The pattern of injury to the carpal ligaments following wrist trauma is unclear. Different imaging techniques often prove inconclusive rendering the diagnosis difficult and hence the treatment controversial. This study aimed to observe and evaluate the differences in scapholunate kinematics before and after sectioning the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) and radioscaphocapitate ligament (RSC).

Twenty two embalmed cadaveric wrists were used. There were four males and seven females with an average age of 84 years. Their medical records confirmed the absence of previous history of wrist diseases or injuries. The extensor and flexors tendons of the wrist were removed leaving the capsule intact. Two drill bits (1.5 mm) were used to make a hole each in scaphoid and lunate, one centimeter apart. The drill bits were left in the bones to act as metal wires for calibration. Each wrist was moved through a set of motions and each movement was performed thrice; first one with the ligaments intact, second with SLIL sectioned and the last one with RSC excised. Digital photographs were taken and angles measured with MB Ruler software. Analysis of variance was done using SPSS 12.

There was no angle between the metal pointers when the ligaments were intact. There was movement and change in angle detected when SLIL and RSC were sectioned. The sectioning of the SLIL lead to a significant increase in the angle between the pointers in all the movements recorded (p value < 0.001). Subsequent sectioning of the RSC further increased this angle but this increase was much smaller compared to that after sectioning SLIL. On completion of the measurements the wrist capsule was opened to reveal that both the ligaments had been successfully sectioned and there were no degenerative changes in the bones or ligaments in any wrist.

This first cadaveric evaluation of alterations in scapholunate motion with sectioning of SLIL and RSC revealed that SLIL has a significant influence on the scapholunate kinematics, where as sectioning of the RSC has little additional effect. This in-vivo finding might have implications of importance of preserving SLIL during wrist surgeries and its role in management of carpal instabilities.

Objectives: The current study evaluates the effectiveness of a direct access physiotherapy shoulder clinic, in terms of a faster treatment, levels of patient satisfaction and consultant’s workload relief.

Material and Methods: A protocol of management of shoulder Pain was created establishing the patient’s pathway from general practice to orthopaedic surgery. A clinical specialist physiotherapist was trained to lead a shoulder clinic, with shoulder treatment courses, shadowing of consultants at 3 shoulder clinics and in-service training on interpretation of x-rays with consultant radiologist. A course on injections taught by consultants was followed by a training period of 10 supervised injections. After this initial period, a letter was sent to all GPs in the catchment area informing that patients could be referred direct to the physio-shoulder clinic. In addition, patients coded for a primary consultation were also re-directed to that clinic. Only patients who did not improve after the initial treatment or who presented more complicate screening problems were redirected through a short cut to the consultant led clinic. A patient satisfaction questionnaire was used during the first 5 months.

Results – Over the first 2 years of the project, extending from November 2001 to December 2003, 203 patients were appointed to the open shoulder clinic. The first 60 patients were given the patient satisfaction questionnaire, with 47 returning it completed (78.3%). 28 of the 47 had been seen by a physio before. In a satisfaction scale of 1 to 5, 2 graded 3, 3 graded 4 and 42 graded 5 the advice received about their condition. In a similar scale 2 patients rated 3, 2 rated 4 and 43 rated 5 regarding their satisfaction with the opportunity to discuss their treatment/care options. Regarding arrangements for further care, 1 rated 1, 2 rated 3, 6 rated 4 and 36 rated 5. For overall satisfaction 1 rated 2, 2 rated 3, 2 rated 4 and 42 rated 5. Positive aspects of patient’s feedback included ample time to ask questions, improvement obtained with early start of treatment and more accessible discussion. Those who were not so satisfied were still worried with a long delay, difficulty in peripheral arrangements such as transport and parking and disappointment with long time for follow-up examinations such as MRI scans. 47% of the patients attending were followed up by Physiotherapy only, 18% were added directly to the surgical waiting list and 4 were referred for rheumatology. 22% were sent for further tests (MRI, USS). The waiting list for a first appointment in our upper-limb clinic was reduced from 46 weeks in 2001 to 36 weeks in 2003. Not a single patient insisted on seeing a consultant and 38% of the patients were discharged without specifically seeing one.

Conclusion – This study shows that a physio screening shoulder clinic is an effective and satisfactory way to reduce waiting times and improve patient care.

Introduction: The aims of this paper are to compare the results of measuring migration rates on radiographs manually and by computer assisted analysis of digitised images.

Methods: Standardised anteroposterior standing hip radiographs taken post operatively and then yearly following hip replacement were used. The radiographs were then scanned at 150 dpi (gray scale) and saved as tif files. The migration was measured manually by drawing a line along the long axis of the femoral component connecting the distal tip, to the notch which is used to impact the stem proximally. This gives us the length of the hip replacement and an axis along which migration can be measured. The tip of the greater trochanter was selected as a bony landmark. On the plain radiographs two sets of readings were made by one observer. The digitised images were then analysed in the same way using a software package (designed in house at the University of Dundee). Two sets of readings were performed by observer one and a second set by an independent observer.

Statistics: Inter and Intra observer rates were calculated using a paired sample t test.

Results: For the manual readings intra observer mean difference was 0.53 mm (CI 0.31–0.74 mm). Comparing manual vs computer readings for observer one there was a correlation of 0.89. For the computer readings intra observer mean difference was 0.36 mm (CI 0.64–0.8 mm) and inter observer mean difference 0.16 mm. Both non significant differences. This evidence shows that the readings made manually and by computer were not significantly different and that there was no significant inter and intra observer variation. The advantage of computer storage and reading being the faster analysis, the ability to store and access large numbers of radiographs. The disadvantages being the need to scan the radiographs to allow measurement.