Introduction: The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis is not well understood. Previous reports focused on characteristics of curve progression pre-defined at 5–6 degrees. However, the absolute curve magnitude at skeletal maturity is more predictive of long-term curve behavior rather than progression of defined magnitude over shorter periods of growth. It is generally agreed that curves < 30 degrees are unlikely to progress after skeletal maturity. Hence, defining factors that influence curve progression to an absolute magnitude of ≥30 degrees at skeletal maturity significantly aids clinical decision-making. Methods: Of 279 patients with idiopathic scoliosis detected by school screening of 72,699 adolescents, 186 fulfilled the study criteria and were followed up to skeletal maturity. Initial age, gender, pubertal status and initial curve magnitude were used as predictive factors for curve progression to ≥30 degrees at skeletal maturity. Uni and multivariate, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. Results: Curve magnitude at first presentation was the most important predictive factor for curve progression to ≥30 degrees at skeletal maturity. An initial curve of 25 degrees had the best ROC of 0.8 with a positive predictive value of 68% and a negative predictive value of 92% for progression to ≥30 degrees at skeletal maturity. The highest risk was a pre-pubertal female < 12 years of age with a Cobb of ≥25 degrees at presentation; with an 82% chance of progression to a Cobb of ≥30 degrees. Probability of progression to ≥30 degrees was defined by 1/(1 + exp (−z)). [z = −3.709 + 0.931(Gender) + 0.825(Puberty) + 3.314(Cobb) + 0.171(Age)]. Conclusions: Initial curve magnitude is the most important independent predictor of long-term curve progression past skeletal maturity. An initial Cobb of 25 degrees is an important threshold. Combined with other factors, we identify patient profiles with high or low risk for progression

Side shift exercise was originally described by Mehta. Since 1986, we adopted it for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Outcome of the side shift exercise for the patients with idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity was evaluated retrospectively. Fifty-three patients with idiopathic scoliosis whose curve was greater than 20 degrees by the Cobb’s method were included in the study. All the patients were treated only by the side shift exercise and their treatment was started after skeletal maturity. Skeletal maturity was diagnosed by Risser’s method as either grade IV or grade V. The study comprised five men and forty-eight women. Twenty-six patients had thoracic curve, eight had thoracolumbar curve, and nineteen had double major curve. Patients were instructed to shift their trunk to the concavity of the curve repetitively while they were standing and to maintain the side shift position while they were sitting. In double major curve, larger curve was the subject of the treatment. The average age at the beginning of the treatment was 16.3 years (range, 13 to 27 years), and the average age at final follow-up was 19.8 years (range, 14 to 33 years). The average follow-up period was 3.5 years (range, one to 11 years). The average Cobb angle at the beginning of the treatment was 33.3 degrees (range, 20 to 74 degrees), and the average Cobb angle at final follow-up was 32.2 degrees (range, 10 to 73 degrees). Curves of four patients decreased 10 degrees or more. Most of long term follow-up studies reported that untreated idiopathic scoliosis progressed even after skeletal maturity. Although the follow-up period was much shorter, results of the present study suggested that the side shift exercise was a useful treatment option for the management of idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity

The purpose of this study was to compare 2 different strategies of management for ACL rupture in skeletally immature patient. In group 1, patients were treated in a children hospital by ACL reconstruction with open physis. In group 2, patients were treated in an adult hospital by delayed reconstruction at skeletal maturity assessed radiologically. Fifty six consecutive patients were included in this retrospective study. Mean time from injury to surgery in group 1 and 2, was 13.5 and 30 months, respectively. In the overall series, a long time from injury to surgery increased the number of medial meniscal tear (p< 0.0001), but had no influence in the number of lateral meniscal tear (p=0.696). Patients in group 2 exhibited a higher rate of medial meniscal tears (41%) compared to group 1 (16%) (p=0.01). Both groups had the same rate of lateral meniscal tears (p=1). Despite there was no difference between the 2 studied groups in type and location of menisci lesion, patients in group 2 underwent more partial menisectomy (63%) than patients in group 1 (16%) (p=0,014). One temporary tibial valgus deformity was reported and spontaneously resolved. No definitive growth disturbance was noticed. At 27 months mean follow-up, patients in group 1 expressed better subjective IKDC than in group 2. Objective IKDC and radiological results were similar in both groups. Early ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patient, especially if the patient is more than one year to be skeletally mature, has to be promoted despite of growth disturbance risk. This strategy will decrease medial meniscus lesions and partial meniscectomies which occurred more frequently when ACL reconstruction had been delayed until skeletal maturity

Purpose: We reviewed our pre-puberty patients whose scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis involved a hemivertebra. The purpose of our work was to evaluate the surgical technique used and evaluate spinal static as well as functional outcome at skeletal maturity. Material and methods: This retrospective analysis included 21 patients who underwent surgery before the age of 10 years and were followed to skeletal maturity. We excluded children with a multiple malformation syndrome or multiple vertebral malformations. The type and localisation of the hemivertebra was noted. Deformation, transversal balance, and radiographic measures were recorded preoperatively. Elements contributing to the indication for surgery, the type of procedure, and complications were also recorded. Events recorded during growth were the clinical course, complementary treatments, and possible surgical revision. Functional and aesthetic outcome was assessed at last follow-up. Spinal deviation was measured and compared with the preoperative angles. Results: Twenty-one children (13 girls, 8 boys), mean age three years ten months (range 10 months – 10 years) met the inclusion criteria. These children had a hemivertebra of the thoracic spine (n=9), the thoracolumbar junction (n=4), the lumbar spine (n=4), or the lumbosacral region (n=4). Surgery was indicated to arrest clinical and radiographic degradation. Several surgical procedures were used: fusion without resection for thoracic vertebrae and resection associated with arthrodesis or epiphysiodesis for other localisations. There were five complications: neurological (n=2), infectious (n=2) and disassembly (n=1). The clinical and radiographic course led to revision in ten children, including two who required a new operation. At mean follow-up of 14 years (9–23 years), the functional outcome was good in 19 patients, poor in one patient with a lumbosacral hemivertebra and in another with a thoracic hemivertebra. The aesthetic result was good in 16 patients. Five of the nine patients with a thoracic hemivertebra remained unsatisfied with the outcome. Mean curvature correction ranged from 26% at the thoracic level to 50% at the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral levels and 75% at the lumbar level. Discussion: The long follow-up of this series is exceptional. Treatment of evolving spinal malformations is a difficult challenge. Early surgery does not guarantee the final outcome and 50% of patients have to be reoperated at the end of growth. The good long-term functional and aesthetic outcome is however encouraging, particularly when hemivertebrectomy can be performed

Background: Deformity of the femoral head after open reduction for developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) influences the outcome of pelvic osteotomy as a final correction for residual dysplasia to prevent secondary osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to review long-term outcomes after open reduction using a medial approach for DDH. The correlation between age at the time of operation and femoral head deformity at skeletal maturity was specifically evaluated. Methods: Forty-two hips in 40 patients with more than 10 years of follow-up were assessed radiologically. The mean age at the time of surgery was 14.3 (range, 6–31) months, and the postoperative follow-up period ranged from 10 to 27 (mean, 15.8) years. The round and enlargement indices of the femoral head were measured on follow-up radiographs to evaluate deformity and enlargement of the femoral head at skeletal maturity. Results: Severin classification was I and II in 16 hips; III, IV, and V in 23; and II at the final follow-up in the 3 hips treated by osteotomy less than 10 years after open reduction. Mean round index at follow-up was 58.3 ± 8.3 (range, 47–79); it showed correlation with age at the time of operation (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Mean enlargement index at follow-up was 113.4 ± 11.8 (range, 93–137) and showed no correlation with age at the time of operation (r = 0.009, p = 0.96). Conclusions: At more than 10 years’ follow-up, the occurrence of deformity of the femoral head correlated with increased age at the time of operation. Indications for use of a medial approach in the correction of DDH in older patients must take into account the risk of subsequent femoral head deformity at skeletal maturity

Introduction. This is a report of the outcome of management of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) at skeletal maturity. Materials and Methods. Retrospective study. Inclusion criteria:. CPT Crawford IV. Skeletally maturity. Availability of radiographs and medical records. Outcome: union rate, healing time, residual deformities, ablation and refracture. Results. 23 patients who reached maturity were analysed. Time to union was 7.6 months. Union rate 70%. External fixation group: 7 patients, age 6.1 years, all united, 1 needed Bone graft. Average union time 8.2 months, no residual mal-alignment, no amputations, 2/7 needed corrective osteotomies and residual LLD in 2/7 < 1 cm. Numbers of surgery was 3. Vascularized fibular graft was done in 3 cases; all had failed previous attempts. Union time was 7 months. 2/3 united, 1 had amputation due to extensive disease. All patients had residual mal-alignment. Rodding group included 13 patients, age 3.2 years, union rate 61%, union time 8.3 months. Average LLD 1 cm with 1 patient LLD > 2 cm. Residual knee mal-alignment in 2/13, 4 had procurvatum and 55% of patients had ankle valgus. Fibula pseudoarthrosis. Refracture was reported in 53% of the rodding group. The causes of refracture were mal-alignment in 3, traumatic in 2 and idiopathic in 2. Total surgeries no 5. 2 patients had amputations after an unsuccessful 1. st. attempt. Our current trend of treatment was applied on 8 patients. They are not skeletally mature yet. the treatment combined excision of hamartoma, tibial rodding, wrapped periosteal graft with/out neutralization frame, and fibular fixation. Average age 3.8 years, union time was 10 months, Union rate 80%, no residual deformities. Conclusions. Our study shows the evolution of the treatment of CPT with increasing union rate, fewer residual deformities, and numbers of surgeries with more recent techniques

It is generally accepted that children treated for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) should be followed-up until skeletal maturity, before drawing conclusions about the efficacy of treatment. We undertook this study in order to evaluate the long-term results of treatment of CPT by excision of the pseudarthrosis, intramedullary rodding and onlay cortical bone grafting. Among a total of 46 children with CPT treated by a single surgeon during a 20-year period, 38 had been treated by this technique and 11 of these children have reached skeletal maturity. These eleven cases (nine boys and two girls) formed the basis for this study. The mean age at presentation was 3.1 years (range 0.4–7 years); the mean age at index surgery was 3.2 years (range 0.7–7 years). The mean age at follow-up was 18.4 years (range 16–21.6 years) with a mean interval between surgery and final follow-up of 15.2 years (range 12.8–17.4 years). In all 11 children bone graft was harvested from the contralateral tibial diaphysis. Rods passed from the heel were used in nine children and in two Sheffield telescopic rods were passed from the ankle into the tibia. The fibula was divided in three children to ensure that the tibial fragments were in good contact before placing the graft astride them; the fibula was not touched in the remaining eight instances. To ensure that the intramedullary rod supported the pseudarthrosis site till skeletal maturity, revision rodding was performed as needed when the tip of the rod receded into the distal third. A thermoplastic clamshell orthosis was used till skeletal maturity. At final follow-up the union at the pseudarthrosis site was deemed to be ‘sound’ only if two independent observers concurred that there was definite bony continuity of the cortices on both the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Deformities of the tibia and ankle and ranges of motion of the knee, ankle and subtalar joints were noted. The limb lengths were measured with scanograms. The morbidity at the bone graft donor site was recorded. The function of the ankle was assessed by applying the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hind foot Score. Primary union of the tibial pseudarthrosis was achieved in nine of 11 cases with a mean time to union of 6.1 months. Secondary union was achieved in the remaining two cases following further intervention. At final follow-up sound union of the tibial pseudarthrosis was noted in all eleven patients but persistent pseudarthrosis of the fibula was present in 10 of 11 cases. The lateral malleolus was proximally situated in six cases. Ten of eleven children underwent a total of 21 secondary operations on an average of 2.6 years (range 0.5–5.1 years) after initial union was achieved. Six re-fractures were encountered in five patients at a mean of 6.1 years after index surgery. All the re-fractures united following the single episode of intervention. The overall mean shortening at final follow-up was 2.6 cm. At final follow-up, five patients had ankle valgus greater than 10 degrees. All the 11 patients walked without pain. Only two patients had significant motion at the ankle. Despite the ankle stiffness in the remaining children the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores ranged between 70 and 98 (mean 83.3). Our long-term results are comparable to the results of other studies in terms of the rate of union, the re-fracture rate, limb length discrepancy, residual deformity and the frequency of surgery

Aim. To determine the rate of recurrence of coronal plane deformity in children treated with ‘guided growth’ using 8-plates, from the time of implant removal to skeletal maturity. Methods. Over a consecutive 5 year period between April 2008 and April 2013 we analysed our results of guided growth treatment using 8-plates to correct coronal plane lower limb deformity. Patients with neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy were excluded. Deformity planning was performed using standardised techniques. Our standard practice is to remove the 8-plate and screws once deformity is corrected both clinically and radiologically. Patients were followed up until either skeletal maturity or recurrence, which necessitated reapplication of the 8-plate. We are aware of no study in which children treated with guided growth using 8-plates are followed up to skeletal maturity. Results. 267 patients were treated with 8-plates in our unit over this 5 year period. Of the patients in whom deformity was corrected and had subsequent plates removed, we identified 41 patients who have either reached skeletal maturity or had recurrence of deformity. Six patients required reapplication of the 8-plates implant. These were young and had skeletal dysplasia. Deformity parameters were analysed both clinically and radiologically in patients who have reached skeletal maturity and showed no recurrence, which necessitated further intervention. Conclusion. A higher proportion of younger patients, especially a sub-group with skeletal dysplasia had recurrence of deformity necessitating reapplication of the 8-plate device. In this group we recommend removal of only the metaphyseal screw once deformity is corrected. This would allow ease of reapplication if recurrence were to reoccur. Level of evidence: III

Introduction and Aims: We studied the outcome of single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) for the correction of severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia, over a five-year period. It was unknown if gait correction post-SEMLS could be sustained at skeletal maturity. Method: This was a prospective cohort study, utilising validated outcome measures. Presenting symptoms were increasingly abnormal gait, anterior knee pain, patellar fractures and fatigue. SEMLS was based on pre-operative gait analysis: mean of seven procedures (range 5–10), including lengthening of contracted muscle-tendon units (particularly hamstrings and psoas), as well as rotational osteotomies and bony stabilisation procedures to correct lever arm dysfunction. Post-operatively subjects wore Ground Reaction Ankle Foot Orthoses (GRAFOs) and received a community-based rehabilitation program. Post-operative changes were evaluated at five years: technical outcome by 3D kinematics and functional outcome by mobility status. Outcomes were analysed with linear regression with robust standard errors. Results: Eleven children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy fulfilled the criteria for ‘severe crouch gait’, defined as knee flexion > 30 degrees and ankle dorsiflexion > 15 degrees throughout stance. Ten of 11 subjects had previous Tendo Achilles lengthening. Mean age pre-operatively was 12 years one month (range 8–16) and at follow-up 17 years 10 months (range 16–21). All subjects regained pre-operative mobility levels with improved gait pattern, relief of knee pain and healing of patellar fractures. There was a significant decrease in dependence on assistive devices. Pre- versus five years post-operative kinematics showed clinically and statistically significant increases in knee extension and decreases in ankle dorsiflexion. Improvements were seen in knee extension initial contact (p< 0.001, 95% CI 15°, 31°); maximum knee extension (p< 0.001, 95% CI 16°, 37°), ankle dorsiflexion (p< 0.001, 95% CI 8°, 18°) and plantarflexion 3rd rocker in stance (p=0.03, 95% CI 1°, 17°); knee excursion (p=0.003, 95% CI –24°, −6°), and peak knee flexion timing (p=0.02, 95% CI 2%, 20%). Conclusion: Multilevel surgery for severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia results in consistently marked improvements in dynamic knee and ankle function, but not at the hip and pelvic levels. The results are durable in most patients, after five years and after reaching skeletal maturity

We retrospectively reviewed 223 cases of supracondylar fractures of elbow treated in our hospital between the years 1996 and 2000. In 30 patients we found some degree of under-reduction of the extension element of the fracture. Twenty-two of them were evaluated close to skeletal maturity. The mean age at fracture was 5.4 years and mean follow-up was 8.2 years. The radiographic remodeling, range of elbow motion and awareness of the patients of functional limitation were evaluated. At the final follow-up17 (77%) of patients have had radiographic loss of humero-condylar angle (5 or more degrees of difference compared to an uninjured side). Eleven (50%) of the patients had limited elbow flexion, and seven (31%) of them were aware of this deficit. Most of under-reductions happened when reduction was attempted in the emergency room, or when displacement was not appreciated and a cast was applied without a reduction attempt. The conclusions are that the patients that were left to heal with some degree of extension, have had limited end-elbow flexion and may be aware of it. Although only 3 patients felt a minor functional disability at the last follow-up the 10 patients have unsatisfactory results according the Flinn’s criteria for motion restriction. The treating surgeon must be aware of this possible outcome and be more demanding in the reduction of the extension component of a fracture. Otherwise one may expect limited elbow flexion that may be clinically significant. Although the reduction of moderately displaced fractures may seem easy, it is better done in the operating room and not in the emergency room, under general anesthesia and with radiographic control

Natural history of AIS >30° in skeletally mature patients is poorly defined. Studies reporting rates and risk factors for progression are predominantly of large curves in immature patients. Our aim was to determine the rate of curve progression in AIS following skeletal maturity, any associated changes in SRS-22 scores, and identify any potential predictors of curve progression. Patients enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal, multicentre non-surgical AIS database were evaluated. All patients had minimum 2 year follow-up, idiopathic scoliosis >30°, and were skeletally mature. SRS-22 functional outcome scores and radiographic data were compared at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on curve size: A=30°-39°, B=40°-49°, C= >50°. Curve progression was defined as any change in curve magnitude. There were 80 patients, majority females (93.8%) with a mean age of 16.5+/−0.16. Mean BMI was 21+/−0.31 with 15.1% overweight. Mean major cobb at baseline was 38.3°+/−0.88°. At 2 year follow-up 46.3% of curves had progressed an average 3.4°+/−0.38°. Of curves that progressed, patients in group A had the largest mean rate of progression followed by group B. SRS-22 scores on average declined significantly over 2 years in this cohort (4.23 to 4.08; p=0.002). Patients who progressed had on average a more significant decline in SRS outcome scores compared to those that did not (p=0.018, p=0.041 respectively), with the most significant change noted in the Self-Image domain (p=0.03). There was no significant difference in the change in SRS scores over 2 years based on curve size. Univariate analysis did not identify any factors predictive of curve progression in this cohort. Skeletally mature patients with AIS >30°may continue to have a risk of progression at a mean rate of 1.7°/yr and significant decline in SRS-22 outcome scores, in particular Pain and Self-Image, over time

Introduction: The management of severe slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) is controversial. Many types of operation have been advocated. The cuneiform osteotomy offers the potential to restore normal anatomy and hence reduce the development of osteoarthritis, but it is not without its risks. This aim of this study was to quantify the long-term clinical & radiological results of Fish’s cuneiform osteotomy at skeletal maturity. Method: Twenty-seven patients underwent a cuneiform osteotomy between 1990 – 2003. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Therefore 25 hips in 24 patients were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 8 years and 3 months. The mean slip angle was 77 ± 13 degrees and all were categorized as unstable. Sex distribution was equal and the average age at follow-up was 21.5 years (range 14 – 31 years). The Iowa hip-rating, Harris Hip Score and radiographic classification of degenerative joint disease according to Boyer et al.,. 1. were determined at follow-up. Results: The mean Iowa hip-rating at follow-up was 93.7 ± 7.7 with a mean range of motion score of 8.1 ± 1.8. The Harris Hip Score was 95.6 ± 5.9. Nineteen patients were classified as Grade 0 on Boyer’s radiographic assessment, four Grade 1 and two Grade 2. Correction to neutral ± 10 degrees was achieved in all patients. The rate of avascular necrosis was 12 % and chondrolysis 16 %. Discussion: Cuneiform osteotomy for severe SUFE is a valid treatment option and complication rates were no higher than other operative interventions reported in the literature. Patients enjoyed an excellent range of motion and were extremely satisfied with the outcome. The restoration of anatomy equates to better function and possibly the delay in onset of osteoarthritis

We assessed the Japanese specific bone age standard with Tanner-Whitehouse 2 (TW2) method for the evaluation of skeletal maturity in adolescent scoliosis. TW2 bone age was investigated by the left hand-wrist X-rays of 120 girls with adolescent scoliosis. Their chronological age ranged from 10.2 to 19.0 years. Because Risser’s sign is uncertain between Risser IV and V, for comparison of TW2 bone age with Risser’s sign, we classified apophyses that with an apparent narrowing of cartilage and that with a partial fusion as the later of Risser IV. In addition, clinical courses of the skeletal matured cases (adult bones) in 6 months before investigation were reviewed retrospectively. Even or less than 5 degrees change of Cobb’s angle was evaluated as unchanged. Furthermore, bone age distribution of immature cases was also reviewed for comparision of the unchanged group with the progressive group. None was evaluated as adult bone in the stage from Risser 0 to III. The rate of adult bone which was shown in Risser IV was 43.5%, but 88.9% was in the later of IV. 95.8% of Risser V was already adult bone. Moreover, 93.1% of adult bone was unchanged in their clinical courses. Remaining 4 cases (6.9%) was progressive, but had not progressed in the following 6 months. Bone ages of the progressive immature group distributed in the range from 11.7 to 13.9 years. Those of the unchanged immature group distributed mainly over 13.1 years. Although it is necessary to follow the immature longitudinally, adult bone appeared almost in the later of Risser IV, and appeared earlier than Risser V. And Cobb’s angle may become unchanged before adult bone. At least adult bone would be an indicator between Risser IV and V

Introduction. The main challenge in management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is to predict which curve will progress so that appropriate treatment can be given. We previously reported that low bone mineral density (BMD) was one of the adverse prognostic factors for AIS. With advancement in imaging technology, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) becomes a useful method to assess bone density and bone quality. The objective of this study was to assess the role of QUS as a radiation-free method to predict curve progression in AIS. Methods. 294 girls with AIS were recruited at ages 11–16 years and followed up until skeletal maturity. 269 age-matched healthy girls were recruited as controls. They provided the normal reference for calculation of Z score for QUS parameters. QUS measurements, including BUA (broadband ultrasound attenuation), VOS (velocity of sound) and SI (stiffness index) of the calcaneum, BMD of femoral neck, menarche history, ages, and Cobb angle of the major curve were recorded at baseline as independent variables. The predictive outcome was curve progression defined as an increase of Cobb angle of 6° or more. Logistic regression model and the ROC curve were used for statistical analysis. Results. Mean follow-up was 3·4 years (SD 1·57). At baseline, mean age was 13·4 years (1·23), 73 (24·8%) patients were premenarchal, and mean Cobb angle was 26·3° (SD 8·2°). 202 (68·7%), 194 (66%), and 202 (68·7%) of patients with AIS had Z score of BUA, VOS, and SI of 0 or less, respectively. Initial univariate analysis indicated all independent variables had p values less than 0.2. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the p values of their regression coefficients were: age (p<0·001), menarchal status (p<0·001), Cobb angle (p=0·008), BMD (p=0·084), BUA (p=0·722), VOS (p=0·112), and SI (p=0·027). SI, age, menarchal status, and Cobb angle were therefore included in the final prediction equation. The adjusted odds ratio for Z score of SI of 0 or less was 2·00 (95% CI 1·08–3·71). The area under the ROC curve was 0·831(95% CI 0·785–0·877). The predictive model had a sensitivity of 0·847 and a specificity of 0·665 at a probability cutoff of 0·368. Conclusions. We recorded evidence of deranged bone density and bone quality in AIS, as indicated by QUS investigation. SI is an independent and significant prognostic factor for AIS. It can be used as a radiation-free parameter to predict curve progression in combination with initial Cobb angle, age, and menarchal status, especially when DXA is not available. Acknowledgments. This study is supported by Research Grant Council—The government of HKSAR (project number CUHK4498/06M)

Aims. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine with associated rotation, often causing distress due to appearance. For some curves, there is good evidence to support the use of a spinal brace, worn for 20 to 24 hours a day to minimize the curve, making it as straight as possible during growth, preventing progression. Compliance can be poor due to appearance and comfort. A night-time brace, worn for eight to 12 hours, can achieve higher levels of curve correction while patients are supine, and could be preferable for patients, but evidence of efficacy is limited. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled trial of ‘full-time bracing’ versus ‘night-time bracing’ in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods. UK paediatric spine clinics will recruit 780 participants aged ten to 15 years-old with AIS, Risser stage 0, 1, or 2, and curve size (Cobb angle) 20° to 40° with apex at or below T7. Patients are randomly allocated 1:1, to either full-time or night-time bracing. A qualitative sub-study will explore communication and experiences of families in terms of bracing and research. Patient and Public Involvement & Engagement informed study design and will assist with aspects of trial delivery and dissemination. Discussion. The primary outcome is ‘treatment failure’ (Cobb angle progression to 50° or more before skeletal maturity); skeletal maturity is at Risser stage 4 in females and 5 in males, or ‘treatment success’ (Cobb angle less than 50° at skeletal maturity). The comparison is on a non-inferiority basis (non-inferiority margin 11%). Participants are followed up every six months while in brace, and at one and two years after skeletal maturity. Secondary outcomes include the Scoliosis Research Society 22 questionnaire and measures of quality of life, psychological effects of bracing, adherence, anxiety and depression, sleep, satisfaction, and educational attainment. All data will be collected through the British Spine Registry. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(11):873–880

Aims. When the present study was initiated, we changed the treatment for late-detected developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) from several weeks of skin traction to markedly shorter traction time. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate this change, with special emphasis on the rate of stable closed reduction according to patient age, the development of the acetabulum, and the outcome at skeletal maturity. Methods. From 1996 to 2005, 49 children (52 hips) were treated for late-detected DDH. Their mean age was 13.3 months (3 to 33) at reduction. Prereduction skin traction was used for a mean of 11 days (0 to 27). Gentle closed reduction under general anaesthesia was attempted in all the hips. Concurrent pelvic osteotomy was not performed. The hips were evaluated at one, three and five years after reduction, at age eight to ten years, and at skeletal maturity. Mean age at the last follow-up was 15.7 years (13 to 21). Results. Stable closed reduction was obtained in 36 hips (69%). Open reduction was more often necessary in patients ≥ 18 months of age at reduction (50%) compared with those under 18 months (24%). Residual hip dysplasia/subluxation occurred in 12 hips and was significantly associated with avascular necrosis (AVN) and with high acetabular index and low femoral head coverage the first years after reduction. Further surgery, mostly pelvic and femoral osteotomies to correct subluxation, was performed in eight hips (15%). The radiological outcome at skeletal maturity was satisfactory (Severin grades 1 or 2) in 43 hips (83%). Conclusions. Gentle closed reduction can be attempted in children up to three years of age, but is likely to be less successful in children aged over 18 months. There is a marked trend to spontaneous improvement of the acetabulum after reduction, even in patients aged over 18 months and therefore simultaneous pelvic osteotomy is not always necessary

Aims. Temporary epiphysiodesis (ED) is commonly applied in children and adolescents to treat leg length discrepancies (LLDs) and tall stature. Traditional Blount staples or modern two-hole plates are used in clinical practice. However, they require accurate planning, precise surgical techniques, and attentive follow-up to achieve the desired outcome without complications. This study reports the results of ED using a novel rigid staple (RigidTack) incorporating safety, as well as technical and procedural success according to the idea, development, evaluation, assessment, long-term (IDEAL) study framework. Methods. A cohort of 56 patients, including 45 unilateral EDs for LLD and 11 bilateral EDs for tall stature, were prospectively analyzed. ED was performed with 222 rigid staples with a mean follow-up of 24.4 months (8 to 49). Patients with a predicted LLD of ≥ 2 cm at skeletal maturity were included. Mean age at surgery was 12.1 years (8 to 14). Correction and complication rates including implant-associated problems, and secondary deformities as well as perioperative parameters, were recorded (IDEAL stage 2a). These results were compared to historical cohorts treated for correction of LLD with two-hole plates or Blount staples. Results. The mean LLD was reduced from 25.2 mm (15 to 45) before surgery to 9.3 mm (6 to 25) at skeletal maturity. Implant-associated complications occurred in 4/56 treatments (7%), and secondary frontal plane deformities were detected in 5/45 legs (11%) of the LLD cohort. Including tall stature patients, the rate increased to 12/67 legs (18%). Sagittal plane deformities were observed during 1/45 LLD treatments (2%). Compared to two-hole plates and Blount staples, similar correction rates were observed in all devices. Lower rates of frontal and sagittal plane deformities were observed using rigid staples. Conclusion. Treatment of LLD using novel rigid staples appears a feasible and promising strategy. Secondary frontal and sagittal plane deformities remain a potential complication, although the rate seems to be lower in patients treated with rigid staples. Further comparative studies are needed to investigate this issue. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(8):1428–1437

Introduction. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) often results in femoral head deformity and leg length discrepancy (LLD). Objective of this study was to analyse femoral morphology in LCPD patients at skeletal maturity to assess where the LLD originates, and evaluate the effect of contralateral epiphysiodesis for length equalisation on proximal and subtrochanteric femoral lengths. Materials and Methods. All patients treated for LCPD in our institution between January 2013 and June 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with unilateral LCPD, LLD of ≥5mm and long leg standing radiographs at skeletal maturity were included. Total leg length, femoral and tibial length, articulotrochanteric distance (ATD) and subtrochanteric femoral length were compared between LCPD side and unaffected side. Furthermore, we compared leg length measurements between patients who did and who did not have a contralateral epiphysiodesis. Results. 79 patients were included, 21/79 underwent contralateral epiphysiodesis for leg length correction. In the complete cohort the average LLD was 1.8cm (95% CI 1.5 – 2.0), average ATD difference was 1.8cm (95% CI −2.1 – −1.9) and average subtrochanteric difference was −0.2cm (95% CI −0.4 – 0.1). In the epiphysiodesis group the average LLD before epiphysiodesis was 2.7 (1.3 – 3.4) cm and 1.3 (−0.5 – 3.8) cm at skeletal maturity. In the non-epiphysiodesis group the average LLD was 2.0 (0.5 – 5.1), p=0.016. The subtrochanteric region on the LCPD side was significantly longer at skeletal maturity in the epiphysiodesis group compared to the non-epiphysiodesis group: −1.0 (−2.4 – 0.6) versus 0.1 (−1.0 – 2.1), p<0.001. Conclusions. This study concludes that LLD after LCPD originates from the proximal segment only. In patients who had had a contralateral epiphysiodesis, the subtrochanteric femoral region was significantly longer on the LCPD side. These anatomical changes need to be considered by paediatric surgeons when advising leg length equalisation procedures, and by arthroplasty surgeons when LCPD patients present for hip arthroplasty

Introduction. Coronal malalignment and leg length discrepancies (LLD) are frequently associated. Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (tHED) is commonly employed for the correction of limb malalignment in skeletally immature patients. For treatment of LLD greater than 2 cm, lengthening with intramedullary legnthening nails is a safe and reliable technique. However, the combined application of these approaches in skeletally immature patients has not yet been investigated. Materials & Methods. Retrospective radiological and clinical analysis of 25 patients (14 females, 11 males) who underwent intramedullary femoral lengthening with an antegrade PRECICE® lengthening nail as well as tHED of the distal femur and / or proximal tibia between 2014 and 2019. tHED was conducted by implantation of flexible staples (FlexTack™) either prior (n = 11), simultaneously (n = 10), or subsequently (n = 4) to femoral lengthening. The mean follow-up period was 3.7 years (±1.4). Results. The median initial LLD was 39.0 mm (35.0–45.0). 21 patients (84%) presented valgus and 4 (16%) showed varus malalignment. Leg length equalization was achieved in 13 patients at skeletal maturity (62%). The median LLD of patients with a residual LLD > 10 mm was 15.5 mm (12.8–21.8). Limb realignment was obtained in nine of seventeen skeletally mature patients (53%) in the valgus group, and in one of four patients (25%) in the varus group. Conclusions. The combination of antegrade femoral lengthening and tHED can efficiently correct LLD and coronal limb malalignment in skeletally immature patients. Nevertheless, achieving limb length equalization and realignment may render difficult in cases of severe LLD and angular deformity. Furthermore, the reported techniques ought to be thoroughly planned and executed and require regular clinical and radiological examinations until skeletal maturity to avoid - or timely detect and manage - adverse events such as overcorrection and rebound of deformity

Aims. This study examined windswept deformity (WSD) of the knee, comparing prevalence and contributing factors in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) cohorts. Methods. A case-control radiological study was undertaken comparing 500 healthy knees (250 adults) with a consecutive sample of 710 OA knees (355 adults) undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty. The mechanical hip-knee-ankle angle (mHKA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), and lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) were determined for each knee, and the arithmetic hip-knee-ankle angle (aHKA), joint line obliquity, and Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) types were calculated. WSD was defined as a varus mHKA of < -2° in one limb and a valgus mHKA of > 2° in the contralateral limb. The primary outcome was the proportional difference in WSD prevalence between healthy and OA groups. Secondary outcomes were the proportional difference in WSD prevalence between constitutional varus and valgus CPAK types, and to explore associations between predefined variables and WSD within the OA group. Results. WSD was more prevalent in the OA group compared to the healthy group (7.9% vs 0.4%; p < 0.001, relative risk (RR) 19.8). There was a significant difference in means and variance between the mHKA of the healthy and OA groups (mean -1.3° (SD 2.3°) vs mean -3.8°(SD 6.6°) respectively; p < 0.001). No significant differences existed in MPTA and LDFA between the groups, with a minimal difference in aHKA (mean -0.9° healthy vs -0.5° OA; p < 0.001). Backwards logistic regression identified meniscectomy, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteotomy as predictors of WSD (odds ratio (OR) 4.1 (95% CI 1.7 to 10.0), p = 0.002; OR 11.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 89.3); p = 0.016; OR 41.6 (95% CI 5.4 to 432.9), p ≤ 0.001, respectively). Conclusion. This study found a 20-fold greater prevalence of WSD in OA populations. The development of WSD is associated with meniscectomy, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteotomy. These findings support WSD being mostly an acquired condition following skeletal maturity. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):879–885