Aims. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common pre- and postoperative issue in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. The conventional technique for measuring LLD has historically been on a non-weightbearing anteroposterior pelvic radiograph; however, this does not capture many potential sources of LLD. The aim of this study was to determine if long-limb EOS radiology can provide a more reproducible and holistic measurement of LLD. Methods. In all, 93 patients who underwent a THA received a standardized preoperative EOS scan, anteroposterior (AP) radiograph, and clinical LLD assessment. Overall, 13 measurements were taken along both anatomical and functional axes and measured twice by an orthopaedic fellow and surgical planning engineer to calculate intraoperator reproducibility and correlations between measurements. Results. Strong correlations were observed for all EOS measurements (r. s. > 0.9). The strongest correlation with AP radiograph (inter-teardrop line) was observed for functional-ASIS-to-floor (functional) (r. s. = 0.57), much weaker than the correlations between EOS measurements. ASIS-to-ankle measurements exhibited a high correlation to other linear measurements and the highest ICC (r. s. = 0.97). Using anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)-to-ankle, 33% of patients had an absolute LLD of greater than 10 mm, which was statistically different from the inter-teardrop LLD measurement (p < 0.005). Discussion. We found that the conventional measurement of LLD on AP pelvic radiograph does not correlate well with long leg measurements and may not provide a true appreciation of LLD. ASIS-to-ankle demonstrated improved detection of potential LLD than other EOS and radiograph measurements. Full length, functional imaging methods may become the new gold standard to measure LLD. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(12):960–968

Introduction. The various problems that are managed with circular external fixation (e.g. deformity, complex fractures) also typically require serial plain x-ray imaging. One of the challenges here is that the relatively radio-opaque components of the circular external fixator (e.g. the rings) can obscure the view of the area of interest (e.g. osteotomy site, fracture site). In this presentation we describe how the geometry of the x-ray beam affects the produced image and how we can use knowledge of this to our advantage. Whilst this can be applied to any long bone, we have focused on the tibia, given that it's the most common long bone that is treated by circular external fixation. Materials & Methods. In the first part of the presentation we describe the known attributes (geometry) of the x-ray beam and postulate what effect it would have when we x-ray a long bone that is surrounded by a circular external fixator. In the second part we demonstrate this in practice using a tibia and a 3 ring circular external fixator. Differing x-ray beam orientations are used to demonstrate both how the geometry of the beam affects the produced image and how we can use this to our advantage to better visualise part of the bone. Results. The practical part of the study confirmed the theoretical part. Conclusions. Knowledge of the beam geometry can be used to minimise the obscuring nature of the circular fixator. This technique is simple and can be easily taught to the radiographer. It is a useful adjunct for the limb reconstruction surgeon

Background. An improved understanding of intervertebral disc (IVD) structure and function is required for treatment development. Loading induces micro-fractures at the interface between the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the annulus fibrosus (AF), which is hypothesized to induce a cascade of cellular changes leading to degeneration. However, there is limited understanding of the structural relationship between the NP and AF at this interface and particularly response to load. Here, X-ray scattering is utilised to provide hierarchical morphometric information of collagen structure across the IVD, especially the interface region under load. Methodology. IVDs were imaged using the I22 SAXS/WAXS beamline at Diamond Light Source. Peaks associated with the D-banded structure of collagen fibrils were fitted to quantify their azimuthal distribution, as well the magnitude and direction of internal strains under static and applied strain (0–20%). Results. IVD tissue regions exhibited structural “AF-like” and “NP-like” fingerprints. Demonstrating high internal strains on collagen fibres particularly within the NP region of the disc. AF and NP regions showed distinct collagen orientation and internal strains with an apparent lack of bracing structure seen at the interface between the differential mechanical tissues. X-ray scattering under tensile strain provided structural information at high resolution, with clear differences observed between normal and degenerate discs under load. Conclusion. X ray scattering has been utilised to develop an improved understanding of collagen structure across the intervertebral disc which can be utilised to gain an increased understanding of load induced propagation of micro fissures and disc degeneration. Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest. Funding: BioPro Network, UCL for funding this study through support from the MRC (MR/R025673/1)

Aims. To identify a core outcome set of postoperative radiographic measurements to assess technical skill in ankle fracture open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), and to validate these against Van der Vleuten’s criteria for effective assessment. Methods. An e-Delphi exercise was undertaken at a major trauma centre (n = 39) to identify relevant parameters. Feasibility was tested by two authors. Reliability and validity was tested using postoperative radiographs of ankle fracture operations performed by trainees enrolled in an educational trial (IRCTN 20431944). To determine construct validity, trainees were divided into novice (performed < ten cases at baseline) and intermediate groups (performed ≥ ten cases at baseline). To assess concurrent validity, the procedure-based assessment (PBA) was considered the gold standard. The inter-rater and intrarater reliability was tested using a randomly selected subset of 25 cases. Results. Overall, 235 ankle ORIFs were performed by 24 postgraduate year three to five trainees during ten months at nine NHS hospitals in England, UK. Overall, 42 PBAs were completed. The e-Delphi panel identified five ‘final product analysis’ parameters and defined acceptability thresholds: medial clear space (MCS); medial malleolar displacement (MMD); lateral malleolar displacement (LMD); tibiofibular clear space (TFCS) (all in mm); and talocrural angle (TCA) in degrees. Face validity, content validity, and feasibility were excellent. PBA global rating scale scores in this population showed excellent construct validity as continuous (p < 0.001) and categorical (p = 0.001) variables. Concurrent validity of all metrics was poor against PBA score. Intrarater reliability was substantial for all parameters (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.8), and inter-rater reliability was substantial for LMD, MMD, TCA, and moderate (ICC 0.61 to 0.80) for MCS and TFCS. Assessment was time efficient compared to PBA. Conclusion. Assessment of technical skill in ankle fracture surgery using the first postoperative radiograph satisfies the tested Van der Vleuten’s utility criteria for effective assessment. 'Final product analysis' assessment may be useful to assess skill transfer in the simulation-based research setting. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(6):502–509

Aims. Assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a well-established clinical technique, but it is not available in the acute trauma setting. Thus, it cannot provide a preoperative estimation of BMD to help guide the technique of fracture fixation. Alternative methods that have been suggested for assessing BMD include: 1) cortical measures, such as cortical ratios and combined cortical scores; and 2) aluminium grading systems from preoperative digital radiographs. However, limited research has been performed in this area to validate the different methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the evaluation of BMD from digital radiographs by comparing various methods against DXA scanning. Methods. A total of 54 patients with distal radial fractures were included in the study. Each underwent posteroanterior (PA) and lateral radiographs of the injured wrist with an aluminium step wedge. Overall 27 patients underwent routine DXA scanning of the hip and lumbar spine, with 13 undergoing additional DXA scanning of the uninjured forearm. Analysis of radiographs was performed on ImageJ and Matlab with calculations of cortical measures, cortical indices, combined cortical scores, and aluminium equivalent grading. Results. Cortical measures showed varying correlations with the forearm DXA results (range: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.343 (p = 0.251) to r = 0.521 (p = 0.068)), with none showing statistically significant correlations. Aluminium equivalent grading showed statistically significant correlations with the forearm DXA of the corresponding region of interest (p < 0.017). Conclusion. Cortical measures, cortical indices, and combined cortical scores did not show a statistically significant correlation to forearm DXA measures. Aluminium-equivalent is an easily applicable method for estimation of BMD from digital radiographs in the preoperative setting. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(12):830–839

Abstract. Introduction. A lipohaemarthrosis seen on Horizontal beam lateral X-ray in acute knee injury is often considered predictive of an intra-articular fracture requiring further urgent imaging. Methodology. We retrospectively searched a five-year X-ray database for the term “lipohaemarthrosis”. We excluded cases if the report concluded “no lipohaemarthrosis” or “lipohaemarthrosis” AND “fracture”. All remaining cases were reviewed by an Orthopaedic Consultant with a special interest in knee injuries (AD) blinded to the report. X-rays were excluded if a fracture was seen, established osteoarthritic change was present, a pre-existing arthroplasty present or no lipohaemarthrosis present. Remaining cases were then studied for any subsequent Radiological or Orthopaedic surgical procedures. Results. 136 cases were identified and reviewed by an Orthopaedic Consultant. 31 were excluded for no lipohaemarthrosis (n= 11), for degenerative change (n=9), for fracture (n=4), for existing arthroplasty (n=4) and for data errors (n=3). The remaining 105 patients had a mean age of 32, and range 5–90 years. 66 patients underwent further imaging in the form of MRI scan (n=47), CT Scan (n=9) repeat x-rays (n=9) and ultrasound (n=1). 27 fractures were identified. Surgery was performed in 12 cases (11%). Two (2%) urgently (One ACL reconstruction plus meniscus repair, one for ORIF of tibial plateau fracture). Ten (10%) had elective surgery (6 for ACL reconstruction, 2 for ACL reconstruction plus meniscus repair, 2 for loose body removal. Conclusion. The presence of a lipohaemarthrosis on x-ray following acute knee injury was a poor predictor of intra-articular fracture (26%) or need for urgent surgery (2%)

Aims. To explore the clinical relevance of joint space width (JSW) narrowing on standardized-flexion (SF) radiographs in the assessment of cartilage degeneration in specific subregions seen on MRI sequences in knee osteoarthritis (OA) with neutral, valgus, and varus alignments, and potential planning of partial knee arthroplasty. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 639 subjects, aged 45 to 79 years, in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) study, who had symptomatic knees with Kellgren and Lawrence grade 2 to 4. Knees were categorized as neutral, valgus, and varus knees by measuring hip-knee-angles on hip-knee-ankle radiographs. Femorotibial JSW was measured on posteroanterior SF radiographs using a special software. The femorotibial compartment was divided into 16 subregions, and MR-tomographic measurements of cartilage volume, thickness, and subchondral bone area were documented. Linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and Kellgren and Lawrence grade was used. Results. We studied 345 neutral, 87 valgus, and 207 varus knees. Radiological JSW narrowing was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with cartilage volume and thickness in medial femorotibial compartment in neutral (r = 0.78, odds ratio (OR) 2.33) and varus knees (r = 0.86, OR 1.92), and in lateral tibial subregions in valgus knees (r = 0.87, OR 3.71). A significant negative correlation was found between JSW narrowing and area of subchondral bone in external lateral tibial subregion in valgus knees (r = −0.65, p < 0.01) and in external medial tibial subregion in varus knees (r = −0.77, p < 0.01). No statistically significant correlation was found in anterior and posterior subregions. Conclusion. SF radiographs can be potentially used for initial detection of cartilage degeneration as assessed by MRI in medial and lateral but not in anterior or posterior subregions. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):173–187

Abstract. Objectives. Investigate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as an alternative to Computerised Tomography (CT) when calculating kinematics using Biplane Video X-ray (BVX) by quantifying the accuracy of a combined MRI-BVX methodology by comparing with results from a gold-standard bead-based method. Methods. Written informed consent was given by one participant who had four tantalum beads implanted into their distal femur and proximal tibia from a previous study. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the femur and tibia were segmented (Simpleware Scan IP, Synopsis) from an MRI scan (Magnetom 3T Prisma, Siemens). Anatomical Coordinate Systems (ACS) were applied to the bone models using automated algorithms. 1. The beads were segmented from a previous CT and co-registered with the MRI bone models to calculate their positions. BVX (60 FPS, 1.25 ms pulse width) was recorded whilst the participant performed a lunge. The beads were tracked, and the ACS position of the femur and tibia were calculated at each frame (DSX Suite, C-Motion Inc.). The beads were digitally removed from the X-rays (MATLAB, MathWorks) allowing for blinded image-registration of the MRI models to the radiographs. The mean difference and standard deviation (STD) between bead-generated and image-registered bone poses were calculated for all degrees of freedom (DOF) for both bones. Using the principles defined by Grood and Suntay. 2. , 6 DOF kinematics of the tibiofemoral joint were calculated (MATLAB, MathWorks). The mean difference and STD between these two sets of kinematics were calculated. Results. The absolute mean femur and tibia ACS position differences (Table 1) between the bead and image-registered poses were found to be within 0.75mm for XYZ, with all STD within ±0.5mm. Mean rotation differences for both bones were found to be within 0.2º for XYZ (Table 1). The absolute mean tibiofemoral joint translations (Table 1) were found to be within ±0.7mm for all DOF, with the smallest absolute mean in compression-distraction. The absolute mean tibiofemoral rotations were found to be within 0.25º for all DOF (Table 1), with the smallest mean was found in abduction-adduction. The largest mean and STD were found in internal-external rotation due to the angle of the X-rays relative to the joint movement, increasing the difficulty of manual image registration in that plane. Conclusion. The combined MRI-BVX method produced bone pose and tibiofemoral kinematics accuracy similar to previous CT results. 3. This allows for confidence in future results, especially in clinical applications where high accuracy is needed to understand the effects of disease and the efficacy of surgical interventions. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) doctoral training grant (EP/T517951/1). Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Introduction. In our institution, we started to perform THA with SuperPATH approach, including preservation of soft tissue around the hip (James Chow et al. Musculoskelet Med 2011) since July 2014, aiming for fast recovery and prevention of hip dislocation. For minimally-invasive approaches, however, there have been a few reports on malalignment of the implants related to shortage of operative field. The purpose of this study is to examine the short-term results of THA using SuperPATH, especially implant alignment. Materials and methods. We performed a study of 45 patients (45 hips) with osteoarthritis of the hip joint who had a THA with SuperPATH approach. There were 8 men and 37 women with an average age of 73 years, which were minimally 24 months followed. Dynasty Bioform cup and Profemur Z stem (Microport Orthopaedics) were used for all cases. Patients were clinically assessed with Merle d'Aubigne score and complications. Implant alignment and stability were radiologically evaluated by annual X-ray and CT acquired two months after surgery. Results. Merle d'Aubigne score was 10.2 (pain:2.8, mobility:4.4 walking ability:3.0) preoperatively and 16.6(pain:5.8, mobility:5.8, walking ability:5.0) at the latest follow-up. There were no dislocation and infection, but intraoperative proximal femoral fracture was found for two cases, which was managed to treat with additional circulating wire intraoperatively. Latest follow-up X-ray image showed 95% of the stem A-P alignment to be within 2 degrees and 5% to be more than 2 degrees and less than 5 degrees, while 44% of the stem lateral alignment to be within 2 degrees, 47% to be more than 2 degrees and less than 5 degrees, and 8% to be more than 5 degrees. From CT images averaged cup position found to be 40±5 degrees for inclination, and 19±5 degrees for anatomic anteversion, averaged stem anteversion to be 33±9 degrees. Annual X-ray evaluation showed no radiolucent line and less than Grade 2 stress-shielding (Engh classification) around the implants for all cases. One case had more than 5mm subsidence of the stem in early postoperative period, but not progressively subsided. No loosening of components was evident. Discussion and Conclusion. Many minimally-invasive approaches have developed, there have been many reports on fast recovery and low incidence of postoperative hip dislocation, however, the risk of complications or malalignment related to shortage of operative field has been pointed out. In this study, intraoperative proximal femoral fracture occurred for two cases. Also, though there were no loosening and the components position seemed excellent but lateral view of the X-ray showed 8% to be more than 5 degrees tilting alignment, resulting from femoral broaching required before femoral neck resection. SuperPATH approach, including pass way from between the Gluteus Medius and the piriformis tendon, can preserve the whole short external rotators and capsule of the hip joint, leading to fast recovery and low incidence of postoperative dislocation. Moreover, this approach may be friendly to the surgeons familiar with the posterior approach because of easily conversion to the conventional posterior approach

Aims. To develop a core outcome set of measurements from postoperative radiographs that can be used to assess technical skill in performing dynamic hip screw (DHS) and hemiarthroplasty, and to validate these against Van der Vleuten’s criteria for effective assessment. Methods. A Delphi exercise was undertaken at a regional major trauma centre to identify candidate measurement items. The feasibility of taking these measurements was tested by two of the authors (HKJ, GTRP). Validity and reliability were examined using the radiographs of operations performed by orthopaedic resident participants (n = 28) of a multicentre randomized controlled educational trial (ISRCTN20431944). Trainees were divided into novice and intermediate groups, defined as having performed < ten or ≥ ten cases each for DHS and hemiarthroplasty at baseline. The procedure-based assessment (PBA) global rating score was assumed as the gold standard assessment for the purposes of concurrent validity. Intra- and inter-rater reliability testing were performed on a random subset of 25 cases. Results. In total, 327 DHS and 248 hemiarthroplasty procedures were performed by 28 postgraduate year (PGY) 3 to 5 orthopaedic trainees during the 2014 to 2015 surgical training year at nine NHS hospitals in the West Midlands, UK. Overall, 109 PBAs were completed for DHS and 80 for hemiarthroplasty. Expert consensus identified four ‘final product analysis’ (FPA) radiological parameters of technical success for DHS: tip-apex distance (TAD); lag screw position in the femoral head; flushness of the plate against the lateral femoral cortex; and eight-cortex hold of the plate screws. Three parameters were identified for hemiarthroplasty: leg length discrepancy; femoral stem alignment; and femoral offset. Face validity, content validity, and feasibility were excellent. For all measurements, performance was better in the intermediate compared with the novice group, and this was statistically significant for TAD (p < 0.001) and femoral stem alignment (p = 0.023). Concurrent validity was poor when measured against global PBA score. This may be explained by the fact that they are measuring difference facets of competence. Intra-and inter-rater reliability were excellent for TAD, moderate for lag screw position (DHS), and moderate for leg length discrepancy (hemiarthroplasty). Use of a large multicentre dataset suggests good generalizability of the results to other settings. Assessment using FPA was time- and cost-effective compared with PBA. Conclusion. Final product analysis using post-implantation radiographs to measure technical skill in hip fracture surgery is feasible, valid, reliable, and cost-effective. It can complement traditional workplace-based assessment for measuring performance in the real-world operating room . It may have particular utility in competency-based training frameworks and for assessing skill transfer from the simulated to live operating theatre. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-9:594–604

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) allows for precise measurement of interbody distances on X-ray images, such as movement between a joint replacement implant and the bone. The low radiation biplanar EOS imager (EOS imaging, France) scans patients in a weight-bearing position, provides calibrated three-dimensional information on bony anatomy, and could limit the radiation during serial RSA studies. Following the ISO-16087 standard, 15 double exams were conducted to determine the RSA precision of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients in the EOS imager, compared to the standard instantaneous, cone-beam, uniplanar digital X-ray set-up. At a mean of 5 years post-surgery, 15 TKA participants (mean 67 years, 12 female, 3 male) were imaged twice in the biplanar imager. To reduce motion during the scan, a support for the foot was added and the scan speed was increased. The voltage was also increased compared to standard settings for better marker visibility over the implant. A small calibration object was included to remove any remaining sway in post-processing. The 95% confidence interval precision was 0.11, 0.04, and 0.15 mm in the x, y, and z planes, respectively and 0.15, 0.20, and 0.14° in Rx, Ry, and Rz. Two participants had motion artifacts successfully removed during post-processing using the small calibration object. With faster speeds and stabilization support, this study found an in vivo RSA precision of ≤ 0.15 mm and ≤ 0.20° for TKA exams, which is within published uniplanar values for arthroplasty RSA. The biplanar imager also adds the benefits of weight bearing imaging, 3D alignment measurements, a lower radiation dose, and does not require a reference object due to known system geometry and automatic image registration

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the joint space width between one-leg and both-legs standing radiographs in order to diagnose a primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods. Digital radiographs of 100 medial osteoarthritic knees in 50 patients were performed. The patients had undergone one-leg standing anteroposterior (AP) views by standing on the affected leg while a both-legs standing AP view was undertaken while standing on both legs. The severity of the osteoarthritis was evaluated using the joint space width and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) radiographic classification. The t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results. The mean medial joint space width found in the one-leg and in the both-legs standing view were measured at 1.8 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.7). 33%, 47.4% and 23.1% of the knees diagnosed with a KL grade of I, II and III in the both-legs standing views were changed to KL grade II, III and IV in the one-leg standing views, respectively. No changes for KL IV osteoarthritis diagnoses have been found between both- and one-leg standing views. Conclusions. One-leg standing radiographs better represent joint space width than both-legs standing radiographs. 32% of both-legs standing radiographs have changed the KL grading to a more severe grade than that in the one-leg standing radiographs. Cite this article: P. Pinsornsak, K. Naratrikun, S. Kanitnate, T. Sangkomkamhang. The one-leg standing radiograph: An improved technique to evaluate the severity of knee osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:436–441. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.59.BJR-2016-0049.R1

Background. Lisfranc fracture dislocations are uncommon injuries, which frequently require surgical intervention. Currently, there is varying evidence on the diagnostic utility of plain radiographs (XR) and CT in identifying Lisfranc injuries and concomitant fractures. Our aim was to identify the utility of XR as compared to CT, with the nul hypothesis that there was no difference in fracture identification. Methods. A retrospective assessment of patients who had sustained a Lisfranc injury between 2013 and 2022 across two trauma centres within the United Kingdom who underwent surgery. Pre-operative XR and CT images were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers to identify the presence of associated fractures. Results. A total of 175 patients were included. Our assessment identified that XR images significantly under-diagnosed all metatarsal and midfoot fractures. The largest discrepancies between XR and CT in their rates of detection were in fractures of the cuboid (5.7% vs 28%, p<0.001), medial cuneiform (20% vs 51%, p=0.008), lateral cuneiform (4% vs 36%, p=0.113), second metatarsal (57% vs 82%, p<0.001), third metatarsal (37% vs 61%, p<0.001) and fourth metatarsal (26% vs 43%, p<0.001). As compared to CT, the sensitivity of XR was low. The lowest sensitivity for identification however was lateral foot injuries, specifically fractures of the lateral cuneiform (sensitivity 7.94%, specificity 97.3%), cuboid (sensitivity 18.37%, specificity 99.21%), fourth (sensitivity 46.7%, specificity 89.80%) and fifth metatarsal (sensitivity 45.00%, specificity 96.10%). Conclusion. From our analysis, we can determine that XR significantly under-diagnoses associated injuries in patient sustaining an unstable Lisfranc injury, with lateral foot injuries being the worst identified. We advised the use of CT imaging in all cases for appropriate surgical planning

Introduction. The correct anteversion of the acetabular cup is critical to achieve optimal outcome after total hip arthroplasty. While number of method has been described to measure the anteversion in plane anteroposterior and lateral radiograph, it is still controversial which method provides best anteversion measurement. While many of the previous studies used CT scan to validate the anteversion measured in plane anteroposterior radiograph, this may cause potential bias as the anteversion measured in CT scan reflects true anteversion while the anteversion measurement methods in plane radiograph are design to measure the planar anteversion. Thus, in the current study, we tried to find the optimal anteversion measurement method free from the previously described bias. Material and method. Custom made cup model was developed which enables change in anteversion and inclination. Simple radiograph was taken with the cup in 10° to 70° degree of inclination at 10° increments and for each inclination angle, anteversion was corrected from 0° to 30° at 5° increments. The radiograph was taken with the beam directed at the center of the cup (mimicking hip centered anteroposterior radiograph) and at 9cm medial to the cup (mimicking pelvis anteroposterior radiograph). The measurements were done by two orthopaedic surgeons using methods described by 1) Pradhan et al, 2) Lewinak et al, 3) Widmer et al, and 4) Liaw et al. For each measurements, the anteversion were compared with the actual anteversion. Result. Interoverver correlation (kappa value) were high in all measurements ranging 0.988 to 0.998. Regardless of how the radiograph was taken, Pradhan method was the most accurate measurement method showing difference of 2.17° ± 1.69° and −2.5° ± 1.93° compare to the actual anteversion respectively for hip centered radiograph and pelvis anteroposterior radiograph. The Widmer method showed the least accuracy (pelvis AP : −6.75° ± 4.62°, hip centered AP : −14.84° ± 4.36°). However, when the anteversion were measured in the safe zone with the inclination in 30° to 50° Liaw's method in hip centered radiograph showed the highest accuracy (1.63° ± 1.4°). Conclusion. The study indicates that the Pradhan's method may provide the most accurate anteversion measurement. However, with the hip in 30° to 50° inclination, Liaw's method measured from hip centred radiograph will provide most accurate anteversion measurement

Introduction. Patients with abnormal spinopelvic mobility are at increased risk for hip instability. Measuring the change in sacral slope (ΔSS) with standing and seated lateral radiographs is commonly used to determine spinopelvic mobility pre-operatively. Sacral slope should decrease at least 10 degrees to demonstrate adequate accommodation. Accommodation of <10 deg necessitates acetabular component position change or use of a dual mobility implant. There is potential for different ΔSS measurements in the same patient based on sitting posture. Methods. 78 patients who underwent THA were reviewed to quantify the variability in pre-operative spinopelvic mobility when two different seated positions (relaxed sitting v. pre-rise sitting) were used in the same patient. Results. 34 patients had standardized pre-rise sitting x-rays, while 44 patients had standardized relaxed sitting x-rays. Of the 44 patients with relaxed sitting x-rays, the mean ΔSS (ΔrSS) was 20.4 degrees. No patients exhibited an increase in sacral slope when sitting (ie; reverse accommodation). Of the 34 patients with pre-rise sitting x-rays, the mean pre-rise sit-stand change (ΔprSS) was only 1.85 degrees with 47% (16/34) showing reverse accommodation, actually increasing the seated sacral slope compared to standing sacral slope. 18 patients had both pre-rise and relaxed sitting x-rays. In patients with both seated x-rays, the mean relaxed sit-stand change in sacral slope (ΔrSS) was 18.1 ± 6.1 degrees and only 3.0 ± 10.5 degrees for pre-rise sit-stand (ΔprSS), with a mean ΔSS difference of the 15.1 degrees (p <0.0001). Conclusion. A 15 degrees error could be made in pre-operative planning depending on the seated posture of the patient. Since decisions on component position or use of dual-mobility are made on pre-operative lateral sit-stand radiographs, postural standardization is critical. The relaxed seated radiograph is the preferred posture at the time of the seated lateral radiograph. For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly

Introduction. When performing a total hip arthroplasty (THA), some surgeons routinely perform an intraoperative anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiograph to assess components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the intraoperative radiograph to accurately reflect acetabular inclination, leg length, and femoral offset as compared to the immediate postoperative supine AP radiograph. Methods. The intraoperative (lateral decubitus position) and immediate postoperative (supine position) AP pelvis x-rays of 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary THA were retrospectively reviewed. Acetabular inclination, leg length, and femoral offset were measured on both radiographs. We analyzed the correlation coefficient of the recorded measurements between the two films as well as the interobserver reliability of each measurement obtained. Results. Our data demonstrated a high positive correlation between the intraoperative and postoperative acetabular inclination measurements of both reviewers (r=.886 and .896). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the inclination measurements (p= .06 and .37). There was a moderate correlation among the leg length (r= .58 and .66) and poor correlation among the offset (r= .29 and .25) between the two radiographs. One observer generated a significant difference between leg length measurements while both reviewers generated a significant difference between offset measurements. Interobserver reliability was high for all measurements. Conclusion. Intraoperative AP radiographs are commonly obtained during THA to aid in evaluation of component position and size, femoral neck cut, femoral canal fill, and detection of occult fractures. Results from this study suggest that this film could also be used to accurately measure acetabular inclination, but is a less reliable indicator of femoral offset and leg length when compared to the immediate postoperative film. In addition, the high interobserver correlation illustrates the high reproducibility of the measurement methods utilized

Purpose. Leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty (THA) sometimes causes significant patient dissatisfaction. In consideration of the leg length after THA, leg length discrepancy is often measured using anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiography. However, some cases have discrepancies in femoral and tibial lengths, and we believe that in some cases, true leg length differences should be taken into consideration in total leg length measurement. We report the lengths of the lower limb, femur, and tibia measured using the preoperative standing AP full-leg radiographs of the patients who underwent THA. Materials and methods. From August 2013 to February 2017, 282 patients underwent standing AP full-leg radiography before THA. Of the patients, 33 were male and 249 were female. The mean age of the patients was 65.7±9.4 years. We measured the distances between the center of the tibial plafond and lesser trochanter apex (A-L), between the femoral intercondylar notch and lesser trochanter (K-L), and between the centers of the tibial plafond and intercondylar spine of the tibia (A-K) on standing AP full-leg radiographs before THA operation. We examined the differences in leg length and the causes of these discrepancies after guiding the difference between them. Results. The mean A-L was 674±44 mm on the right and 677±43 mm on the left. The mean difference between the left and the right was 6.2±7 mm. The differences of ≥5 and ≥10 mm between the left and right were confirmed in 131 (46%) and 39 cases (14%), respectively. The mean K-L was 343±23 mm on the right and 343±23 mm on the left, with a mean difference of 4.4±4 mm. The lateral differences of ≥5 and ≥10 mm were confirmed in 88 (31%) and 22 (8%), respectively. The mean A-K was 325±22 mm on the right and 327±22 mm on the left, with a mean difference of 4±4.5 mm. The differences of ≥5 and ≥10 mm between the left and right were confirmed in 24 (9%) and 67 cases (%), respectively. Discussion. Considering the total length of the lower limbs beyond the little trochanter and the leg length after THA, we confirmed that 46% of the leg length differences of ≥5 mm were admitted to 14%. Thus, THA appeared effective. Perthes head, Crowe classifications 3 and 4, history of childhood paralysis, and so on may be factors for leg length differences beyond the lesser trochanter. Conclusion. We think that it would be preferable to prepare a preoperative plan to measure leg length after THA by measuring the total length of the lower extremity before surgery and determining the difference between the left and right sides

Crosslinking has been already used for about 80 years to enhance the longevity of polyethylene cables. The polymer alteration has been achieved with peroxide, silane or irradiation. The medical devices industry discovered the benefit of this technology for its tribological applications like hip or knee bearings in the 2000s as crosslinking improves considerably the abrasion resistance of the material. The more current methods used are Gamma and Beta irradiation. On the basis of economical (rising prices of Cobalt), environmental (the radioactive source can not be turned off), technological (low dose rate) drawbacks for Gamma respectively low penetration for Beta irradiation we decided to investigate an alternative technology: the X-Ray irradiation, which provides a homogeneous crosslinking in a relatively short time. We analyzed the wear, mechanical, thermal, oxidative and network properties of two vitamin E doped UHMWPE: first crosslinked with E-Beam, second with X-Ray. There wasn't any significant difference between the X-Ray and the E-Beam crosslinked material

Appropriate in vivo models can be used to understand atrophic non-union pathophysiology. In these models, X-ray assessment is essential and a reliable good quality images are vital in order to detect any hidden callus formation or deficiency. However, the radiographic results are often variable and highly dependent on rotation and positioning from the detector/film. Therefore, standardised A-P and lateral x-ray views are essential for providing a full radiological picture and for reliably assessing the degree of fracture union. We established and evaluated a method for standardised imaging of the lower limb and for reliably obtaining two perpendicular views (e.g. true A-P and true lateral views). The normal position of fibula in murine models is posterolateral to the tibia, therefore, a proper technique must show fibula in both views. In order to obtain the correct position, the knee joint and ankle joints were flexed to 90 degrees and the foot was placed in a perpendicular direction with the x-ray film. To achieve this, a leg holder was made and used to hold the foot and the knee while the body was in the supine position. Lateral views were obtained by putting the foot parallel to the x-ray film. Adult Wister rat cadavers were used and serial x-rays were taken. A-P view in supine position showed the upper part of the fibula clearly, however, there was an unavoidable degree of external rotation in the whole lower limb, and the lower part of the fibula appeared behind the tibia. Therefore, a true A-P view whilst the body was in the supine position was difficult. To overcome this, a P-A view of the leg was performed with the body prone position, this allowed both upper and lower parts of the fibula to appear clearly in both views. This method provides two true perpendicular views (P-A and lateral) and helped to optimise radiological assessment

A comprehensive understanding of the self-repair abilities of menisci and their overall function in the knee joint requires three-dimensional information. However, previous investigations of the meniscal blood supply have been limited to two-dimensional imaging methods, which fail to accurately capture tissue complexity. In this study, micro-CT was used to analyse the 3D microvascular structure of the meniscus, providing a detailed visualization and precise quantification of the vascular network.

A contrast agent (μAngiofil®) was injected directly into the femoral artery of cadaver legs to provide the proper contrast enhancement. First, the entire knee joint was analysed with micro-CT, then to increase the applicable resolution the lateral and medial menisci were excised and investigated with a maximum resolution of up to 4 μm. The resulting micro-CT datasets were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Key parameters of the vascular network, such as vascular volume fraction, vessel radius, vessel length density, and tortuosity, were separately determined for the lateral and medial meniscus, and their four circumferential zones defined by Cooper.

In accordance with previous literature, the quantitative micro-CT data confirm a decrease in vascular volume fraction along the meniscal zones. The highest concentration of blood vessels was measured in the meniscocapsular region 0, which is characterized by vascular segments with a significantly larger average radius. Furthermore, the highest vessel length density observed in zone 0 suggests a more rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients compared to other regions. Vascular tortuosity was detected in all circumferential regions, indicating the occurrence of vascular remodelling in all tissue areas.

In conclusion, micro-CT is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for the visualization of the internal structure of an object in three dimensions. These advanced 3D vascular analyses have the potential to establish new surgical approaches that rely on the healing potential of specific areas of the meniscus.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge R. Hlushchuk, S. Halm, and O. Khoma from the University of Bern for their help with contrast agent perfusions.