Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) simulation with 3D planning software ZedKnee® (ZK) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Materials and methods. The participants in this study were all TKA patients whose operations were simulated by using ZK. The alignment of all components was evaluated with the ZK valuation software in postoperative computer tomography. Thirty patients (43 knees) met the inclusion criteria. 6 patients were male and 24 patients were female. The mean age of the 30 patients was 72 years old. Diagnoses for surgery were: osteoarthritis- 40 knees, rheumatoid arthritis- 2 knees and osteonecrosis- 1 knee. TKA was performed using the measured resection technique. The distal femur axis where the intramedullary rod would be inserted was drawn manually on the 3D image. Then, the angle between the distal femoral axis and the mechanical axis was measured. The rotational angles of the femoral components were determined from the automatically calculated angle between the posterior condylar axis and the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA) by using ZK. The ZK data used during the operation was the posterior condylar angle, the angle between the distal femoral axis and the mechanical axis and implant size. Results. The angle in coronal plane between the 3D mechanical axis and the distal femoral axis in preoperative planning ranged between 3 degrees and 11 degrees, mean 6.7 (SD 2.2) degrees. The postoperative femoral component alignment was on average 0.7 (SD 1.3) degrees in varus. Outlier of more than 3 degrees in coronal alignment was recognized in 3 cases (7%). The mean posterior condylar angle in preoperative planning was 3.8 (SD 1) degrees. The postoperative femoral component alignment was on average 1.5 (SD 1.6) degrees in external rotation to surgical epicondylar axis. Outlier of more than 3 degrees in rotational alignment was recognized in 6 cases (14%). The concordance rate between the preoperative planning size and the intraoperative selective size was 91%. Discussion. Some errors may be observed in the preoperative TKA X-ray planning, because of the rotational position of the femur while having the X-ray taken or angle of the X-ray beam. Kanekasu et al reported the measurement of the condylar twist angle during the X-ray and it was relatively correct compared with the measurement during CT. Max 1.9 degrees error occurred in the measurements using X-rays. It appeared that preoperative planning using CTs was more accurate than using X-rays. Conclusion. Femoral components with 3D simulation using ZK were fixed perpendicularly against the mechanical axis and parallel to the surgical epicondylar axis with high accuracy. We considered that the ZK 3D simulation in TKA is useful for the accurate alignment of femoral components

Introduction: There is an increased risk of revision for aseptic loosening with a transgluteal approach as described in the Swedish Hip Register. Femoral component malpositioning is itself associated with a poor outcome. A cuff of posteriorly situated glutei during the direct lateral approach may result in levering the proximal stem anteriorly and the tip of the stem posteriorly and does not allow the entry point of the stem to be placed posteriorly at the level of neck resection resulting in possible malpositioning. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference in femoral component alignment when the posterior and direct lateral approaches are compared. Materials and methods: Forty patients underwent an direct lateral approach and forty a posterior approach (n = 80). Inclusion criteria included primary hip arthroplasty using a cemented Exeter femoral component. At 6 weeks a standard AP and a modified lateral radiograph were taken. Measurements were taken from digitized radiographs as follows:. 1. AP radiograph. A Tip of stem to outer medial cortex. B Tip of stem to outer lateral cortex. 2. Lateral radiograph. C Tip of stem to anterior outer cortex. D Tip of stem to posterior outer cortex. Component alignment was defined as A – B and C – D. Results: A–B was 0.71 for the modified direct lateral approach and 2.56 for the posterior approach. C–D was 1.47 for the direct lateral approach and 1.21 for the posterior approach. This difference was not statistically different using paired t tests as p > 0.05(P=0.69) for lateral views measurements. Discussion: This study demonstrates that there is no significant difference between direct lateral and posterior approaches as far as femoral component alignment is concerned. The increased revision rate noted by the Swedish Hip Register when a transgluteal approach is likely to be multifactorial, but not likely to be due to femoral component malalignment

Introduction: There is an increased risk of revision for aseptic loosening with a transgluteal approach as described in the Swedish Hip Register. Femoral component malpositioning is itself associated with a poor outcome. A cuff of posteriorly situated glutei during the direct lateral approach may result in levering the proximal stem anteriorly and the tip of the stem posteriorly and does not allow the entry point of the stem to be placed posteriorly at the level of neck resection resulting in possible malpositioning. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference in femoral component alignment when the posterior and direct lateral approaches are compared. Materials and methods: Forty patients underwent a direct lateral approach and forty a posterior approach (n = 80). Inclusion criteria included primary hip arthroplasty using a cemented Exeter femoral component. At 6 weeks a standard AP and a modified lateral radiograph were taken. Measurements were taken from digitized radiographs as follows:. AP radiograph. Tip of stem to outer medial cortex. Tip of stem to outer lateral cortex. Lateral radiograph. C Tip of stem to anterior outer cortex. D Tip of stem to posterior outer cortex. Component alignment was defined as A – B and C – D. Results: A–B was 0.71 for the modified direct lateral approach and 2.56 for the posterior approach. C–D was 1.47 for the direct lateral approach and 1.21 for the posterior approach. This difference was not statistically different using paired t tests as p > 0.05(P=0.69) for lateral views measurements. Discussion: This study demonstrates that there is no significant difference between direct lateral and posterior approaches as far as femoral component alignment is concerned. The increased revision rate noted by the Swedish Hip Register when a transgluteal approach is likely to be multifactorial, but not likely to be due to femoral component malalignment

Purpose:. The use of computer navigation has been shown to improve the accuracy of femoral component placement compared to conventional instrumentation in hip resurfacing. Whether exposure to computer navigation improves accuracy when the procedure is subsequently performed with conventional instrumentation without navigation has not been explored. We examinedwhether femoral component alignment utilizing a conventional jig improves following experience with the use of imageless computer navigation for hip resurfacing. Methods:. Between December 2004 and December 2008, 213 consecutive hip resurfacings were performed by a single surgeon. The first 17 (Cohort 1) and the last 9 (Cohort 2) hip resurfacings were performed using a conventional guidewire alignment jig. In 187 cases the femoral component was implanted using the imageless computer navigation. Cohorts 1 and 2 were compared for femoral component alignment accuracy. Results:. All components in Cohort 2 achieved the position determined by the pre-operative plan. The mean deviation of the stem-shaft angle (SSA) from the pre-operatively planned target position was 2.2 degrees (SD, 2.2°, 95% CI, 0.8°, 3.7°) in Cohort 2 and 5.6 degrees (SD, 4.3°, 95% CI, 3.6°, 7.6°) in Cohort 1 (p = 0.01). Four implants in Cohort 1 were positioned at least 10 degrees varus compared to the target SSA position and another four were retroverted. Conclusions:. Femoral component placement utilizing conventional instrumentation may be more accurate following experience using imageless computer navigation

Introduction

There is many reports about complications with a resurfacing total hip arthroplasty (RHA). One of the most common complications is the femoral neck fracture. A notch and malalignment were risk factors for this. For an accurate implanting the femoral component in RHA, we performed 3D template and made a patient specific template (PST) using 3D printer and applied this technique for a clinical usage. We report a preliminary early result using this novel technique.

Purpose

Proper positioning of the components of a knee prosthesis for obtaining post-operative knee joint alignment is vital to obtain good and long term performance of a knee replacement. Although the reasons for failure of knee arthroplasty have not been studied in depth, the few studies that have been published claim that as much as 25% of knee replacement failures are related to malpositioning or malalignment [x].

The use of patient-matched cutting blocks is a recent development in orthopaedics. In contrast to the standard cutting blocks, they are designed to fit the individual anatomy based on 3D medical images. Thus, landmarks and reference axes can be identified with higher accuracy and precision. Moreover, stable positioning of the blocks with respect to the defined axes is easier to achieve. Both may contribute to better alignment of the components.

The objective of this study was to check the accuracy of femoral component orientation in a cadaver study using specimen-matched cutting blocks in six specimens; first for a bi-compartmental replacement, and then for a tri-compartmental replacement in the same specimen.

Malpositioning of prosthetic components in TKA may cause clinical relevant complications. This study focuses on a variety of TKA problems that were related to femoral component internal malrotation. Inclusion criteria in this study were all TKA seen at one-year follow-up with a moderate or poor clinical outcome using the Knee Society Score. Reduced mobility, pain, and patella problems were most frequent in this group. Infection, trauma, or wound problems were exclusion criteria. Two different mobile bearing knee systems were utilised in one large centre; LCS (DePuy Int, Leeds, UK) and MBK (Zimmer, Warsaw, USA). From more than 200 LCS and 70 MBK prostheses 27 cases entered the study, all of which underwent spiral CT investigation for evaluation of femoral component rotational alignment. There was an increased incidence of femoral component internal rotation in this group with poor outcome. Mean internal rotation was 4.2 degrees (0 to 8) in relation to the transepicondylar axis. Evaluation of femoral component rotational alignment in TKA has recently gained increased attention. Particularly internal malrotation does often lead to flexion instability, poor biomechanics, and patellofemoral tracking problems with lateral subluxation. It is also associated with painful and stiff knees as recently reported (AAOS 2002, Dallas, USA). In this study early postoperative complications in TKA were also associated with femoral component internal malrotation. We, therefore, recommend CT evaluation of component alignment in clinically doubtful knees. Cases that present with internal malrotation should be considered for revision surgery with the view to revise the femoral and/or tibial component

The iASSIST system is a portable, accelerometer base with electronic navigation used for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) which guides the surgeon to align and validate bone resection during the surgical procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the radiological outcome between accelerometer base iASSIST system and the conventional system. Method. A prospective study between two group of 36 patients (50 TKA) of primary osteoarthritis of the knee who underwent TKA using iASSIST ™ or conventional method (25 TKA in each group) from January 2018 to December 2019. A single surgeon performs all operations with the same instrumentation and same surgical approach. Pre-operative and postoperative management protocol are same for both groups. All patients had standardized scanogram (full leg radiogram) performed post operatively to determine mechanical axis of lower limb, femoral and tibial component alignment. Result. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for Age, Gender, Body mass index, Laterality and Preoperative mechanical axis(p>0.05). There was no difference in proportion of outliers for mechanical axis (p=0.91), Coronal femoral component alignment angle (p=0.08), Coronal tibial component alignment angle (p=1.0). The mean duration of surgery, postoperative drop in Hb, number of blood transfusion didn't show significant difference between 2 groups (p>0.05). Conclusion. Our study concludes that despite being a useful guidance tool during TKA, iASSIST does not show any difference in limb alignment (mechanical axis), Tibial and femoral component alignment when compared with the conventional method

INTRODUCTION. To obtain appropriate joint gap and soft tissue balance, and to correct the lower limb alignment are important factor to achieve success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A variety of computer-assisted navigation systems have been developed to implant the component accurately during TKA. Although, the effects of the navigation system on the joint gap and soft tissue balance are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of accelerometer-based portable navigation system on the intraoperative joint gap and soft tissue balance. METHODS. Between March 2014 and March 2015, 36 consecutive primary TKAs were performed using a mobile-bearing posterior stabilized (PS) TKA (Vanguard RP; Biomet) for varus osteoarthritis. Of the 36 knees, 26 knees using the accelerometer-based portable computer navigation system (KneeAlign2; OrthAlign) (N group), and 10 knees using conventional alignment guide (femur side; intramedullary rod, tibia side; extramedullary guide) (C group). The intraoperative joint gap and soft tissue balance were measured using tensor device throughout a full range of motion (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°and full flexion) at 120N of distraction force. The postoperative component coronal alignment was measured with standing anteroposterior hip-to-ankle radiographs. RESULTS. The mean joint gaps at each flexion angle were maintained constant in N group, and there was a tendency of the joint gap at midflexion ranges to increase in C group. The joint gaps at 30°and 45°of flexion angle in C group were significantly larger than that of in N group. The mean soft tissue balance at 0°of flexion was significantly varus in N group than that of in C group. Postoperatively, in N group, the mean femoral component alignment was valgus 0.1°± 1.3°(range, varus 2°- valgus 3°), the mean tibial component alignment was valgus 1.1°± 1.7°(range, varus 1°- valgus 3°) to the coronal mechanical axis. In C group, the mean femoral component alignment was varus 2.3°± 1.9°(range, varus 6°- valgus 1°), the mean tibial component alignment was valgus 2.0°± 1.3°(range, 0°- valgus 5°) to the coronal mechanical axis. There was statistically significant difference in femoral component alignment, there was no statistically significant difference in tibial component alignment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. The present study demonstrated that navigation-assisted TKA was prevented the joint gaps from increasing at 30°and 45°of flexion. However, it was difficult to achieve soft tissue balance at extension. In conventional TKA, the femoral component alignment was usually varus. In contrast, accelerometer-based portable navigation system is superior to implant the femoral component accurately. However, there were several cases that femoral component alignment is valgus because of a variation in the accuracy of this navigation system. Surgeons should be aware of difficulty to accomplish all of appropriate joint gap and soft tissue balance, and lower limb alignment in navigation-assisted TKA

INTRODUCTION. Although the most commonly used method of femoral component alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an intramedullary (IM) guides, this method demonstrated a limited degree of accuracy. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a portable, accelerometer-based surgical navigation system (Knee Align 2 system; Orth Align, Inc, Aliso Viejo, Calif) improve accuracy of the post-operative radiographic femoral component alignment compared to conventional IM alignment guide. MATERIALS & METHODS. Since February 2014, 44 consecutive patients (39 female, 5 male) with primary arthritis of the knee were enrolled in this prospective, randomized controlled study. 24 patients underwent TKA (Vanguard RP or PS, Biomet Japan) using the navigation device for the distal femoral resection (Navigated Group), and 20 patients with conventional femoral IM alignment guide. The proximal tibial resection was performed using an extramedullary guide. All the operation was performed by a single senior surgeon (YK) with the same gap balancing technique except for the use of the navigation system for the femur. Accuracy of femoral implant positioning was evaluated on 2 weeks postoperative standing anteroposterior (AP) hip to ankle radiographs. RESUTS. In the navigated group, 100% of patients had an alignment within 90 ± 3° to the femoral mechanical axis in the coronal plane, versus 90.0% in the IM guides cohort (Fig). The mean absolute difference between the intraoperative goal and the postoperative alignment was 0.79 ± 1.0° in the Knee Align 2 cohort, and 1.72 ± 1.6° in the IM guides cohort (P < 0.05). There was a difference in the standard deviations observed for the navigated cases and the conventional cases when femoral component position was considered. There were no technique specific complications associated with the navigation system. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION. The distal femoral resection has been the main source of error as for the neutral mechanical axis because of the difficulty in visualization and detection of the center of the femoral head. The results in the current study have shown that a portable, accelerometer-based navigation device (Knee Align 2 system) significantly decreases outliers in femoral component alignment compared to conventional IM alignment guides in TKA

Intramedullary (IM) femoral alignment guide for unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a classic and generally accepted technique to treat unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis. However, IM system has a risk of excessive blood loss, fat embolism and activation of coagulation.Moreover, the implant placement and limb alignment may be less accurate in IM for UKA than total knee arthroplasty. So we try to use extramedullary (EM) femoral alignment for UKA to avoid above disadvantages. To our knowledge, few current studies have been reported by now. We reported a series of cases treated through a newly developed EM technique and evaluated the accuracy of femoral component alignment and preliminary clinical results. Between January 2009 and January 2010, 11 consecutive patients(15 knees)consisting of 8 males and 3 females were enrolled. There were 7 cases in unilateral knee and 4 cases in bilateral knees. The mean age was 65.2 years (range 60∼72 years). Incision, surgical time, blood loss and complications were measured. The pre- and post operative function of the knees were evaluated by HSS score system. The pre- and postoperative femoral component alignment was measured and compared. All cases were followed up for average 15 months (10-22 months). The mean length of incision was 7.2cm (range 6 to 8cm), the mean surgical time was 115.0min(range 90 to 125min),the mean blood loss was 50.8ml (range 50 to 80ml). The mean preoperative HSS score increased from 75 (range 63 to 83) to 95 (range 88 to 97) postoperatively (p<0.05). All femoral components were within the recommended range for varus/valgus (±10 degree) and lexion/extension (±5 degree) angle. None had complications associated with reamed canal injury. By using our EM technique, we could achieve an accurate femoral component alignment and satisfactory clinical effect. However, strict comparison between EM and cconventional IM technique and large amount of cases are essential. Further mid- and long-term studies are required

Introduction. Robotics have been applied to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to improve surgical precision in component placement and joint function restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prosthetic component alignment in robotic arm-assisted (RA)-TKA performed with functional alignment and intraoperative fine-tuning, aiming for symmetric medial and lateral gaps in flexion/extension. It was hypothesized that functionally aligned RA-TKA the femoral and tibial cuts would be performed in line with the preoperative joint line orientation. Methods. Between September 2018 and January 2020, 81 RA cruciate retaining (CR) and posterior stabilized (PS) TKAs were performed at a single center. Preoperative radiographs were obtained, and measures were performed according to Paley's. Preoperatively, cuts were planned based on radiographic epiphyseal anatomies and respecting ±3° boundaries from neutral coronal alignment. Intraoperatively, the tibial and femoral cuts were modified based on the individual soft tissue-guided fine-tuning, aiming for symmetric medial and lateral gaps in flexion/extension. Robotic data were recorded. Results. A total of 56 RA-TKAs performed on varus knees were taken into account. On average, the tibial component was placed at 1.9° varus (SD 0.7) and 3.3° (SD 1.0) in the coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. The average femoral component alignment, based on the soft tissue tensioning with spoons, resulted as follows: 0.7° varus (SD 1.7) in the coronal plane and 1.8° (SD 2.1) of external rotation relative to surgical transepicondylar axis in the transverse plane. A statistically significant linear direct relationship was demonstrated between radiographic epiphyseal femoral and tibial coronal alignment and femoral (r=0.3, p<0.05) and tibial (r=0.3, p<0.01) coronal cuts, resepctively. Conclusion. Functionally aligned RA-TKA performed in varus knees, aiming for ligaments’ preservation and balanced flexion/extension gaps, provided joint line respecting femoral and tibial cuts on the coronal plane

Introduction. Component position and overall limb alignment following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been shown to influence prosthetic survivorship and clinical outcomes. 1. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy to plan of three-dimensional modeled (3D) TKA with manual TKA for component alignment and position. Methods. An open-label prospective clinical study was conducted to compare 3D modeling with manual TKA (non-randomized) at 4 U.S. centers between July 2016 and August 2018. Men and women aged > 18 with body mass index < 40kg/m. 2. scheduled for unilateral primary TKA were recruited for the study. 144 3DTKA and 86 manual TKA (230 patients) were included in the analysis of accuracy outcomes. Seven high-volume, arthroplasty fellowship-trained surgeons performed the surgeries. The surgeon targeted a neutral (0°) mechanical axis for all except 9 patients (4%) for whom the target was within 0°±3°. Computed tomography (CT) scans obtained approximately 6 weeks post-operatively were analyzed using anatomical landmarks to determine femoral and tibial component varus/valgus position, femoral component internal/external rotation, and tibial component posterior slope. Absolute deviation from surgical plan was defined as the absolute value of the difference between the CT measurement and the surgeon's operative plan. Smaller absolute deviation from plan indicated greater accuracy. Mean component positions for manual and 3DTKA groups were compared using two-sample t tests for unequal variances. Differences of absolute deviations from plan were compared using stratified Wilcoxon tests, which controlled for study center and accounted for skewed distributions of the absolute values. Alpha was 0.05 two-sided. At the time of this report, CT measurements of femoral component rotation position referenced from the posterior condylar axis were not yet completed; therefore, the current analysis of femoral component rotation accuracy to plan reflects one center that exclusively used manual instruments referencing the transepicondylar axis (TEA). Results. Coronal positions of the femoral components measured via CT for manual and 3D TKA, respectively, were (mean ± standard deviation) 0.1°±1.6° varus and 0.0°±1.4° varus (p=0.533); positions of the tibial components were 1.9°±2.4° varus and 0.9°±2.0° varus (p=0.002). Positions of external femoral component rotation relative to the TEA were 1.1°±2.3° and 0.5°±2.3°, respectively (p=0.036). Tibial slopes were 3.7°±3.0° and 3.2°±1.8°, respectively (p=0.193). Comparing absolute deviation from plan between groups, 3DTKA demonstrated greater accuracy for tibial component alignment [median (25. th. , 75. th. percentiles) absolute deviation from plan, 1.7° (0.9°, 2.9°) vs. 0.9°(0.4°, 1.9°), p<.001], femoral component rotation [1.4° (0.9°, 2.5°) vs. 0.9° (0.7°, 1.5°), p=0.015], and tibial slope [2.9° (1.5°, 5.0°) vs. 1.1° (0.6°, 2.0°), p<.001] (Table 1). Accuracy for femoral component alignment was comparable [1.0° (0.4°, 1.7°) vs. 0.9° (0.4°, 1.5°), p=0.159] (Table 1). Discussion and Conclusions. Our findings support improved accuracy to the surgical plan utilizing 3DTKA compared with manual TKA. Compared to manual TKA, 3DTKA cases were typically 47% more accurate for tibial component alignment, 62% more accurate for tibial slope, and 36% more accurate for femoral component rotation (calculated as percent reduction of median absolute deviation). The evaluation of femoral component coronal alignment reflected already very good baseline accuracy of the surgeons utilizing the intramedullary femoral guide system (Table 1). As optimal component position in TKA affects joint kinematics and may positively influence implant longevity, it is important for surgeons to maximize the opportunity to direct component positioning. Further clinical data is needed to study potential longer-term benefits of robotic technologies. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Background:. Appropriate positioning of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) components is a key concern of surgeons. Post-operative varus alignment has been associated with poorer clinical outcome scores and increased failure rates. However, obtaining neutral alignment can be challenging in cases with significant pre-operative varus deformity. Questions:. 1) In patients with pre-operative varus deformities, does residual post-operative varus limb alignment lead to increased revision rates or poorer outcome scores compared to correction to neutral alignment? 2) Does placing the tibial component in varus alignment lead to increased revision rates and poorer outcome scores? 3) Does femoral component alignment affect revision rates and outcome scores? 4) Do these findings change in patients with at least 10 degrees of varus alignment pre-operatively?. Patients and Methods:. 553 patients undergoing TKA for varus osteoarthritis were identified from a prospective database. Patients were divided into those with residual post-operative varus and those with neutral post-operative alignment. Revision rates and clinical outcome scores were compared between the two groups. Revision rates and outcome scores were also assessed based on post-operative component alignment. The analysis was repeated in a subgroup of patients with at least 10 degrees of pre-operative varus. Results:. At a mean follow-up of 5.7 years (range: 2 to 19.8 years), residual varus deformity did not yield significantly increased revision rates or poorer outcome scores. Varus tibial component alignment and valgus femoral component alignment were associated with poorer outcome scores. Results were similar in the significant varus subgroup. Conclusions:. Residual post-operative varus deformity after TKA does not yield poorer clinical results in patients with pre-operative varus deformities, providing tibial component varus is avoided

Objectives. Malrotation of the femoral component can result in post-operative complications in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including patellar maltracking. Therefore, we used computational simulation to investigate the influence of femoral malrotation on contact stresses on the polyethylene (PE) insert and on the patellar button as well as on the forces on the collateral ligaments. Materials and Methods. Validated finite element (FE) models, for internal and external malrotations from 0° to 10° with regard to the neutral position, were developed to evaluate the effect of malrotation on the femoral component in TKA. Femoral malrotation in TKA on the knee joint was simulated in walking stance-phase gait and squat loading conditions. Results. Contact stress on the medial side of the PE insert increased with internal femoral malrotation and decreased with external femoral malrotation in both stance-phase gait and squat loading conditions. There was an opposite trend in the lateral side of the PE insert case. Contact stress on the patellar button increased with internal femoral malrotation and decreased with external femoral malrotation in both stance-phase gait and squat loading conditions. In particular, contact stress on the patellar button increased by 98% with internal malrotation of 10° in the squat loading condition. The force on the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) increased with internal and external femoral malrotations, respectively. Conclusions. These findings provide support for orthopaedic surgeons to determine a more accurate femoral component alignment in order to reduce post-operative PE problems. Cite this article: K-T. Kang, Y-G. Koh, J. Son, O-R. Kwon, C. Baek, S. H. Jung, K. K. Park. Measuring the effect of femoral malrotation on knee joint biomechanics for total knee arthroplasty using computational simulation. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:552–559. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.511.BJR-2016-0107.R1

Introduction: It has been suggested that femoral component alignment in the coronal plane affects the risk of sustaining femoral neck fracture following hip resurfacing. Previous literature suggests that increasing the stem shaft angle to an extreme valgus position produces the most favourable biomechanical properties following femoral component insertion. We examined the effects of femoral component alignment during hip resurfacing on proximal femur strength. Methods: 3. rd. generation composite femurs shown to replicate biomechanical properties of human bone were used. The bones were secured in a position of single leg stance and tested with an Instron mechanical tester. Imageless computer navigation was used to position the guide wire during femoral head preparation. Specimens were placed in 115, 125 and 135 degrees of stem shaft angulation. No notching was made in the femoral neck during head preparation. The femoral components were cemented in place. Radiographs were taken ensuring that stem shaft angles were correct. Specimens were loaded to failure in the axial direction. Results: A component position of 115 degrees compared to 125 degrees reduced load to failure from 5475N to 3198N (p=0.009). A position of 135 degrees (5713N) compared to 125 degrees (5475N) did not significantly alter the load to failure (p=0.347). Component positioning at a stem shaft angle below 125 degrees resulted in a significant reduction in strength of the proximal femur. Placement of the component at 115 degrees reduced the load to failure by 42%. Discussion: Our findings suggest that a varus orientation may be at risk for causing femoral neck fracture. The advantages of increasing valgus angle beyond 125 degrees may not provide as much reduction in the incidence of femoral neck fracture as previously suggested, particularly when considering the inherent risk of femoral neck notching in these positions

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the angles made by the reference axes on the computerized tomography (CT) images and comparison of the knee alignment between healthy young adults and patients who is scheduled to have total knee arthroplasty. Materials and Methods. This study was conducted in 102 patients with osteoarthritis of knee joint who underwent preoperative computerized tomography (CT). The control group included 50 patients having no arthritis who underwent CT of knee. Axial CT image of the distal femur were used to measure the angles among the the anteroposterior (AP) axis, the posterior condylar axis (PCA), clinical transepicondylar axis (cTEA) and the surgical transepicondylar axis (sTEA). Then, the differences in amounts of rotation between normal and osteoarthritic knee was evaluated. Results. The mean angle between cTEA and PCA in the osteoarthritis group was 5.0°±2.2, whereas that in the control group was 5.5°±2.0. The mean angle between cTEA and sTEA in the osteoarthritis group was 3.7°±0.8, whereas that in the control group was 4.3°±0.6. The mean angle between AP axis and PCA in the osteoarthritic group was 93.25°±2.0, whereas in the control group was 96.3°±1.9. There was significant differences in angles between AP axis and PCA. But, no significant difference was seen in angles between cTEA and PCA, cTEA and sTEA in two groups. Conclusion. In result of this study, the angle between cTEA and PCA showed an average external rotation of 5.0° in osteoarthritic group. More external rotation was needed for the femoral component alignment than 3° recommended in usual total knee arthroplasty. The angle between AP axis and PCA is decreased in osteoarthritic knee compared with normal knee. But, osteoarthritic change of knee joint had no significant effect on the relationships of other axes

BACKGROUND. Computer navigation system offers an inherent advantage to surgeons improving the surgical technique of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in that it provides constant visual and numerical feedback throughout the procedure. On this basis, this study was designed to explore the chronologic change of surgical outcomes in TKA by a single surgeon with experience of over 50 Imageless navigation-assisted TKA procedures before. METHODS. Surgical outcomes were analyzed in 295 consecutive total knee arthroplasties treated in period 1 (2011.1–2012.12) in which both navigation (53 knees, P1-NAVI) and conventional technique (106 knees, P1-CON) were used and in period 2 (2013.1–2013.12) in which conventional technique (136 knees, P2-CON) was only used. The study parameters were implantation accuracy, clinical outcome, operation time and complications. Coronal femoral component and tibial component angle, and hip–knee–ankle mechanical axis alignment were evaluated. Results. A statistically significant superior result was achieved in final mechanical axis and coronal tibial component angle during P1-NAVI to P1-CON (p=0.00 and p=0.047). However, comparisons between P1-NAVI and P2-CON did not reveal the statistical significant differences in mechanical axis (p=0.08). Additionally during P2-CON, the result of mechanical axis alignment was superior to P1-CON (p=0.009). However, a statistically significant inferior result in coronal tibial component angle during P2-CON was shown in comparison with P1-NAVI (p=0.00) as well as P1-CON (p=0.02). In terms of coronal femoral component alignment, the statistically inferior result during P1-CON was shown in comparison with P1-NAVI (p=0.00) as well as P2-CON (p=0.01). There was no statistically significant differences between P1-NAVI and P2-CON (P=0.08). A statistically significant increase in operating time was found in P1-NAVI compared to P1-CON as well as P2-CON (p=0.01, p=0.00). Additionally, P1-CON has shown the increased operating time compared to P2-CON (p=0.02). There was no statistically significant differences in complications between P1-NAVI and P1-CON. However, the overall number of complication was decreased from period 1 (P1) to period 2 (P2). Conclusions. After stop using imageless navigation system, the mechanical axis and frontal femoral component angle was well maintained. But, surgeon could not maintain the coronal tibial component alignment. The operating time and number of complications were decreased over time. Based on this single surgeon's chronologic change of surgical outcomes, the continuing use for real time feedback such like navigation is needed to maintain the consistency of TKA

Arthrofibrosis remains a dominant post-operative complication and reason for returning to the OR following total knee arthroplasty. Trauma induced by ligament releases during TKA soft tissue balancing and soft tissue imbalance are thought to be contributing factors to arthrofibrosis, which is commonly treated by manipulation under anesthesia (MUA). We hypothesized that a robotic-assisted ligament balancing technique where the femoral component position is planned in 3D based on ligament gap data would result in lower MUA rates than a measured resection technique where the implants are planned based solely on boney alignment data and ligaments are released afterwards to achieve balance. We also aimed to determine the degree of mechanical axis deviation from neutral that resulted from the ligament balancing technique. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 301 consecutive primary TKA cases performed by a single surgeon. The first 102 consecutive cases were performed with a femur-first measured resection technique using computer navigation. The femoral component was positioned in neutral mechanical alignment and at 3° of external rotation relative to the posterior condylar axis. The tibia was resected perpendicular to the mechanical axis and ligaments were released as required until the soft tissues were sufficiently balanced. The subsequent 199 consecutive cases were performed with a tibia-first ligament balancing technique using a robotic-assisted TKA system. The tibia was resected perpendicular to the mechanical axis, and the relative positions of the femur and tibia were recorded in extension and flexion by inserting a spacer block of appropriate height in the medial and lateral compartments. The position, rotation, and size of the femoral component was then planned in all planes such that the ligament gaps were symmetric and balanced to within 1mm (Figure 1). Bone resection values were used to define acceptable limits of implant rotation: Femoral component alignment was adjusted to within 2° of varus or valgus, and within 0–3° of external rotation relative to the posterior condyles. Component flexion, anteroposterior and proximal-distal positioning were also adjusted to achieve balance in the sagittal plane. A robotic-assisted femoral cutting guide was then used to resect the femur according to the plan (Figure 2). CPT billing codes were reviewed to determine how many patients in each group underwent post-operative MUA. Post-operative mechanical alignment was measured in a subset of 50 consecutive patients in the ligament balancing group on standing long-leg radiographs by an independent observer. Results. Post-operative MUA rates were significantly lower in the ligament balancing group (0.5%; 1/199) than in the measured resection group (3.9%; 4/102), p=0.051. 91.3% (42/46) of knees were within 3° and 100% (46/46) were within 4° of neutral alignment to the mechanical axis post-operatively in the ligament balancing group. Conclusions. Gap driven femoral based planning in TKA resulted in a significantly lower post-operative manipulation rate than in the measured resection approach, while maintaining acceptable overall alignment to the mechanical axis

Aims

Distal femoral resection in conventional total knee arthroplasty (TKA) utilizes an intramedullary guide to determine coronal alignment, commonly planned for 5° of valgus. However, a standard 5° resection angle may contribute to malalignment in patients with variability in the femoral anatomical and mechanical axis angle. The purpose of the study was to leverage deep learning (DL) to measure the femoral mechanical-anatomical axis angle (FMAA) in a heterogeneous cohort.