International and national predictions from the late 1990s warned of alarming increases in hip fracture incidence due to an ageing population globally. Our study aimed to describe contemporary, population-based longitudinal trends in outcomes and epidemiology of hip fracture patients in a tertiary referral trauma centre.

A retrospective review was performed of all patients aged 65 years and over with a diagnosis of fractured neck of femur (AO classification 31 group A and B) admitted to the John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales between 1st January 2002 and 30th December 2009. Datawas collated and cross referenced from several databases (Prospective Long Bone Fracture Database, Operating Theatre Database and the Hospital Coding Unit). Mortality data was obtained via linkage with the Cardiac and Stroke Outcomes Unit, Planning and Performance, Division of Population Health. Main outcome measures were 30-day mortality, in-hospital mortality, length of stay.

The JHH admitted (427 ± 20/year, range: 391–455) patients with hip fractures over the 9 year study period. The number of admissions per year increased over the study period (p = 0.002), with no change in the age-standardised incidence (p = 0.1). The average age (83.5 ± 0.2) and average percentage female (73.7%) did not change. There was an overall trend to decreased 30-day mortality from 12.4% in 2002 to 7% in 2009 (p = 0.05). The factors that were associated with increased mortality were age (p < 0.0001), male gender (p = 0.0004), time to operating theatre (p = 0.0428) and length of stay (p < 0.0001).

In accordance with national and international projections on increased incidence of geriatric hip fractures, the incidence of fractured neck of femur in our institution increased from 2002–2009, reflecting our ageing population. 30-day mortality improved and longer length of stay corresponded with increased 30-day mortality.

Geriatric hip fracture patients have a 14-fold higher 30-day mortality than their age matched peers. Up to 50% of these patients receive blood transfusion perioperatively. Both restrictive and liberal transfusion policies are controversial in this population. Aim: The longitudinal description of transfusion practice in geriatric hip fracture patients in a major trauma centre.

An 8-year (2002–2009) retrospective study was performed on patients over the age of 65 undergoing hip fracture fixation. Yearly transfusion rate; the influence of transfusion on 30-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality and length of stay (LOS) was investigated. On admission haemoglobin (Hb), pre-transfusion Hb and post-transfusion Hb and their effect on transfusion requirement and mortality was also reviewed. The yearly changes in on-admission and pre-transfusion Hb were also examined. The influence of comorbidities, timing, procedure performed and operation duration on transfusion requirement and mortality was also studied. From the 3412 patients, 35% (1195) received transfusion during their hospital stay. There was no change in age, gender and co-morbidities during the study. Thirty-day mortality improved from 12.4% in 2002 to 7% in 2009. The transfusion rate showed a gradual decrease from the highest of 48.3% (2003) to 22.9% (2009) (Pearson correlation - R2 = −0.707, p=0.05). There was no change during the study period in on-admission and pre-transfusion Hb. The mortality for non-transfused and transfused patients was [9.6% vs. 10.3 % (30-day)], [17.2% vs. 18.4%(90-day)] and [27% vs. 30.5%(1-year), p=0.031]. LOS was 11±9 for non-transfused patients and 13±10 (p<0.001) for transfused patients. Patients with more comorbidities experienced a higher transfusion rate, (0 – 31%, 1 – 38%, 2 – 46%, 3 – 57%), (Pearson Chi-squared, p<0.001). The need for transfusion by different procedures in decreasing order was 47.6% intramedullary device, 44.0% DHS, 25.2% cemented hemiarthroplasty, 23.6% Austin-Moore, and 5.5% cannulated screws. The length of the operation increases the chance of transfusion (<1hrs, – 33%, 1–2hrs – 35%, 2–3hrs – 41%, >3 hours – 65%), (Pearson Chi-squared, p=0.010). Preoperative waiting time had no influence on transfusion frequency (<24hrs – 36%, 24–48hrs – 34%, 48–96hrs – 36%, >96hrs – 33%), (Pearson Chi-squared, p=0.823).

The percentage of transfused geriatric hip fracture patients halved during the eight-year period without changes in demographics and co-morbidities. Perioperative transfusion of hip fracture patients is associated with higher 1-year mortality and increased LOS. A more restrictive transfusion practice has been safe and may be a factor in the improved 30-day mortality.

Femur shaft fractures (FSF) are markers of high energy transfer after injury. The comprehensive, population based epidemiology of FSF is unknown. The purpose of this prospective study was to describe the epidemiology of FSF with special focus on patient physiology and timing of surgery.

A 12-month prospective population-based study was performed on consecutive FSF in a 600,000 population area including all ages and pre-hospital deaths. Patient demographics, mechanism, injury severity score (ISS), shock parameters (SBP, BD and Lactate), transfusion requirement, fracture type (AO), co-morbidities, performed procedure and outcomes were recorded. Patients were categorized: Stable, borderline, unstable and in extremis.

A total of 125 patients (20.8/100,000/year) with 134 femur fractures. (62% male, age 37±28 years, ISS 20±19, 51% multiple injuries) were identified in two hospitals. 69 patients (55%) sustained a high energy injury (MVA, MBA, train related, high fall) with 16 (23%) of these being polytrauma patients (ISS 28±12, SBP 98±39, BD 6.5±5.8, Lactate 4±2), 15 (94%) required massive transfusion (12±12 URBC, 8±5 FFP, 1±0.4 PLT, 13±8 Cryo). Of the 125 patients 69% were stable (14.5/100,000/year), 9% borderline (1.8/100,000/year), 4% unstable (0.8/100,000/year) patients and 2% (0.3/100,000/year) were in extremis. 2 borderline, 1 unstable and 2 extremis patients died of severe CHI. One patient in extremis died due to uncontrollable hemorrhage from a pelvic fracture. 20 patients (16%) (3.3/100,000/year) with FSF were prehospital deaths and died due to the severity of their multiorgan injuries or CHI. The overall LOS was 18±15 days and the ICU LOS was 5±6 days. All high energy patients went to theatre within 6±13 hours. 56 patients (45%) sustained a low energy injury. Of these patients 85% had multiple co-morbidities. 8 patients needed 3±1 transfusions and none of the patients died. Time to surgery was 25±37 hrs and LOS was 15±11 days. There were 29 paediatric FSF, 20 of these were low and 9 high energy injuries. Only 3 patients required surgery.

LE-FSF are as frequent as HE-FSF. 73% of the femur fractures are complicated (open, compromised physiology, multiple injured, bilateral, elderly with co-morbidities etc.) requiring major resources and highly specialized care.

The universal availability of CT scanners has led to lower thresholds for imaging despite significant financial costs and radiation exposure. We hypothesized that this recent trend increased the use of CT for upper limb articular fractures and led to more frequent operative management.

A 5-year retrospective study (01/07/2005–30/06/2010) was performed on all adult patients with upper extremity articular fractures (AO: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1 and 2.3) admitted to a Level-1 Trauma Centre. Patients were identified from the institutions prospectively maintained AO classification database.

A total of 1651 patients with 1735 upper extremity articular fractures were identified. 1131 (65%) fractures were operated on. 556 (32%) fractures had CT imaging, 429 (77%) of these had operative management. 289 (17%) patients had multiple injuries and 168 (10%) received a scan of at least 1 other body region. There was a gradual increase in CT use and operative management 1.1, 1.3 and 2.1 fractures. Operation rates for 2.3 fractures unchanged but CT imaging frequency declined. In patients younger than 55 years operative management remained stable at 71% throughout the 5-year period considering all four regions. Overall CT use was stable at 38%, however scan rates for distal radius decreased but for proximal forearm increased.

The operative management of patients older than 55 years has increased significantly from 56% in 2005, to 70% in 2010. The most marked increase was observed in proximal humerus fractures. Except for 2.3 fractures, CT rates showed similar but less pronounced increases.

There is no increase in CT usage and operative management in younger upper limb articular fracture patients. CT utilization is even decreasing in distal radius fractures. Older patients are less likely to get CT scanned but there is a significant increase in operative management of their upper limb articular fractures.

High-energy pelvic ring fractures are associated with polytrauma where staged surgery is recommended. While temporary skeletal stabilisation is part of the acute management, definitive care is done in a later phase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of acute pelvic ORIF by comparing its short term outcome with those who were stabilised late.

A 45-month retrospective review of the prospective pelvic fracture database of a level one trauma centre was performed. All high-energy trauma patients who were potential candidates for minimally invasive internal fixation of the pelvic ring were included. Patients were categorised as acute ORIF (<24 hrs) or late ORIF (>24 hrs). Demographics, ISS, pelvic AIS, 24 hour pack cell transfusions, physiological parameters, time to operating theatre, angiography requirement, LOS and mortality were recorded. Data was presented as mean+/−SD or percentages. Statistical significance was determined at ∗p<0.05 based on univariate analysis.

Forty-three patients met inclusion criteria, seventeen patients had acute definitive ORIF (5.5 hrs to OT) and twenty-six late definitive ORIF (5 days to OT). Acute and late ORIF patients had statistically not different demographics (age: 48+/−22 years vs 40+/− 14, gender: 82% vs 79% males), injury severity (ISS: 30+/−18 vs 24.5+/−13, pelvic AIS: 3.7+/− 1 vs 3.4+/− 1.1) and 24 hour transfusion (4.7+/−5 U vs 6.6+/−4 U). Initial shock parameters were significantly worse in the acute ORIF group (∗SBP 69.7+/−17 vs 108+/−21 mmHg, ∗BD -7.35+/−4 vs -4.9+/−1.5 mEq/L, ∗Lactate 6.67+/−7 vs 2.51+/−1.3 mmol/L). Angiography was used 18% (3/17) vs 21% (6/29) of the cases. All early ORIF patients survived and one (3%) of the late ORIF patients died. The trend in shorter hospital LOS was not significant in the early ORIF group (25+/− 24 vs 37+/− 32 days) while the ICU LOS was comparable (12/17 patients with 2.9+/−2.5 days vs 15/26 patients with 3.7+/−3.6 days).

Minimally invasive acute ORIF of unstable pelvic ring fractures could be performed even in severely shocked polytrauma patients. The procedure did not lead to increased rates of transfusion, mortality, ICU LOS or overall LOS. Furthermore, all these parameters showed a trend towards benefit compared to a staged approach.