Aims

To explore the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of osteochondral defect (OCD), and its effects on the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 in terms of cartilage and bone regeneration.

An intelligent bone cutting tool as well as a navigation system is of high potential to provide great assistance for the surgeons in computer assisted orthopedic surgery. In this paper we designed a coordinated controller for the surgical robot to perform bone cutting more safely, easily and fast compared with being performed by manual bone saw. Coordinated control is in an outer control loop and determines suitable parameters of the inner control loop of the robot. The inner control loop is an admittance controller for the master site and a compliance controller for the slave site. Coordinated control consists of three modes, i.e. automated cutting, cautious cutting and automated prevention depending on bone cutting conditions and human intention. In automated cutting mode, the coordinated control will set larger admittance gain and smaller compliance gain to provide an assistant force to the human for completion of bone cutting. In cautious cutting mode, smaller admittance gain and larger compliance gain will be set and a resistant force will be provided to the operator for micro progress of bone cutting. In emergence mode, the robot will stop the cutter going forward.

Experimental result shows that in automated mode of the proposed coordinated control was able to assist bone cutting at the same time to avoid undesired large cutting force and cutter breakage. The moving speed of cutter slowed down as the cutting forces increased due to the cutter hitting harder bone, thus alleviated sawblade bouncing up and achieved less deviation from designed cutting plane. In cautious cutting mode the cutting forces were magnified to be felt by the operator. The operator was able to perform micro progress of bone cutting with intensive monitoring of the cutting forces. This functionality is especially useful as the cutter approaches the critical area where the surgeon regards as dangerous region. The emergent mode was also successfully triggered by calculating the defined apparent admittance. The apparent admittance is more reliable than using the cutting force only in detection of cutting boundary.

A hand's on robot under coordinated control is demonstrated in conjunction with surgical navigation system in computer assisted orthopedic surgery. This paper experimentally showed that the coordinated control can effective provide assistive and resistant forces to achieve safe and accurate bone cutting in total knee arthroplasty.

This study compared the functional outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in one hip and extracorporeal shockwave (ESWT) in the other hip in patients with bilateral hip necrosis.

Seventeen patients with bilateral hip necrosis were treated with THA for late stage ONFH in one hip and ESWT for early lesion in the other hip. In THA, only one type of prosthesis was used and all components were cementless. In EWST, each hip received 6000 shocks at 28 Kv (equivalent to 0.62 mJ/mm² energy flux density) in a single session. The evaluations included pain score, Harris hip score, radiographs and MR images at 6 and 12 months and then yearly.

Significant improvements in pain score and Harris hip score were noted after treatment in both hips. However, the magnitudes of improvement showed significant differences between the two sides favoring the ESWT side. On subjective assessment, 13 patients rated ESWT better than THA; 4 patients reported comparable results of THA and ESWT, and none graded THA better than ESWT. In THA side, abnormal radiographs were noted in 47% (8 of 17) including component mal-position, nonprogressive radiolucency, and suspected component loosening. In ESWT side, significant reduction of bone marrow edema and a trend of decrease in the size of the lesion were observed after treatment.

ESWT and THA are effective for early and late stages of ONFH respectively.

However, better functional outcomes were observed in ESWT-treated hips than hips treated with THA in patients with bilateral hip disease in short-term.