Aims. Surgical limb sparing for knee-bearing paediatric bone sarcoma is considered to have a clinically significant influence on postoperative function due to complications and leg-length discrepancies. However, researchers have not fully evaluated the long-term postoperative functional outcomes. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the risk factors and long-term functional prognosis associated with paediatric limb-sparing surgery. Methods. We reviewed 40 patients aged under 14 years who underwent limb-sparing surgery for knee bone sarcoma (15 cases in the proximal tibia and 25 in the distal femur) between January 2000 and December 2013, and were followed up for a minimum of five years. A total of 35 patients underwent reconstruction using artificial materials, and five underwent biological reconstruction. We evaluated the patients’ postoperative complications, survival rate of reconstruction material, and limb, limb function, and leg-length discrepancy at the final follow-up, as well as the risk factors for each. Results. Complications were observed in 55% (22/40) of patients. The limb survival and reconstruction material rates at five and ten years were 95% and 91%, and 88% and 66%, respectively. Infection was the only risk factor in both survivals (p < 0.001, p = 0.019). In the 35 patients with limb preservation, the median International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLS) score at the final follow-up was 80 (47% to 97%). Younger age (p = 0.027) and complications (p = 0.005) were poor prognostic factors. A negative correlation was found between age and leg-length discrepancy (R = −0.426; p = 0.011). The ISOLS scores were significantly lower in patients with a leg-length discrepancy of more than 5 cm (p = 0.005). Conclusion. Young age and complications were linked to an unfavourable functional prognosis. Leg-length correction was insufficient, especially in very young children, resulting in decreased function of the affected limb. Limb-sparing surgery for these children remains a considerable challenge. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):868–878

Our purpose was to assess the role of preoperative radio-therapy +/− neoadjuvant chemotherapy in nonmetastatic soft tissue sarcoma of extremities for limb-sparing surgery and identify the role of neoadjuvant therapies on local control and survival rate. Forty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcoma of extremities who were treated at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty within a limb salvage protocol, including preoperative radiotherapy +/− chemotherapy were retrospectively analized. Median age was 45 years (17–72 years). The tumor size was between 5–33 cm. Seventeen patients were in stage I, 11 in stage II, 19 in stage III. The most common histology was synovial sarcoma. Nine patients were treated for locally recurrent tumour. The tumour and surrounding tissues with probable microscopic tumour involvement observed clinically and radiologically, were irradiated. Thirty-two patients, with a high grade tumour and/or tumours larger than 8 cm, also received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen was consisted of doxorubicine and ifosphamide with mesna. Preoperative radiotherapy was applied, usually between the second and third cycles of chemotherapy. Definitive surgery was administered 2–6 weeks after radiotherapy or after the third cycle of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was completed to 6 courses after the surgery. Postoperative external beam radio-therapy boost of 16 Gy was given who had close or positive surgical margins. Median follow-up time was 67 months (12–217 months). All of the patients had limb-sparing surgery. Patients had; 30 marginal excision, 13 wide local excision, 4 radical resection. Nine patients locally recurred. Limb-sparing surgery was performed for 8 patients. 25 patients had distant metastases. Metastasectomy were applied for 10 patients with lung metastasis. The 5-year local control, disease free survival and overall survival rates were 82.3%, 50.1% and 67.2%, respectively. Preoperative radiotherapy +/− chemotherapy seems to increase the chance of extremity-sparing surgery with good local control and the survival rates which were comparable with the literature

Background. Although soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare malignancy, myxofibrosarcoma is a common form diagnosed. Myxofibrosarcoma is complicated by a high local recurrence rate (18–54%) and significant morbidity following treatment, hence management can be challenging. Patients and Methods. Patients treated between 2003–2012 were identified via a database within the histopathology department and case notes were retrospectively assessed. All histology samples were reviewed by a senior histopathologist to ensure a correct diagnosis. Results. 29 patients (12 male, 17 female) with an average age of 61 years (range 19–89 years) underwent surgery at a single centre, with 24 patients receiving adjuvant and two receiving neo-adjuvant radiotherapy. 22 patients had lower limb and 7 had upper limb tumours. 3 were treated for secondary recurrence after having primary surgery elsewhere. 21 patients had Trojani Grade 2 or 3 tumours. All underwent limb-sparing surgery initially but six patients (20.7%) suffered local recurrence after an average follow-up of 28 months and all ultimately required above knee amputation. Four patients developed wound infection, with one requiring VAC therapy. One patient required a flap repair of the forearm. 5-year survival rate was 87.5%. Conclusions. Our results compare favourably against results published so far in the literature with a low local recurrence rate and mortality. Limb-sparing surgery aims to reduce morbidity and disability following treatment but more research is required in adjuvant treatments to further reduce the risk of local recurrence of tumour

Background Osteosarcoma is the most common bone sarcoma, and the 3rd most common malignancy in children and adolescents. It accounts for 20% of primary malignant bone tumors. Methods A retrospective review of osteosarcomas from the Scottish National Bone Tumor Registry (1940–2000) involving the upperlimb bones is presented. Patient demography, type and location of lesions, treatment options, recurrence and survival rates, and metastasis have been analysed. Results 75 cases were identified from the registry. Sex incidence showed a slight male preponderance with male: female ratio 1.14: 1.Age at presentation ranged from 4–88 Yrs (mean 28.44 Yrs). 46.7% sarcomas occurred in the second decade (11–20 Yrs). The humerus was the bone most frequently involved (78.6% of lesions), and the proximal humerus the commonest site (60%). The scapula was involved in 9.3% and the forearm in 8%.A rare solitary lesion of the clavicle was encountered.17% presented with pathological fractures at diagnosis. Patients typically present with dull aching pain of weeks to months. All patients underwent radiological studies and diagnostic biopsy. Treatment modalities included amputation, limb-sparing surgery, adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The cumulative 5 year survival for the series was 32%.Death was usually due to pulmonary and skeletal metastasis, and the mean survival in such patients was 21.5 mts. Patients presenting with metastatic pulmonary disease had poor prognosis. Limb-sparing surgery with wide margins does not compromise survival. Results with custom endoprosthesis are encouraging. Discussion Osteosarcomas require a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment to optimise survival. During the first half of the study period amputation was the mainstay of treatment with high incidence of mortality due to metastatic disease. Recent advances in neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy have improved the ability to perform limb –sparing resections, and disease free and overall survival rates have improved. Regular, long follow-up is indicated in these patients

Ewing sarcoma (ES) and Osteosarcoma (OS) are the 2 most common malignant primary bone tumors. A patient's response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has important implications in subsequent patient management and prognosis, as a favourable response to chemotherapy allows orthopedic oncologists to be more aggressive in pursuing limb-sparing surgery. An accurate and non-invasive pre-operative marker of response would be ideal for planning surgical margins and as a prognostic tool. ES and OS have differing biological characterisitcs and respond differently to chemotherapy. We reviewed 18F-FDG PET imaging characteristics of ES and OS patients at baseline and following treatment to determine whether this biological variation is reflected in their imaging phenotype. A retrospective review of ES and OS patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery was done, correlating PET results with histologic response to chemotherapy. Change in the maximum standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) between baseline and post-treatment scanning was not significantly associated with histologic response for either ES or OS. Metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and the percentage of injected 18F-FDG dose (%ID) in the primary tumor were found to be different for ES and OS response subgroups. A 50% reduction in MTV (MTV2:1 < 0.5) was found to be significantly associated with histologic response in OS. Using the same criteria for ES incorrectly predicted good responders. Increasing the cut-offs for ES to a 90% reduction in MTV (MTV 2:1 < 0.1) resulted in association with histologic response. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy as reflected by changes in PET characteristics should be interpreted differently for ES and OS

Background. Decisions about local treatment are important in osteosarcoma treatment. The purpose of this study was to review decisions about local treatment in one centre. Methods. This was a retrospective review of the records of all patients with high-grade extremity osteosarcoma presenting to our centre between 1997 and 2008. Particular attention was paid to local control decisions. Results. 54 patients were included, 37 were male. Median age was 18 (4.1 to 71.3 years). The anatomical location was distal femur in 33, tibia in 8, humerus in 7, ankle/foot in 3, fibula in 2 and clavicle in 1. 8 (14.8%) patients had metastases at presentation. 13 (24.1%) patients underwent primary amputation, predominantly in the early years of the series. The remaining 41 patients had limb-sparing surgery, 5 of whom had microscopically positive margins. 21 of 54 (38.8%) had >90% necrosis in the resected tumour. 3 patients had poor necrosis and positive margins. These were a 70 yo intolerant of chemotherapy, who refused amputation, developed LR and metastatic disease; a 15 yo with metastatic disease, who had a secondary amputation and metastatectomy and survived and a 43 yo who developed metastases and LR on chemotherapy. 4 further patients had local recurrence after LSS. All had poor necrosis after chemotherapy but adequate margins. All developed metastatic disease and 3 have died. Overall survival was 60%. 5-year survival without metastatic disease at presentation was 65%. Conclusion. Our series is similar to other centres. Challenges include older patients, poor response to chemotherapy and metastases

The purpose of this study is to compare functional results of hemipelvectomy and internal hemipelvectomy following resection of pelvic tumours. The emotional acceptance of such surgery is also examined. From 1998 to 2003, 19 male and 13 female patients, aged from 6 to 76 years, underwent hemipelvectomy, and 12 male and seven female patients, aged from 13 to 65 years, underwent internal hemipelvectomy. In the series as a whole, follow-up ranged from 1 to 156 months. Five patients with external hemipelvectomy, six with internal hemipelvectomy and one who underwent internal hemipelvectomy followed by external hemipelvectomy were evaluated functionally, clinically and psychologically. Patients expressed emotional concern about body image and mobility. Psychosocial adjustment was difficult for all patients, but some were able to overcome their difficulties more easily than others. Patients with internal hemipelvectomy rather than external hemipelvectomy had more difficulty adjusting emotionally. The site of the tumour and morbidity rates, which remain high when limb-sparing surgery is performed for pelvic tumours, are important considerations when deciding upon the type of surgery. Patients and their families need extensive preoperative psychological preparation and postoperative psychotherapy is imperative

Limb-sparing surgery has become the preferred surgical treatment of malignant bone tumours of the knee. In patients with intra-articular extension of their tumour, extra-articular limb sparing surgery can prevent the knee from amputation. In a retrospective study between January 1985 and December 2007, we performed 34 extra-articular tumour resections of the knee-joint for a bone- or soft tissue tumour in the distal femur or proximal tibia with (suspect) intra-articular tumour extension into the knee on MRI. Contra-indications were extension of the tumour into the extensor mechanism and/or tumour involvement of the neurovascular bundle. Osteosarcoma (23/34) was the most common primary malignancy. Mean age was 36 years (17–70) and the mean follow up was 9 years (1–19). Patient survival rates at 5 years and 10 years are 78% and 58% respectively, mean patient survival was 47 months (8–211). In 12 (35%) patients, the primary implanted prosthesis failed during follow up. Prosthetic survival rates including minor revision surgery were 63% at 5 years and 36% at 10 years. Six (18%) patients had local recurrence of their malignancy, 5 of them in the popliteal fossa. Local recurrence was significantly correlated with marginal margins (P< 0.05). Fifteen patients had major complications (44%) mainly deep infection in proximal tibia resections and aseptic loosening in distal femur resections. Aseptic loosening was significantly correlated with non HA-coated stems (P< 0.05). Functional outcome scores according to MSTS (mean 81, (65–93)) and TESS (mean 85, (56–98)) of survivors are good. Our results suggest that extra-articular tumour resections of the knee-joint can provide a functional endoprosthesis and can be an alternative for primary amputation. However it is a technical demanding procedure with acceptable local recurrence and high complication rates in patients with, in general, poor survival

Biopsy is a key step in the diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumours. An inadequately performed biopsy may fail to allow proper diagnosis. An improperly planned biopsy may jeopardise plans for limb salvage surgery. Aims: To analyse the effectiveness of core-needle biopsy for evaluation of suspected primary musculoskeletal neoplasms. Methods: Core-needle biopsy was performed at our institution in 130 consecutive patients suspected of having a mesenchymal neoplasm. Details of the biopsy and any additional procedures were recorded including size of sample, method of localisation and any complications. Clinical and histological features of the neoplasm and previous radiological or histological diagnosis were compared. Core-needle biopsy results were correlated with results from specimens subsequently obtained at definitive surgery. Results: 130 consecutive core biopsies were performed for evaluation of suspected primary musculoskeletal neoplasms. All patients tolerated the procedure well and there were no significant complications. A definitive diagnosis was obtained from a single core biopsy in 107 (82%) patients; an additional biopsy was necessary in 24 (18%) following equivocal histology. Twenty-three (96%) of these repeat biopsies were an open procedure. In 98% of patients, core-needle biopsy results were concordant with results from specimens subsequently obtained at surgery with respect to tumour histological features and grade. The accuracy and rate of performance of open biopsy for soft tissue lesions were not significantly different from those for bone lesions. Conclusions: Obtaining tissue safely, for diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumours is the goal of all biopsies The biopsy, however, must be well planned so as to avoid creating inadvertent tumour spread, and take into consideration any subsequent approaches for limb-sparing surgery

Introduciton In our experience, amputation is rarely indicated in osteosarcoma. Amputation is more frequently required in soft tissue sarcoma for the following reasons: 1) recurrent tumour in previously radiated field; 2) composite tissue involvement of soft tissue, bone, vessels and nerves; 3) size of lesion. We have measured functional outcome in bone and soft tissue sarcoma using a combination of clinimetric measures describing impairment and patient determined measures assessing disability (. 1. ,. 2. ). Methods In a matched case-control study (. 3. ), 12 patients with amputation were matched with 24 patients treated by limb-sparing surgery on the following variables: age, gender, length of follow-up, bone versus soft-tissue tumor, anatomic site, and treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. End points included the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), a measure of physical disability; the Shortform-36 (SF-36), a generic health status measure; and the Reintegration to Normal Living (RNL), a measure of handicap. Results Mean TESS score for the patients with amputations was 74.5 versus 85.1 for the limb-sparing patients. (p = .15). Only the physical function subscale of the SF-36 showed statistically significant differences, with means of 45 and 71.1 for the amputation versus limb-sparing groups, respectively (p = .03). The RNL for the amputation group was 84.4 versus 97 for the limb-sparing group (p = .05). Seven of the 12 patients with amputations experienced ongoing difficulty with the soft tissues overlying their stumps. There was a trend toward increased disability for those in the amputation group versus those in the limb-sparing group, with the amputation group showing significantly higher levels of handicap. Conclusions These data suggest that the differences in disability between amputation and limb-sparing patients are smaller than anticipated. The differences may be more notable in measuring handicap

Prior to the 1970s, almost all bone sarcomas were treated by amputation. The first distal femoral resection and reconstruction was performed in 1973 by Dr Kenneth C Francis at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre in New York. Since that time, limb-sparing surgery for primary sarcoma has become the mainstay of sarcoma surgery throughout the world. Initially, the use of mega-prostheses of increasing complexity, involving all the major long bones and both pelvic and shoulder girdles, was popularised. In the early 1980s, wide use of massive allograft reconstructions became widespread in both Europe and in multiple centres in the USA and UK. Since that time, increasing complexity in the design of prostheses has allowed for increasing functional reconstructions to occur, but the use of allograft has become less popular due to the development of late graft failures of patients survive past ten years. Fracture rates approaching 50% at 10 years are reported, and thus, other forms of reconstruction are being sought. Techniques of leg lengthening, and bone docking procedures to replace segmental bone loss to tumour are now employed, but the use of biological vascularised reconstructions are becoming more common as patient survivorship increases with children surviving their disease. The use of vascularised fibular graft, composite grafts and re-implantation of extra-corporeally irradiated bone segments are becoming more popular. The improvement in survivorship brought about the use of chemotherapy is producing a population of patients with at least a 65% ten year survivorship, and as many of these patients are children, limb salvage procedures have to survive for many decades. The use of growing prostheses for children have been available for some 25 years, first commencing in Stanmore, UK, with mechanical lengthening prostheses. Non-invasive electro-magnetic induction coil mechanisms are now available to produce leg lengthening, with out the need for open surgery. Whilst many of these techniques have great success, the area of soft tissue attachment to metallic prostheses has not been solved, and reattachment of muscles is of great importance, of course, for return of function. There are great problems in the shoulder joints where sacrifice of rotator cuff muscles is necessary in obtaining adequate disease clearance at the time of primary resection, and a stable shoulder construct, with good movement, has yet to emerge. Similar areas of great difficultly remain the peri-acetabular and sacro-iliac resections in the pelvis. Perhaps the real future of the art of limb salvage will be in the reconstruction of failed major joint replacements where there is great loss of bone stock, and already massive tumour prostheses are providing a salvage pathway for failed standard joint replacement. The final future for limb salvage, however, may not rest with increasing surgical complexity and innovation, but with the development of molecular biology and specific targeted treatments, according to the cytogenetics of a particular tumour. We are on the threshold of yet another quantum change in the approach to cancer management; just as chemotherapy brought a tremendous change in the 1970s, molecular biology is the frontier to make much of the current limb salvage surgery that is performed redundant

Introduction A literature review, supplemented by a small personal series of fractures in osteosarcoma, treated with internal fixation is presented. Methods In a cooperative effort of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (. 2. ), retrospective data was gathered on fifty-two patients with osteosarcoma who had a pathologic fracture and on fifty-five matched patients with osteosarcoma who had not had a pathologic fracture. Results From the literature review. Abudu et al (. 1. ) reviewed the Birmingham experience in 40 patients with pathological fractures from localised osteosarcoma of the long bones to determine the outcome of limb salvage in their management. All had had adjuvant chemotherapy. The authors undertook limb salvage in 27 patients and amputation in 13. The margins of resection were radical in five patients, wide in 26, marginal in six, and contaminated in three cases. Local recurrence developed in 19% of those treated by limb salvage and in none of those who had an amputation. The cumulative five-year survival of all the patients was 57% and in those treated by limb salvage or amputation it was 64% and 47%, respectively (p > 0.05). The authors concluded that limb-sparing surgery with adequate margins of excision can be achieved in many patients with pathological fractures from primary osteosarcoma without compromising survival, but the risk of local recurrence is significant. From our retrospective study. The five-year estimated survival rates were 55% for the group with a pathologic fracture and 77% for the group without a fracture (p = 0.02). Eleven (37%) of the 30 patients with a fracture who were managed with limb salvage and 10 (45%) of the 22 patients with a fracture who were managed with an amputation died of the disease (p = 0.50). The performance of a limb-salvage procedure in patients with pathologic fracture did not seem to significantly increase the risk of local recurrence or death. Conclusions Factors predictive of improved outcome, such as the response to chemotherapy and union of the fracture, should be taken into account when limb salvage is being considered. The limited Toronto experience with fracture fixation prior to chemotherapy and limb salvage will be discussed

To determine if rates of local recurrence and metastasis differ in upper versus lower extremity sarcomas. Prospectively collected data relating to patients undergoing limb-sparing surgery for extremity soft tissue sarcoma between January 1986 and April 1997 were analysed. Local recurrence-free and metastasis-free rates were calculated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. Univariate and multivariate analyses of potential predictive factors were evaluated with the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Of 480 eligible patients, 48 (10. 0%) had a local recurrence and 131 (27. 3%) developed metastases. Median follow-up of survivors was 4. 8 years (0. 1 to 12. 9). There were 139 upper and 341 lower extremity tumours. Upper extremity tumours were more often treated by unplanned excision before referral (89 vs 160, p< 0. 001) and were smaller (6. 0cm vs 9. 3cm, p< 0. 000). Lower extremity tumours were more often deep to or involving the investing fascia (280 vs. 97, p< 0. 003). The distribution of histological types differed in each extremity. Fewer upper extremity tumours were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy (98 vs. 289, p< 0. 000). The 5-year local recurrence-free rate was 82% in the upper and 93% in the lower extremity (p< 0. 002). Local recurrence was predicted by surgical margin status (hazard ratio 3. 16, p< 0. 000) but not extremity (p=0. 127) or unplanned excision before referral (p=0. 868). The 5-year metastasis-free rate was 82% in the upper and 69% in the lower extremity (p< 0. 013). Metastasis was predicted by high histological grade (hazard ratio 17. 28, p< 0. 000), tumour size in cm (hazard ratio 1. 05, p< 0. 001) and deep location (hazard ratio 1. 93, p< 0. 028) but not by extremity (p=0. 211). Local recurrence is more frequent after treatment for upper compared with lower extremity sarcomas. Variation in the use of radiotherapy and differences in histological type may be contributory. Metastasis is more frequent after treatment for lower extremity sarcomas because tumours tend to be large and deep

Aims. To report the outcome observed in 34 dogs with non metastatic distal radial osteosarcoma (OSA) treated by a combination of adjuvant chemotherapy and limb-sparing surgery. Limb-sparing procedures were based on the use of a frozen bone cortical allograft (group A; 18 cases) and of a pasteurised tumoral autograft (group B; 16 cases), respectively. Methods. In group A, limb-sparing procedure was performed using a fresh-frozen cortical allograft from a bone bank. In the group B, the bone graft was realized from the excised tumoral segment after its pasteurisation at 65A1C for 40 minutes. Adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin or cisplatin and doxorubicin) was administered in all dogs. Results. In group A, mean and median survival times were 478-266 days, respectively (range 80–2611 days). Overall survival was 78% at 6 months, 35% at 12 months, 23% at 18 months and 19% at 24 months. Lung metastasis occurred in 10 cases (55%). Observed complications were local recurrence (28%), graft infection (39%) and implant failure (11%). In group B, mean and median survival times were 533-368 days, respectively (range 137–1944 days). Overall survival was 100% at 6 months, 57% at 12 months, 45% at 18 months and 20% at 24 months. Metastasis were observed in 7 dogs (44%). Complications were local recurrence (12%), graft infection (44%) and implant failure (19%). Limb function was good in 72% (group A), and 92% (group B) of the dogs, respectively. Conclusions. Limb-sparing techniques with bone grafts represent an alternative to amputation in the treatment of selected cases of distal radial osteosarcoma. Limb sparing techniques are not free of complication (infection, implant failure, recurrence) if compared to amputation. The latter represents the elective option in most cases of appendicular OSA and is usually free of complication. Comparing the two treatment groups, pasteurised bone autograft derived from the tumoral bone segment represents an effective alternative to cortical bone allograft coming from a bone bank, considering the difficulties encountered in finding donor dogs and national legal limitations on establishing a canine cortical bone graft bank. Alternative limb sparing procedures (metallic implant, Ilizarov) will be also discussed

In the last fifteen years (1990–2005) at our Institution more than 600 patients affected by soft tissue sarcomas of the limbs and superficial trunk were surgically treated. We investigated the outcome and risk factors in a homogeneous group of 112 patients, affected by high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the limbs (not metastatic at presentation) and treated with limb-sparing surgery, brachytherapy and conventional postoperative radiation therapy. Postoperative chemotherapy was added in one fourth of the cases. The histologic types were liposarcoma (21.4%), leiomyosarcoma (19.6%), synovial sarcoma (17.9%), pleomorphic sarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocitoma (14.3%), fibrosarcoma (9.8%), other histotypes (17%). All the tumors were high-grade (Broders grade 3 or 4). Size of the neoplasm was 10 cm or larger in 8 cases, 6 to 9 cm in 60 patients and 5 cm or smaller in 44 cases. A limb-sparing surgical excision was performed in all the cases; histologically adequate margins were achieved in 96 cases (85.7 %). In 28 cases a myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flap was necessary for local reconstruction. At an average follow-up of six years, 67 patients (59.8%) were continuously disease-free; 8 patients (7.1%) had presented metastatic disease (in one case combined with local relapse) but were alive with no evidence of disease at last follow-up; 3 patients (2.7%) were alive with metastatic disease; 28 patients (25%) had died with disseminated disease; 6 (5.4%) had died of unrelated causes. Local recurrence occurred in 10 patients (8.9%) requiring an amputation in 2; metastatic disease occurred in 39 patients (34.8%). Four more patients required an amputation for complications different from recurrence: one early amputation for surgery-related complications and three late amputations for radiation-related complications (two not-healing fractures, one unresolvable wound sloughing). Wound sloughing occurred in 12 patients (5 surgery-related and 7 radiation-related). Local control rate, disease-free survival, overall survival and limb salvage rate were examined at 5 and 10 years, aiming also to identify tumor or treatment characteristics with prognostic value for the outcome. The use of brachytherapy is an important option for achieving a significant boost in radiation within the surgical bed. Combined treatment with limb sparing surgery plus brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy seems to offer satisfactory results in terms of local control and limb salvage survival. The use of myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flaps is often useful in this kind of surgery, making possible a limb-sparing procedure with adequate oncological margins. New protocols and randomized studies on chemotherapy need to be introduced to improve systemic control and overall survival

Prediction tools are instruments which are commonly used to estimate the prognosis in oncology and facilitate clinical decision-making in a more personalized manner. Their popularity is shown by the increasing numbers of prediction tools, which have been described in the medical literature. Many of these tools have been shown to be useful in the field of soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremities (eSTS). In this annotation, we aim to provide an overview of the available prediction tools for eSTS, provide an approach for clinicians to evaluate the performance and usefulness of the available tools for their own patients, and discuss their possible applications in the management of patients with an eSTS.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(9):1011–1016.

The April 2013 Oncology Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: the margin for error; new money for old risks; hindquarter amputation; custom tumour jigs; preserving the tibial epiphysis; how long is long enough?; genomics and radiation-induced bone tumours; and India ink.