Aims. The aim of this trial was to assess the cost-effectiveness of a soft bandage and immediate discharge, compared with rigid immobilization, in children aged four to 15 years with a torus fracture of the distal radius. Methods. A within-trial economic evaluation was conducted from the UK NHS and personal social services (PSS) perspective, as well as a broader societal point of view. Health resources and quality of life (the youth version of the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D-Y)) data were collected, as part of the Forearm Recovery in Children Evaluation (FORCE) multicentre randomized controlled trial over a six-week period, using trial case report forms and patient-completed questionnaires. Costs and health gains (quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)) were estimated for the two trial treatment groups. Regression was used to estimate the probability of the new treatment being cost-effective at a range of ‘willingness-to-pay’ thresholds, which reflect a range of costs per QALY at which governments are typically prepared to reimburse for treatment. Results. The offer of a soft bandage significantly reduced cost per patient (saving £12.55 (95% confidence interval (CI) -£5.30 to £19.80)) while QALYs were similar (QALY difference between groups: 0.0013 (95% CI -0.0004 to 0.003)). The high probability (95%) that offering a bandage is a cost-effective option was consistent when examining the data in a range of sensitivity analyses. Conclusion. In addition to the known clinical equivalence, this study found that the offer of a bandage reduced cost compared with rigid immobilization among children with a torus fracture of the distal radius. While the cost saving was small for each patient, the high frequency of these injuries indicates a significant saving across the healthcare system. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(6):623–630

Aims. Torus fractures are the most common childhood fracture, accounting for 500,000 UK emergency attendances per year. UK treatment varies widely due to lack of scientific evidence. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled equivalence trial of ‘the offer of a soft bandage and immediate discharge’ versus ‘rigid immobilization and follow-up as per the protocol of the treating centre’ in the treatment of torus fractures . Methods. Children aged four to 15-years-old inclusive who have sustained a torus/buckle fracture of the distal radius with/without an injury to the ulna are eligible to take part. Baseline pain as measured by the Wong Baker FACES pain scale, function using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) upper limb, and quality of life (QoL) assessed with the EuroQol EQ-5D-Y will be collected. Each patient will be randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre and age group (four to seven years and ≥ eight years) to either a regimen of the offer of a soft bandage and immediate discharge or rigid immobilization and follow-up as per the protocol of the treating centre. Results. At day one, three, and seven, data on pain, function, QoL, immobilization, and analgesia will be collected. Three and six weeks after injury, the main outcomes plus data on complications, resource use, and school absence will be collected. The primary outcome is the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale at three days post-randomization. All data will be obtained through electronic questionnaires completed by the participants and/or parents/guardian. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-6:214–221

Introduction: The management atlanto-axial fractures, particularly those of the odontoid peg, remains controversial. We managed patients with C1/C2 fractures non-operatively in rigid immobilization until CT-scanning confirmed bony union, rather than for the standard 3-month period. We examined whether this improved outcomes and reduced the need for surgery. Method: All patients admitted to our unit with atlanto-axial fractures between 2001–2007 were retrospectively analyzed. All fractures had the ‘intention-to-treat’ conservatively in either halothoracic vest (85%) or Aspen collar (15%). Rigid immobilization was maintained until CT-scanning demonstrated bony fusion. Functional stability was subsequently assessed with flexion-extension radiographs after removal of rigid immobilization. Results: Twenty-seven patients were studied. Nineteen had odontoid peg fractures (10 type II; 9 type III). The remainder consisted of 3 Hangman’s, 3 lateral mass and 2 atlas ring fractures. 83% of patients progressed to union at an average of 13.2 weeks (range 5–22). Six complications related to halo immobilization were observed (three skull perforations/pin-site infections). All of these patients progressed to union non-operatively. Failure of non-operative management was deemed as non-union or poor patient tolerance of halo, and occurred in 4 patients (17%). All four had type II odontoid peg fractures, and had transarticular screw fixation. One postoperative complication of screw fracture was recorded. Conclusion: Non-union rates of conservatively managed atlanto-axial fractures with standard 3-month rigid immobilization have been reported as high as 35%. In our series, CT-imaging to confirm bony union prior to removal of the rigid immobilization (prolonging immobilization where necessary) significantly lowered the rate of non-union and therefore the need for subsequent surgery. Ethics approval: None Audit. Interest Statement: None

Aims. Torus fractures of the distal radius are the most common fractures in children. The NICE non-complex fracture guidelines recently concluded that bandaging was probably the optimal treatment for these injuries. However, across the UK current treatment varies widely due to a lack of evidence underpinning the guidelines. The Forearm Fracture Recovery in Children Evaluation (FORCE) trial evaluates the effect of a soft bandage and immediate discharge compared with rigid immobilization. Methods. FORCE is a multicentre, parallel group randomized controlled equivalence trial. The primary outcome is the Wong-Baker FACES pain score at three days after randomization and the primary analysis of this outcome will use a multivariate linear regression model to compare the two groups. Secondary outcomes are measured at one and seven days, and three and six-weeks post-randomization and include the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) upper extremity limb score, EuroQoL EQ-5D-Y, analgesia use, school absence, complications, and healthcare resource use. The planned statistical and health economic analyses for this trial are described here. The FORCE trial protocol has been published separately. Conclusion. This paper provides details of the planned analyses for this trial, and will reduce the risks of outcome reporting bias and data driven results. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-6:205–213

Summary Statement. Pedicle screws provide robust fixation and rigid immobilization. There has been no attempt to correlate the anatomic dimensions of thoracic and lumbar pedicles with the accuracy of navigated insertion. This study demonstrates that comparable accuracy using this technique. Introduction. Pedicle screws provide robust mechanical fixation, which makes their use attractive; their use enables fixation of the three spinal columns. There remains concern about the potential both for misplacement; various investigators have studied the accuracy of pedicle screw insertions, comparing different techniques. What is not clear, however, is whether there is any relation between the variables of pedicles’ anatomic dimensions, screw dimensions and accuracy. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between these variables. Patients & Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive pedicle screws that were inserted in the thoracic and lumbar spine at our institution. Screws were inserted using the navigated method (Stealth Station® TREON™, Medtronic, Louisville, CO). The accuracy of the screw insertion was measured using the classification system developed by Gertzbein and Robbins; pedicle dimensions were measured from post-operative computed tomography scans. The corresponding pre-operative scans were then used to measure the pedicle dimensions at the other levels. The magnitude of a cortical breach in the pedicle was represented by a letter: A (no breach), B (<2mm), C (>2mm, <4mm), D (>4mm, <6mm) and E (>6mm). In addition, measurements were made of the anatomic dimensions of the pedicles. The combination of these two measures allowed for direct correlation to be made between the accuracy of screw insertion, screw dimensions and pedicle anatomy. We then computed the proportion of each pedicle (width) occupied by a screw. Results. A total of 765 screws were reviewed, 493 were in the thoracic spine and 272 in the lumbar spine. Of the screws in the thoracic spine, 472 (96%) were either fully in the pedicle or less than 2mm beyond the cortex (within the A+B classification); when considered separately, 323 (66%) were completely within the pedicle (A) and 149 (30%) were less than 2mm beyond the cortex. A total of 21 (4%) screws were beyond 2mm but within 6mm (C+D). In the lumbar spine, 270 (99%) were either completely within the cortex or less than 2mm exposed (classified as A or B). The nadir of pedicle width was at T4. From L1 to L5, measured pedicle width also rose. This pattern was followed, although it was less profound, when screw diameter was measured in the lumbar spine (and even less so in the thoracic vertebrae). The height of pedicles was noted to progressively increase, peaking at the thoraco-lumbar junction. The mid thoracic region was associated with screws occupying the greatest proportion of pedicle diameter. Discussion/Conclusion. The use of pedicle screws in the thoracic and lumbar spine remains relatively safe. The accuracy of navigated insertion was found to compare well to previous series’. Although there is some association between the anatomical dimensions of pedicles and the dimensions of screws, this doesn't seem to be a strong association. Based on the findings in this series, future studies that relate the long term outcome (e.g. failure or screw loosening) with proportion of pedicle diameter taken up by a screw may be warranted

Summary. Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is an uncommon but severe spinal infection. In majority of cases treatment is based on intravenous antibiotics and rigid brace immobilization. Posterior percutaneous spinal instrumentation is a safe alternative procedure in relieving pain, preventing deformity and neurological compromise. Introduction. Pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) is an uncommon but severe spinal infection. Patients affected by a non-complicated PS and treatment is based on intravenous antibiotics and rigid brace immobilization with a thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) suffices in most cases in relieving pain, preventing deformity and neurological compromise. Since January 2010 we started offering patients percutaneous posterior screw-rod instrumentation as alternative approach to TLSO immobilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and effectiveness of posterior percutaneous spinal instrumentation for single level lower thoracic (T9-T12) or lumbar pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Materials and Methods. Retrospective cohort analysis on 27 patients diagnosed with PS who were offered to choose between 24/7 TLSO rigid bracing for 3 to 4 months and posterior percutaneous screw-rod instrumentation bridging the infection level followed by soft bracing for 4 weeks after surgery. All patients underwent antibiotic therapy. Fifteen patients chose conservative treatment, 12 patients chose surgical treatment. Patients were seen at 1, 3, 6, 9 months after diagnosis. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and complete blood count were measured at each follow-up visit. Segmental kyphosis was measured at diagnosis and at 9 months. VAS, SF-12, and EQ-5D questionnaires were recorded at each follow-up visit. Baseline groups’ demographic characteristics were assessed using independent sample t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for frequency variables. Results. Complete healing was achieved in all patients, no difference was observed in healing time between the two groups (77.3±7.2 days vs 80.2±4.4). Instrumentation failure and screw loosening was not observed in any patient. In both group CRP and ESR decreased accordingly with response to antibiotic therapy. Surgically treated patients had significantly lower VAS scores at 1 month (3.05±0.57 in surgery group vs 5.20±1.21 in TLSO group) and 3 months (2.31±0.54 in surgery group vs 2.85±0.55 in TLSO group) post-diagnosis. Both groups had similar trends toward fast recovery in both mental (MCS) and physical components (PCS) of SF-12 questionnaire, surgically treated patients showed steeper and statistically significative improvement at 1 month (37.83±4.57 MCS in surgery group vs 24.52±3.03 MCS in TLSO group and 35.46±4.43 PCS in surgery group vs 27.07±4.45 PCS in TLSO group, p<0.001), 3 months (52.94±3.82 MCS in surgery group vs 39.45±4.92 MCS in TLSO group and 44.93±3.73 PCS in surgery group vs 35.33±6.44 PCS in TLSO group, p<0.001), and 6 months (54.93±3.56 MCS in surgery group vs 49.99±5.82 MCS in TLSO group) post-diagnosis, no statistically significant differences were detected at the other time points (9 months post-diagnosis). EQ-5D index was significantly higher in surgery patients at 1 month (0.764±0.043 in surgery group vs 0.458±0.197 in TLSO group) and 3 months (0.890±0.116 in surgery group vs 0.688±0.142 in TLSO group); no statistically significant changes were observed in segmental kyphosis between the two groups. Conclusion. Posterior percutaneous spinal instrumentation is a safe, feasible, and effective procedure in relieving pain, preventing deformity and neurological compromise. Surgical stabilization was associated with faster recovery, lower pain scores, and improved quality of life compared with TLSO conservative treatment at 1 and 3 months after diagnosis

Aims

This study sought to estimate the clinical outcomes and describe the nationwide variation in practice, as part of the feasibility workup for a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended randomized clinical trial to determine the optimal treatment of torus fractures of the distal radius in children.

Aims: We aimed to compare conventional rigid cast immobilization with the semi-rigid functional treatment method with respect to calf muscle atrophy, ankle range of motion (ROM) and patient satisfaction in patients who had acute lateral ligament injury of the ankle. Methods: Sixty patients were randomized into the functional immobilization group (Group SC) or conventional belowthe- knee walking cast (Group R). Muscle atrophy was evaluated by axial Computerized Tomography and ankle ROM were recorded before and after treatment. A brief questionnaire for the evaluation of patient satisfaction was applied after the casts were removed. Results: A reduction in muscle area indicating atrophy was detected for both groups (p< 0.001). However, the atrophy was more pronounced in Group R for anterior and superþcial posterior muscle groups. There was also a reduction in ankle ROM for both groups. The loss of ROM for Group R was more evident and differences between the groups were statistically signiþcant. The patients who were treated with functional immobilization techniques were more satisþed. Mean score for Group SC was 67±12 where as it was 28±7 for Group R (p< 0.001). Conclusions: Functional immobilization has shown better results on patient satisfaction and ankle ROM. Although not statistically signiþcant, functional group also showed better results with respect to muscle atrophy for all muscle groups except the lateral. Regarding the previous literature on the effectiveness of functional immobilisation on ankle stability, this technique additionally brings advantages to the treatment of ankle ligamentous lesions with regard to patient satisfaction and facilitation in rehabilitation

Between 1994 and 2002, 42 patients aged over 65 years were admitted to the spinal injuries unit with odontoid fractures. Data was retrospectively collected by analysis of the national spinal unit database, hospital inpatient enquiry (HIPE) system, chart and x-ray review. Mean age of patients was 79 years (66–88). Mean following-up with 4.4 years (1–9 yrs). Male to female ratio was 1:1.2 (M=19, F=23). Among the mechanism of injury, simple fall (low-energy) was the commonest underlying cause in 76% of the odontoid fracture, whereas 23% fractures were sustained as a result of motor vehicle accident. Fractures were classified according to Anderson and D’Alonzo method. There were 29 (69%) type 11 fractures, 13 (30%) were type 111 fractures and there was no type 1 fracture. Anterior and posterior displacements were recorded with almost equal frequency. Seven fractures displaced anteriorly and six fractures posteriorly. Primary union occurred in 59% of fractures. Forty (95.3%) fractures were treated non-operatively. Two fractures were stabilized primarily with C1/C2 posterior interspinous fusion. These fractures were odontoid type 11, anteriorly displaced. Three fractures (7.1%) failed to unite and another three fractures (7.1%) united with prolonged interval (9–11 months). Neurological compromise was mainly related to displacement of the fracture. The overall complication rate was significant (48%) with an associated in-hospital mortality of 11.1%. Loss of reduction, non-union after non operative treatment, pin site problems and complication due to associated injuries accounted primarily for this significant complication rate. Most fractures can be managed in orthosis but unstable fractures require rigid external immobilization or surgical fixation. Outcome was assessed using a cervical spine outcome questionnaire from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Questionnaires were sent by post to all patients identified. Non responders were subsequently contacted by phone, if possible, to complete the questionnaire. In the follow-up, additional 6(14.2%) patients were found deceased, 4 patients were unavailable for review and the remaining 69% had significant recovery. Functional outcome scores approached pre-morbid level in all patients. Outcome of these patients are related to increasing age, co-morbidity and the severity of neurological deficit

The lumbar spine consists of a mobile segment of 5 vertebrae, which are located between the relatively immobile segments of the thoracic and sacral segments. The bodies are wider and have shorter and heavier pedicles, and the transverse processes project somewhat more laterally and ventrally than other spinal segments. The laminae are shorter vertically than are the bodies and are bridged by strong ligaments. The spinous processes are broader and stronger than are those in the thoracic and cervical spine. Internal fixation as an adjunct to spinal fusion has become increasingly popular in recent years. Stainless steel or titanium plates or rods are longitudinally anchored to the spine by hooks or pedicle screws. Powerful forces can be applied to the spine through these implants to correct deformity. Implants provide immediate rigid spinal immobilization, which allows for early patient mobilization, and provides a more optimal environment for bone graft incorporation. Numerous clinical and experimental studies demonstrate higher fusion rates in patients with rigid internal fixation than in controls without instrumentation. Although various implants are available, pedicle fixation systems are the most commonly used implant type in the lumbosacral spine. The large size of the lumbar pedicles minimizes the number of instrumented motion segments required to achieve adequate stabilization. Many authors have reported loss of postoperative deformity correction after transpedicular screw fixation, ranging from 2.5 degrees to 7.1 degrees. The general preference is to stabilize the fractured vertebra by fusing one level above and one level below. With this technique, the rate of loss of correction is high. At our institution, we routinely stabilize the unstable thoracolumbar fractures by fusing one level above and one level below. In addition, we put screws into the pedicle(s) of fractured vertebrae. The reason for this is the following:. To correct the deformed body of the fractured vertebra for better load sharing. To make use of the pedicles of the fractured vertebra for superior rotatory stabilization. To avoid the need for the inclusion of additional levels, thereby preserving motion segments. To avoid the need for possible anterior spinal fusion and instrumentation. To obtain a better correction of a kyphotic deformity. Plain radiographs were analysed post operatively and compared for reduction of the fracture fragments and correction of kyphotic deformity to pre-operative films. 74 Patients were admitted with thoracolumbar spine fractures to our hospital. 48 Patients were surgically treated, and 34 patients were available for follow up. We found that inserting the pedicle screws into the fractured vertebra provided good stabilization for very unstable fractures. No loss of correction was seen in the follow up x-rays. We conclude that including the fractured vertebra into the fracture fixation device not only provides better fracture reduction, but also gives improved rotatory stability