Introduction

The wide bone defects, caused by trauma, tumor, infectious, periprosthetic osteolysis, need to be surgically treated because their low potential of repair. Nowadays the bone allograft and autograft represent 80% of all transplantation done in the world. However this technique shows many disadvantages, such as the risk of infections, the immunological rejection, the low bone availability and the high costs. These reasons have motivated extensive research to find alternative strategies. As shown in literature, the future strategies are based on the synergic combination of different methodologies: use of biomimetic scaffold in order to support bone regeneration, use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and growth factors. Successful regeneration necessitates the development of tissue-inducing scaffolds that mimic the hierarchical architecture of native tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells in nature recognise and interact with the surface topography they are exposed to via ECM proteins. Here we are going to show the guidelines recently published for the design and development of nanostructured scaffolds for the bone regeneration, and the morphofunctional changing of MSCs interacting with nanogratings.