study was to compare the degree of constraint of rTSA liners between different implant systems.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of complex radial head fractures at mid-term follow-up, and determine whether open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or radial head arthroplasty (RHA) should be recommended for surgical treatment.

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To determine if patient ethnicity among patients with a hip fracture influences the type of fracture, surgical care, and outcome.

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This study intended to investigate the effect of vericiguat (VIT) on titanium rod osseointegration in aged rats with iron overload, and also explore the role of VIT in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation.

Rotator cuff tears are common in middle-aged and elderly patients. Despite advances in the surgical repair of rotator cuff tears, the rates of recurrent tear remain high. This may be due to the complexity of the tendons of the rotator cuff, which contributes to an inherently hostile healing environment. During the past 20 years, there has been an increased interest in the use of biologics to complement the healing environment in the shoulder, in order to improve rotator cuff healing and reduce the rate of recurrent tears. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the current evidence for the use of forms of biological augmentation when repairing rotator cuff tears.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):978–985.

Advanced 3D imaging and CT-based navigation have emerged as valuable tools to use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), for both preoperative planning and the intraoperative execution of different philosophies of alignment. Preoperative planning using CT-based 3D imaging enables more accurate prediction of the size of components, enhancing surgical workflow and optimizing the precision of the positioning of components. Surgeons can assess alignment, osteophytes, and arthritic changes better. These scans provide improved insights into the patellofemoral joint and facilitate tibial sizing and the evaluation of implant-bone contact area in cementless TKA. Preoperative CT imaging is also required for the development of patient-specific instrumentation cutting guides, aiming to reduce intraoperative blood loss and improve the surgical technique in complex cases. Intraoperative CT-based navigation and haptic guidance facilitates precise execution of the preoperative plan, aiming for optimal positioning of the components and accurate alignment, as determined by the surgeon’s philosophy. It also helps reduce iatrogenic injury to the periarticular soft-tissue structures with subsequent reduction in the local and systemic inflammatory response, enhancing early outcomes. Despite the increased costs and radiation exposure associated with CT-based navigation, these many benefits have facilitated the adoption of imaged based robotic surgery into routine practice. Further research on ultra-low-dose CT scans and exploration of the possible translation of the use of 3D imaging into improved clinical outcomes are required to justify its broader implementation.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):892–897.

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This study explored the shared genetic traits and molecular interactions between postmenopausal osteoporosis (POMP) and sarcopenia, both of which substantially degrade elderly health and quality of life. We hypothesized that these motor system diseases overlap in pathophysiology and regulatory mechanisms.

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Although low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) combined with disinfectants has been shown to effectively eliminate portions of biofilm in vitro, its efficacy in vivo remains uncertain. Our objective was to assess the antibiofilm potential and safety of LIPUS combined with 0.35% povidone-iodine (PI) in a rat debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) model of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

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Given the possible radiation damage and inaccuracy of radiological investigations, particularly in children, ultrasound and superb microvascular imaging (SMI) may offer alternative methods of evaluating new bone formation when limb lengthening is undertaken in paediatric patients. The aim of this study was to assess the use of ultrasound combined with SMI in monitoring new bone formation during limb lengthening in children.

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Proximal humeral fractures are the third most common fracture among the elderly. Complications associated with fixation include screw perforation, varus collapse, and avascular necrosis of the humeral head. To address these challenges, various augmentation techniques to increase medial column support have been developed. There are currently no recent studies that definitively establish the superiority of augmented fixation over non-augmented implants in the surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent locking-plate fixation with cement augmentation or bone-graft augmentation versus those who underwent locking-plate fixation without augmentation for proximal humeral fractures.