Aims. Proper preoperative planning benefits fracture reduction, fixation, and stability in tibial plateau fracture surgery. We developed and clinically implemented a novel workflow for 3D surgical planning including patient-specific drilling guides in tibial plateau fracture surgery. Methods. A prospective feasibility study was performed in which consecutive tibial plateau fracture patients were treated with 3D surgical planning, including patient-specific drilling guides applied to standard off-the-shelf plates. A postoperative CT scan was obtained to assess whether the screw directions, screw lengths, and plate position were performed according the preoperative planning. Quality of the fracture reduction was assessed by measuring residual intra-articular incongruence (maximum gap and step-off) and compared to a historical matched control group. Results. A total of 15 patients were treated with 3D surgical planning in which 83 screws were placed by using drilling guides. The median deviation of the achieved screw trajectory from the planned trajectory was 3.4° (interquartile range (IQR) 2.5 to 5.4) and the difference in entry points (i.e. plate position) was 3.0 mm (IQR 2.0 to 5.5) compared to the 3D preoperative planning. The length of 72 screws (86.7%) were according to the planning. Compared to the historical cohort, 3D-guided surgery showed an improved surgical reduction in terms of median gap (3.1 vs 4.7 mm; p = 0.126) and step-off (2.9 vs 4.0 mm; p = 0.026). Conclusion. The use of 3D surgical planning including drilling guides was feasible, and facilitated accurate screw directions, screw lengths, and plate positioning. Moreover, the personalized approach improved fracture reduction as compared to a historical cohort. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(1):46–52

Classification systems for tibial plateau fractures suffer from poor interobserver agreement, and their value in preoperative assessment to guide surgical fixation strategies is limited. For tibial plateau fractures four major characteristics are identified: lateral split fragment, posteromedial fragment, anterior tubercle fragment, and central zone of comminution. These fracture characteristics support preoperative assessment of fractures and guide surgical decision-making as each specific component requires a respective fixation strategy. We aimed to evaluate the additional value of 3D-printed models for the identification of tibial plateau fracture characteristics in terms of the interobserver agreement on different fracture characteristics. Preoperative images of 40 patients were randomly selected. Nine trauma surgeons, eight senior and eight junior registrars indicated the presence or absence of four fracture characteristics with and without 3D-printed models. The Fleiss kappa was used to determine interobserver agreement for fracture classification and for interpretation, the Landis and Koch criteria were used. 3D-printed models lead to a categorical improvement in interobserver agreement for three of four fracture characteristics: lateral split (Kconv = 0.445 versus K3Dprint = 0.620; P < 0.001), anterior tubercle fragment (Kconv = 0.288 versus K3Dprint = 0.449; P < 0.001) and zone of comminution (Kconv = 0.535 versus K3Dprint = 0.652; P < 0.001). The overall interobserver agreement improved for three of four fracture characteristics after the addition of 3D printed models. For two fracture characteristics, lateral split and zone of comminution, a substantial interobserver agreement was achieved. Fracture characteristics seem to be a more reliable way to assess tibial plateau fractures and one should consider including these in the preoperative assessment of tibial plateau fractures compared to the commonly used classification systems

Aims. Tibial plateau fractures (TPFs) are complex injuries around the knee caused by high- or low-energy trauma. In the present study, we aimed to define the distribution and frequency of TPF lines using a 3D mapping technique and analyze the rationalization of divisions employed by frequently used classifications. Methods. In total, 759 adult patients with 766 affected knees were retrospectively reviewed. The TPF fragments on CT were multiplanar reconstructed, and virtually reduced to match a 3D model of the proximal tibia. 3D heat mapping was subsequently created by graphically superimposing all fracture lines onto a tibia template. Results. The cohort included 405 (53.4%) cases with left knee injuries, 347 (45.7%) cases with right knee injuries, and seven (0.9%) cases with bilateral injuries. On mapping, the hot zones of the fracture lines were mainly concentrated around the anterior cruciate ligament insertion, posterior cruciate ligament insertion, and the inner part of the lateral condyle that extended to the junctional zone between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tibial tubercle. Moreover, the cold zones were scattered in the posteromedial fragment, superior tibiofibular syndesmosis, Gerdy’s tubercle, and tibial tubercle. TPFs with different Orthopaedic Trauma Association/AO Foundation (OTA/AO) subtypes showed peculiar characteristics. Conclusion. TPFs occurred more frequently in the lateral and intermedial column than in the medial column. Fracture lines of tibial plateau occur frequently in the transition zone with marked changes in cortical thickness. According to 3D mapping, the four-column and nine-segment classification had a high degree of matching as compared to the frequently used classifications. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(6):258–267

Surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures in elderly patients with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) provides inferior outcomes compared to younger patients. Primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may be of benefit in patients with pre-existing arthritis, marked osteopenia, or severe fracture comminution. Rationale for primary TKA includes allowing early mobility in hopes of reducing associated complications such as deconditioning, postoperative pneumonia, or venous thromboembolism, and reducing post-traumatic arthritis which occurs in 25% to 45% of patients and requires revision TKA in up to 15%. Subsequent revision TKA has been shown to have significantly worse outcomes than TKA for primary osteoarthritis. This systematic review sought to elicit the clinical outcomes and peri-operative complication rates following primary TKA for tibial plateau fractures. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed databases from inception through March 2018 was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Two reviewers independently screened papers for inclusion and identified studies featuring perioperative complications and clinical outcomes following primary TKA for tibial plateau fractures. Studies were included for final data analysis if they met the following criteria: (1) studies investigating TKA as the initial treatment for tibial plateau fractures, (2) patients must be ≥ 18 years old, (3) have a minimum ≥ 24-month follow-up, and (4) must be published in the English language. Case series, cohort, case-control, and randomized-control trials were included. Weighted means and standard deviations are presented for each outcome. Seven articles (105 patients) were eligible for inclusion. The mean age was 73 years and average follow-up was 39 months. All-cause mortality was 4.75% ± 4.85. The total complication rate was 15.2% ± 17.3% and a total of eight patients required revision surgery. Regarding functional outcomes, the Knee Society score was most commonly reported. The average score on the knee subsection was 85.6 ± 5.5 while the average function subscore was 64.6 ± 13.7. Average range of motion at final follow-up was 107.5° ± 10°. Total knee arthroplasty for the treatment of acute tibial plateau fractures is enticing to allow early mobility and weightbearing. However, complication rates remain high. Functional outcomes are similar to patients treated with ORIF or delayed arthroplasty. Given these findings, surgeons should be highly selective in performing TKA for the immediate treatment of tibial plateau fractures

Tibial plateau fracture reduction involves restoration of alignment and articular congruity. Restorations of sagittal alignment (tibial slope) of medial and lateral condyles of the tibial plateau are independent of each other in the fracture setting. Limited independent assessment of medial and lateral tibial plateau sagittal alignment has been performed to date. Our objective was to characterize medial and lateral tibial slopes using fluoroscopy and to correlate X-ray and CT findings. Phase One: Eight cadaveric knees were mounted in extension. C-arm fluoroscopy was used to acquire an AP image and the C-arm was adjusted in the sagittal plane from 15° of cephalad tilt to 15 ° of caudad tilt with images captured at 0.5° increments. The “perfect AP” angle, defined as the angle that most accurately profiled the articular surface, was determined for medial and lateral condyles of each tibia by five surgeons. Given that it was agreed across surgeons that more than one angle provided an adequate profile of each compartment, a range of AP angles corresponding to adequate images was recorded. Phase Two: Perfect AP angles from Phase One were projected onto sagittal CT images in Horos software in the mid-medial compartment and mid-lateral compartment to determine the precise tangent subchondral anatomic structures seen on CT to serve as dominant bony landmarks in a protocol generated for calculating medial and lateral tibial slopes on CT. Phase Three: 46 additional cadaveric knees were imaged with CT. Tibial slopes were determined in all 54 specimens. Phase One: Based on the perfect AP angle on X-ray, the mean medial slope was 4.2°+/-2.6° posterior and mean lateral slope was 5.0°+/-3.8° posterior in eight knees. A range of AP angles was noted to adequately profile each compartment in all specimens and was noted to be wider in the lateral (3.9°+/-3.8°) than medial compartment (1.8°+/-0.7° p=0.002). Phase Two: In plateaus with a concave shape, the perfect AP angle on X-ray corresponded with a line between the superiormost edges of the anterior and posterior lips of the plateau on CT. In plateaus with a flat or convex shape, the perfect AP angle aligned with a tangent to the subchondral surface extending from center to posterior plateau on CT. Phase Three: Based on the CT protocol created in Phase Two, mean medial slope (5.2°+/-2.3° posterior) was significantly less than lateral slope (7.5°+/-3.0° posterior) in 54 knees (p<0.001). In individual specimens, the difference between medial and lateral slopes was variable, ranging from 6.8° more laterally to 3.1° more medially. In a paired comparison of right and left knees from the same cadaver, no differences were noted between sides (medial p=0.43; lateral p=0.62). On average there is slightly more tibial slope in the lateral plateau than medial plateau (2° greater). However, individual patients may have substantially more lateral slope (up to 6.8°) or even more medial slope (up to 3.1°). Since tibial slope was similar between contralateral limbs, evaluating slope on the uninjured side provides a template for sagittal plane reduction of tibial plateau fractures

Aims. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis, to establish whether differences arise in clinical outcomes between autologous and synthetic bone grafts in the operative management of tibial plateau fractures. Methods. A structured search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the online archives of Bone & Joint Publishing, and CENTRAL databases from inception until 28 July 2021 was performed. Randomized, controlled, clinical trials that compared autologous and synthetic bone grafts in tibial plateau fractures were included. Preclinical studies, clinical studies in paediatric patients, pathological fractures, fracture nonunion, or chondral defects were excluded. Outcome data were assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 (ROB2) framework and synthesized in random-effect meta-analysis. The Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidance was followed throughout. Results. Six studies involving 353 fractures were identified from 3,078 records. Following ROB2 assessment, five studies (representing 338 fractures) were appropriate for meta-analysis. Primary outcomes showed non-significant reductions in articular depression at immediate postoperative (mean difference -0.45 mm, p = 0.25, 95%confidence interval (CI) -1.21 to 0.31, I. 2. = 0%) and long-term (> six months, standard mean difference -0.56, p = 0.09, 95% CI -1.20 to 0.08, I. 2. = 73%) follow-up in synthetic bone grafts. Secondary outcomes included mechanical alignment, limb functionality, and defect site pain at long-term follow-up, perioperative blood loss, duration of surgery, occurrence of surgical site infections, and secondary surgery. Mean blood loss was lower (90.08 ml, p < 0.001, 95% CI 41.49 to 138.67) and surgery was shorter (16.17 minutes, p = 0.04, 95% CI 0.39 to 31.94) in synthetic treatment groups. All other secondary measures were statistically comparable. Conclusion. All studies reported similar methodologies and patient populations; however, imprecision may have arisen through performance variation. These findings supersede previous literature and indicate that, despite perceived biological advantages, autologous bone grafting does not demonstrate superiority to synthetic grafts. When selecting a void filler, surgeons should consider patient comorbidity, environmental and societal factors in provision, and perioperative and postoperative care provision. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(3):218–228

Objectives. CT-based three-column classification (TCC) has been widely used in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures (TPFs). In its updated version (updated three-column concept, uTCC), a fracture morphology-based injury mechanism was proposed for effective treatment guidance. In this study, the injury mechanism of TPFs is further explained, and its inter- and intraobserver reliability is evaluated to perfect the uTCC. Methods. The radiological images of 90 consecutive TPF patients were collected. A total of 47 men (52.2%) and 43 women (47.8%) with a mean age of 49.8 years (. sd. 12.4; 17 to 77) were enrolled in our study. Among them, 57 fractures were on the left side (63.3%) and 33 were on the right side (36.7%); no bilateral fracture existed. Four observers were chosen to classify or estimate independently these randomized cases according to the Schatzker classification, TCC, and injury mechanism. With two rounds of evaluation, the kappa values were calculated to estimate the inter- and intrareliability. Results. The overall inter- and intraobserver agreements of the injury mechanism were substantial (κ. inter. = 0.699, κ. intra. = 0.749, respectively). The initial position and the force direction, which are two components of the injury mechanism, had substantial agreement for both inter-reliability or intrareliability. The inter- and intraobserver agreements were lower in high-energy fractures (Schatzker types IV to VI; κ. inter. = 0.605, κ. intra. = 0.721) compared with low-energy fractures (Schatzker types I to III; κ. inter. = 0.81, κ. intra. = 0.832). The inter- and intraobserver agreements were relatively higher in one-column fractures (κ. inter. = 0.759, κ. intra. = 0.801) compared with two-column and three-column fractures. Conclusion. The complete theory of injury mechanism of TPFs was first put forward to make the TCC consummate. It demonstrates substantial inter- and intraobserver agreement generally. Furthermore, the injury mechanism can be promoted clinically. Cite this article: B-B. Zhang, H. Sun, Y. Zhan, Q-F. He, Y. Zhu, Y-K. Wang, C-F. Luo. Reliability and repeatability of tibial plateau fracture assessment with an injury mechanism-based concept. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:357–366. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.88.BJR-2018-0331.R1

Abstract. INTRODUCTION. COVID-19 reduced availability of cross-sectional imaging, prompting the need to clinically justify pre-operative computed tomography (CT) in tibial plateau fractures (TPF). The study purpose was to establish to what extent does a CT alter the pre-operative plan in TPF compared to radiographs. There is a current paucity of evidence assessing its impact on surgical planning. METHODOLOGY. 50 consecutive TPF with preoperative CT were assessed by 4 consultant surgeons. Anonymised radiographs were assessed defining the column classification, planned setup, approach, and fixation technique. At a 1-month interval, randomised matched CT scans were assessed and the same data collected. A tibial plateau disruption score (TPDS) was derived for all 4 quadrants (no injury=0,split=1,split/depression=2 and depression=3). Radiograph and CT TPDS were assessed using an unpaired T-test. RESULTS. 26 female and 24 male patients, mean age 50.3, were included. Mean TPDS on radiographs and CT scans were 2.77 and 3.17 respectively. A significant higher net CT TPDS was observed of 0.4 (95%CI 0.10-0.71)[P=0.0093]. Both radiograph and CT TPDS ANOVA were significant (P<0.0001), showing high intraobserver variability for TPF classification. Fracture apex requiring fixation changed in 34% of cases between the radiographs and CT, whilst set-up and surgical approach changed in 27% and 28.5% of cases respectively. All surgeons agreed no CT was required in only 11 out of 50 cases. CONCLUSION. CT scanning in TPF significantly affects the classification, setup, approach and fixation technique when compared to radiographs alone and can justifiably be requested as part of pre-operative planning

Tibial plateau fractures are common intraarticular fractures. The principal long-term complication is post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) with the usual salvage procedure being total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Our aim was to define the incidence of PTOA requiring TKA following tibial plateau fractures and identify the risk factors. We looked at all tibial plateau fractures between 1995 and 2008. There were 888 tibial plateau fractures. 23% were Schatzker I, 25% II, 14% III, 22% IV, 8% V and 8% VI. To date 25 have undergone TKA (2.8%). The mean age of patients at time of fracture was 56 in the overall cohort and 65 in those requiring TKA; this was statistically significant (p=0.04). 4% of females with tibial plateau fractures required TKA in comparison to 2% of males. The Schatzker I fractures were the least likely to require TKA at 1% with the most likely requiring arthroplasty surgery being type III at 6%. Only 1% of the patients treated non-operatively later underwent TKA. The overall incidence of TKA after tibial plateau fractures was 3%. For displaced fractures requiring internal fixation this rose to 4%. Risk factors were increasing age, split depression fractures and female gender. Although tibial plateau fractures are commonly associated with degenerative radiographic changes, we concluded that the incidence of symptomatic OA severe enough to require TKA is low

Aims. To investigate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adults (aged ≥ 60 years) after tibial plateau fracture (TPF) compared to preinjury and population matched values, and what aspects of treatment were most important to patients. Methods. We undertook a retrospective, case-control study of 67 patients at mean 3.5 years (SD 1.3; 1.3 to 6.1) after TPF (47 patients underwent fixation, and 20 nonoperative management). Patients completed EuroQol five-dimension three-level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire, Lower Limb Function Scale (LEFS), and Oxford Knee Scores (OKS) for current and recalled prefracture status. Propensity score matching for age, sex, and deprivation in a 1:5 ratio was performed using patient level data from the Health Survey for England to obtain a control group for HRQoL comparison. The primary outcome was the difference in actual (TPF cohort) and expected (matched control) EQ-5D-3L score after TPF. Results. TPF patients had a significantly worse EQ-5D-3L utility (mean difference (MD) 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00 to 0.16; p < 0.001) following their injury compared to matched controls, and had a significant deterioration (MD 0.140, 95% CI 0 to 0.309; p < 0.001) relative to their preoperative status. TPF patients had significantly greater pre-fracture EQ-5D-3L scores compared to controls (p = 0.003), specifically in mobility and pain/discomfort domains. A decline in EQ-5D-3L greater than the minimal important change of 0.105 was present in 36/67 TPF patients (53.7%). Following TPF, OKS (MD -7; interquartile range (IQR) -1 to -15) and LEFS (MD -10; IQR -2 to -26) declined significantly (p < 0.001) from pre-fracture levels. Of the 12 elements of fracture care assessed, the most important to patients were getting back to their own home, having a stable knee, and returning to normal function. Conclusion. TPFs in older adults were associated with a clinically significant deterioration in HRQoL compared to preinjury level and age, sex, and deprivation matched controls for both undisplaced fractures managed nonoperatively and displaced or unstable fractures managed with internal fixation. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(4):273–282

Tibial plateau fractures are common injuries. Displaced fractures are treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Goals of treatment include restoration of extremity axial alignment, joint stability and congruity, allowing for early motion and prevention of osteoarthritis. Short term results of surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures are good, however, longer term outcomes have demonstrated a higher risk of end-stage arthritis and total knee arthroplasty. Despite the vast literature around tibial plateau fractures, to our knowledge there are no series examining post-operative reductions using axial imaging. It is our goal to define the incidence of articular malreductions following surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures, to identify patient or surgeon factors associated with malreductions, and to define any regional patterns of malreduction location. De-identified post operative computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed to identify tibial plateau malreductions with a step or gap greater than 2 mm, or condylar width greater than 5 mm. Three independent assessors reviewed the scans meeting criteria using Osirix DICOM software. Steps and gaps were mapped onto the axial sequence at the level of the joint line. Images were then matched to side and overlaid as best fit in Photoshop software to create a map of malreductions. A grid was created to divide the medial and lateral plateaus into quadrants to identify the density of malreductions by location. A multi-variate regression model was used to assess risk factors for malreduction. Sixty five post-operative CT scans were reviewed. Twenty one reductions had a step or gap more than 2 mm for a malreduction incidence of 32.3%. The incidence in patients undergoing submeniscal arthrotomy or fluoroscopic assisted reduction was 16.6% and 41.4%, respectively (p <0.001). Side of injury, age, BMI, AO fracture type, and use of locking plates were not predictive of malreduction. Malreductions were heavily weighted to the posterior lateral tibial plateau. The incidence of articular malreductions was high at 32.3%. Fluoroscopic reduction alone was a predictor for articular malreduction with most malreductions located in the posterior lateral quadrants of the plateau

Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis, comparing differences in clinical outcomes between either autologous or synthetic bone grafts in the operative management of tibial plateau fractures: a traumatic pattern of injury, associated with poor long-term functional prognosis. A structured search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Bone & Joint and CENTRAL databases from inception until 07/28/2021 was performed. Randomised, controlled, clinical trials that compared autologous and synthetic bone grafts in tibial plateau fractures were included. Preclinical studies, clinical studies in paediatric patients, pathological fractures, fracture non-union or chondral defects were excluded. Outcome data was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 (ROB2) framework and synthesised in random-effect meta-analysis. Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidance was followed throughout. Six comparable studies involving 352 patients were identified from 3,078 records. Following ROB2 assessment, five studies (337 patients) were eligible for meta-analysis. Within these studies, more complex tibia plateau fracture patterns (Schatzker IV-VI) were predominant. Primary outcomes showed non-significant reductions in articular depression at immediate postoperative (mean difference −0.45mm, p=0.25, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): −1.21-0.31mm, I. 2. =0%) and long-term (>6 months, standard mean difference −0.56, p=0.09, 95%CI: −1.20-0.08, I. 2. =73%) follow-up in synthetic bone grafts. Secondary outcomes included mechanical alignment, limb functionality, defect site pain, occurrence of surgical site infections, secondary surgery, perioperative blood loss, and duration of surgery. Blood loss was lower (90.08ml, p<0.001, 95%CI: 41.49-138.67ml, I. 2. =0%) and surgery was shorter (16.17minutes, p=0.04, 95%CI: 0.39-31.94minutes, I. 2. =63%) in synthetic treatment groups. All other secondary measures were statistically comparable. Our findings supersede previous literature, demonstrating that synthetic bone grafts are non-inferior to autologous bone grafts, despite their perceived disadvantages (e.g. being biologically inert). In conclusion, surgeons should consider synthetic bone grafts when optimising peri-operative patient morbidity, particularly in complex tibial plateau fractures, where this work is most applicable

Open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures is traditionally performed through an anterior, anterolateral or an anteromedial approach and more recently a posteromedial approach. These approaches allow satisfactory access to the majority of fracture patterns with the exception of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures. To improve access to posterolateral tibial plateau fractures, we developed a posterolateral transfibular neck approach that exposes the tibial plateau between the posterior margin of the iliotibial band and the PCL. The approach can be combined with a posteromedial and/or an anteromedial approach to the tibial plateau. Since April 2007, we have used this approach to treat nine posterolateral tibial plateau fractures. All cases were followed up prospectively. Fracture reduction was assessed on radiographs, CT scans and arthroscopicaly. Maintenance of fracture reduction was assessed with radiostereometric analysis. Clinical outcomes were measured using Lysholm and KOOS scores. Anatomic or near anatomic reduction was achieved in all cases. All fractures healed uneventfully and no loss of osteotomy or tibial plateau fracture reduction was identified on postoperative plain X-rays. In the cases monitored with radiostereometric analysis, the fracture fragments displaced less than 2 mm during the course of healing. All osteotomies healed either at the same rate or quicker than the tibial plateau fractures. There were no signs and no symptoms of lateral or posterolateral instability of the knee during or after the healing of the osteotomy. There were no complications related to the surgical approach, including the fibular head osteotomy. All wounds healed uneventfully and there were no symptoms related to the CPN. The patient reported outcomes recorded for this group at six months, using the Lysholm score (mean 71, median 77, range 42–95), compared favourably to the entire cohort of 33 patients treated operatively at our institution for a tibial plateau fracture and followed up prospectively during the same time period (mean 64, median 74, range 20–100). The posterolateral transfibular approach for lateral tibial plateau fractures is an approach that should be considered for a certain specific pattern of fractures of the lateral tibial plateau. Our preliminary results demonstrated no complications through the learning curve of the development of this technique

The aim was to report operative complications, radiographic and patient-reported outcomes following lateral tibial plateau fracture fixation augmented with calcium phosphate cement (CPC). From 2007–2018, 187 patients (median age 57yrs [range 22–88], 63% female [n=118/187]) with a Schatzker II/III fracture were retrospectively identified. There were 103 (55%) ORIF and 84 (45%) percutaneous fixation procedures. Complications and radiographic outcomes were determined from outpatient records and radiographs. Long-term follow-up was via telephone interview. At a median of 6 months (range 0.1–138) postoperatively, complications included superficial peroneal nerve injury (0.5%, n=1/187), infection (6.4%, n=12/187), prominent metalwork (10.2%, n=19/187) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA; 5.3%, n=10/187). The median postoperative medial proximal tibial angle was 89o (range 82–107) and posterior proximal tibial angle 82o (range 45–95). Three patients (1.6%) underwent debridement for infection and 27 (14.4%) required metalwork removal. Seven patients (4.2%) underwent total knee replacement for PTOA. Sixty percent of available patients (n=97/163) completed telephone follow-up at a median of 6yrs (range 1–13). The median Oxford Knee Score was 42 (range 3–48), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score 88 (range 10–100), EuroQol 5-Dimension score 0.812 (range −0.349–1.000) and Visual Analogue Scale 75 (range 10–100). There were no significant differences between ORIF and percutaneous fixation in patient-reported outcome (all p>0.05). Fixation augmented with CPC is safe and effective for lateral tibial plateau fractures, with a low complication rate and good long-term knee function and health-related quality of life. Percutaneous fixation offers a viable alternative to ORIF with no detriment to patient-reported outcome

Aims. In contrast to operations performed for other fractures, there is a high incidence rate of surgical site infection (SSI) post-open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) done for tibial plateau fractures (TPFs). This study investigates the effect of induced membrane technique combined with internal fixation for managing SSI in TPF patients who underwent ORIF. Methods. From April 2013 to May 2017, 46 consecutive patients with SSI post-ORIF for TPFs were managed in our centre with an induced membrane technique. Of these, 35 patients were included for this study, with data analyzed in a retrospective manner. Results. All participants were monitored for a mean of 36 months (24 to 62). None were subjected to amputations. A total of 21 patients underwent two-stage surgeries (Group A), with 14 patients who did not receive second-stage surgery (Group B). Group A did not experience infection recurrence, and no implant or cement spacer loosening was noted in Group B for at least 24 months of follow-up. No significant difference was noted in the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (HSS) between the two groups. The clinical healing time was significantly shorter in Group B (p＜0.001). Those with longer duration of infection had poorer functional status (p＜0.001). Conclusion. Management of SSI post-ORIF for TPF with induced membrane technique combined with internal fixation represents a feasible mode of treatment with satisfactory outcomes in terms of infection control and functional recovery. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):380–387

Aims: The topographical measurement and representation of the ACL insertion on the tibial plateau, based on a greek population sample. Methods: Fourty eight tibial plateaus were explanted during TKA surgery in 33 female and 15 male patients (average age of 71.2 yrs) suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. By means of a calliper, measurements were conducted in order to determine the dimensions shown. Data were used for a topographical representation. Conclusions: To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first such anthropometric study on a greek population and its results provide a confirmation on the relatively wide base of ACL insertion on the tibial plateau. The biomechanical performance of this natural configuration for a full range of motion, is possibly not sufficiently reproduced by conventional ACL reconstruction techniques using just one bundle

We describe our technique and the early results of compaction morselised bone grafting (CMBG) for displaced tibial plateau fractures using fresh frozen allograft. This technique has been performed by the senior author since July 2006 on eight patients. Clinical and radiological follow-up was performed on seven remaining patients at an average 12 months (range 4–19) following surgery. One patient died of an unrelated cause three months following surgery. One patient underwent a manipulation under anaesthesia at three months for knee stiffness. One patient developed a painless valgus deformity and underwent corrective osteotomy at 15 months. The height of the tibial plateau on radiographs has been maintained to an excellent grade (less than 2 mm depression) in all but one patient. CMBG using fresh frozen allograft in depressed tibial plateau fractures provides structural support sufficient to maintain the height of the tibial plateau, is associated with few complications in complex patients with large bone loss and has theoretical advantages of graft incorporation and remodelling

The treatment of fractures has evolved from extensive open reduction and internal fixation to minimally invasive surgery and biological fixation. High energy bicondylar tibial plateau fractures pose a treatment challenge to most orthopaedic Surgeons. This study evaluates the results of biologic plating of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Between January 2005 and January 2006 we treated 25 closed bicondylar tibial plateau fractures with minimally invasive surgery using locking plates and screws. Routine tomograms and CT scans were performed after a detailed history and physical examination were performed. Pre-operative planning and templating was performed in all cases. Surgery was carried out by the same surgical team using a tourniquet and an anterolateral or medial surgical approach. Bone grafting was also performed in some cases. The implants used were pre-contoured locking plates (Synthes, Smith & Nephew). The rehabilitative programme was commenced on day 2 by the same Physiotherapist and non weight bearing for 12 weeks. Four patients refused to be part of the study and two were lost to follow up. Nineteen patients were available for follow up with a mean follow up of 10 months. There were 10 males with mean age of 35 years. Two patients were treated for early superficial wound sepsis which healed. Eight patients needed a bone graft at the time of surgery. The average range of movement was 5–110 degrees of flexion. There were no implant failures or non unions. At six months all patients walked unaided with no deformity and were satisfied with the operation. As an alternative to external fixation of these difficult fractures we recommend a less invasive precontoured plate with locking screws. The advantages include sub-muscular, extraperiostal plate application through a relatively small incision, percutaneous screw placement through a guide, the fixed angle of the plate obviating the necessity of medial plate fixation, and plate lengths are available to span the metadiaphysis. The results suggest that biologic plating with a precontoured locking plate of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures may give better short term results with excellent function

Background. Surgical planning of long bone surgery often takes place using outdated 2D axes on 2D images such as long leg standing X-rays. This leads to errors and great variation between intra- and inter- observers due to differing frames of reference. With the advent of 3D planning software, researchers developed 3D axes of the knee such as the Flexion Facet Axis (FFAx) and Trochlear Axis (TrAx), and these proved easy to derive and reliable. Unlike 2D axes, clinicians and scientists can use a single 3D axis to obtain measurements relative to other 3D axes, in all three planes Deriving a 3D axis also does not require an initial frame of reference, such as in trying to derive the 2D Posterior Condylar Axis (PCAx), whereby a slight change in slice orientation will affect its position. However, there is no 3D axis derived for the tibial plateau yet. Measurements of tibial joint line obliquity are with a 2D axis drawn on AP long leg standing X-rays. The same applies to tibial plateau rotation, as measured by 2D axes drawn on axial CT/MRI slices. this study aimed to to develop a novel new 3D axis for the tibial plateau to quantify both tibial plateau joint line obliquity and axial rotation. Methods. Materialise software version 8.0 (Materialise Inc., Belgium) handled segmentation of CT data and for analysis of bony morphology. A line joining the centroids of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus formed the TCAx (Fig1). A line joining the middle coordinate of the TCAx, to the centre of the best-fit sphere between the medial and lateral malleolus formed the Tibial Mechanical Axis (TMAx). A standard frame of reference aligned 72 tibias with the TCAx horizontal in the axial view, and the TMAx aligned parallel to the global reference coordinate system vertical axis. Tibial joint line obliquity was the angle between the TCAx and TMAx on the medial side, also known as the Medial Tibial Plateau Angle (MPTA)(Fig2). The authors compared reliability and accuracy of the TCAx against three other rotational axes of the tibia as described in the literature. Results. Our methods showed excellent reproducibility using Bland-Altman analysis between intra- and inter-observers. The tibial joint line as defined by the TCAx is oblique (varus) in the majority of knees (MPTA = 85 ± 2°), and becomes perpendicular (MPTA = 90 ± 2°) in constitutional valgus. The TCAx is also parallel to the Anatomical Tibial Axis (ATAx), (SD = 2°), which is currently the gold standard and most reliable axis in defining tibial axial rotation. Conclusions. The TCAx is a reliable axis for referencing both coronal and rotational alignment of the tibial plateau. it can be used for planning and postoperative analysis of knee replacement. (Fig 3). The variable obliqueness of the joint line suggests that neutral alignment in knee arthroplasty may not be suitable for all knees

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are frequent among athletes and a leading cause of time away from competition. Stability of the knee involves the ACL for limiting anterior tibial translation and the ALL (anterolateral ligament) to restrain internal rotation of the tibia. Present indications for treatment with a combined ACL-ALL reconstruction remain unclear and mostly subjective. We mathematically modeled the tibial plateau geometry to try and identify patients at risk of ACL injury, and develop an objective trigger point for the decision to proceed with additional surgery to optimize rotational stability in these higher risk patients. We hypothesized that an increased convexity and steepness of the posterior aspect of the lateral plateau would subject knees to higher rotational torques leading to potentially a higher risk of ACL injury. The study design was a case-control study involving ACL reconstruction cases (n=68) and matched controls (n=68) between 2008–2015 at our institution. We used a two-dimensional approach, evaluating sagittal MRI images of the knee to model the posterior convexity of the lateral tibial plateau. Points were selected along the articular surface, and a least-squares regression was used to curve-fit a power function (y = a xn). In the equation, larger coefficient a and n represented steeper slopes. The cases and controls were compared using a Mann-Whitney-U test, and the statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. A subgroup analysis for females and males was also performed for the curve-fit coefficients. We observed a significant difference in the tibial surface geometry between our ACL reconstruction cases and matched controls (Figure 1). The modeled power equation for our ACL cases had larger coefficients compared to controls for all groups. For all pooled subjects, coefficient a (ACL recon cases = 0.90 vs controls = 0.68, p < 0.0001) and coefficient n (ACL recon cases = 0.34 vs controls = 0.30, p = 0.07) (Table 1). For the statistically significant coefficient a, we found it had a sensitivity of 78.9% and specificity of 77.5% for the statistically significant coefficient a, we found it had a sensitivity of 78.9% and specificity of 77.5% for predicting injury, using a cut off coefficient of a = 0.78. The odds ratio was 12.6 [5.5 – 29]. The posterolateral cartilaginous slope of the tibial plateau was mathematically modeled in patients with ACL injury. Patients with ACL injury demonstrated abnormally steep and fast slopes compared to controls that may play predispose to ACL injury by increasing anterior translation forces and internal rotation torques sustained by their knee joint. A steeper slope may also explain high-grade pivot shifts on physical exam that are thought to be a relative indication for adding an associated ALL reconstruction. Our findings are promising for adding more objectivity to surgical decision-making, especially with identifying high-risk patients that may be candidates for combined ACL-ALL reconstructions. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly