Aims. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered transformative change in how clinicians interact with their patients. There has been a shift away from face-to-face toward virtual consultations. However, the evidence to support this change in practice is unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence base for virtual consultations for orthopaedics. Materials and Methods. Two independent reviewers performed a literature search based on PRISMA guidelines, utilizing the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases. Only studies reporting outcomes following the use of telemedicine for diagnosis, consultation, rehabilitation, and follow-up were included. Outcomes analyzed were: 1) Patient and clinician satisfaction, 2) Clinical outcome measures, and 3) Cost analysis of traditional vs teleconsultation. Results. A total of 41 studies were included. Fifteen studies compared clinical outcomes of telemedicine against a matched traditional cohort. Of these 15 studies, two demonstrated non-inferiority, nine showed no statistically significant difference and four found telemedicine to be superior. Eleven studies recorded patient reported outcomes, which demonstrated high patient satisfaction. Nine studies reported decreased costs when telemedicine was compared to traditional care. The remaining 6 studies had varied aims and methodologies that didn't fit well with any of these sub-headings. Conclusion. While the available evidence is limited, the studies assessed in this systematic review show that telemedicine can deliver high quality healthcare with good clinical outcomes and high patient satisfaction in a cost effective manner. Further studies are required to validate telemedicine for specific trauma and orthopaedic diagnoses

Level of evidence (LOE) determination is a reliable tool to assess the strength of research based on study design. Improvements in LOE are necessary for the advancement of evidence-based clinical care. The objectives of this study were to determine if the LOE presented at the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) annual meeting has improved over time and to determine how the LOE presented at MSTS annual meetings compares to that of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) annual meetings. We reviewed abstracts from the MSTS and OTA annual meeting podium presentations from 2005 to 2014. Three independent reviewers evaluated a total of 1222 abstracts for study type and LOE. Changes in the distributions of study type and LOE over time were evaluated by Pearson Chi-Squared test. There were a total of 577 podium abstracts from the MSTS and 645 from the OTA. Of the MSTS therapeutic studies, 0.5% (2/376) were level I, while 75% (281/376) were level IV. There was a seven-fold higher proportion of level I studies (3.4% [14/409]) and less than half as many level IV studies (32% [130/409]) presented at OTA. There was no improvement in the MSTS LOE for all study types (p=0.13) and therapeutic study types (p=0.36) over the study decade. In contrast, the OTA LOE increased significantly over this time period for all study types (p<0.01). The proportion of controlled therapeutic studies (LOE I through III) versus uncontrolled studies (LOE IV) increased significantly over time at the OTA (p<0.021), but not at the MSTS (p=0.10). Uncontrolled case series continue to dominate the MSTS scientific program, whereas over the past decade, higher-level studies and more modern study methodology has been employed by members of the OTA

Introduction. Various biomaterials and bone graft substitute technologies for use in osteomyelitis treatment are currently used in clinal practice. They vary in mode of action (with or without antibiotics) and clinical application (one-stage or two-stage surgery). This systematic review aims to compare the clinical evidence of different synthetic antimicrobial bone graft substitutes and antibiotic-loaded carriers in eradicating infection and clinical outcome in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Methods. Systematic review according to PRISMA statement on publications 2002-2023. MESH terms: osteomyelitis and bone substitutes. FREE terms: chronic osteomyelitis, bone infection. A standardized data extraction form was be used to extract data from the included papers. Results. Publications with increased methodological quality and clinical evidence for biomaterials in osteomyelitis treatment were published in the last decades. High 85-95% eradication rates of osteomyelitis were observed for various resorbable Ca-P and/or Ca-S biomaterials combined with antibiotics and S53P4 bioactive glass. Level of evidence varies significantly between products. Antibiotic pharmacokinetic release profiles vary between resorbable Ca-P and/or Ca-S biomaterials. Conclusion. Given the high 85-95% eradication rates of osteomyelitis by various resorbable Ca-P and/or Ca-S biomaterials combined with antibiotics and S53P4 bioactive glass, one-stage treatment is preferred. Surgeons should be aware of variations in mechanical properties and antibiotic pharmacokinetic release profiles between Ca-P and CA-s products. Mechanical, biological and antimicrobial properties of bioactive glass are formulation dependent. Currently, only S53P4 bioactive glass has proven antimicrobial properties. Based on this systematic review antibiotic loaded fleeces should be used with caution and restraint

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(8):494–496.

We performed this systematic overview on the overlapping meta-analyses that analyzed autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as an adjuvant in the repair of rotator cuff tears and identify the studies which provide the current best evidence on this subject and generate recommendations for the same. We conducted independent and duplicate electronic database searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects on September 8, 2021, to identify meta-analyses that analyzed the efficacy of PRP as an adjuvant in the repair of rotator cuff tears. Methodological quality assessment was made using Oxford Levels of Evidence, AMSTAR scoring, and AMSTAR 2 grades and used the Jadad decision algorithm to generate recommendations. 20 meta-analyses fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included. The AMSTAR scores of the included studies varied from 6–10 (mean:7.9). All the included studies had critically low reliability in their summary of results due to their methodological flaws according to AMSTAR 2 grades. The initial size of the tear and type of repair performed do not seem to affect the benefit of PRPs. Among the different preparations used, leucocyte poor (LP)-PRP possibly offers the greatest benefit as a biological augment in these situations. Based on this systematic overview, we give a Level II recommendation that intra-operative use of PRPs at the bone-tendon interface can augment the healing rate, reduce re-tears, enhance the functional outcomes and mitigate pain in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

Introduction. Retention and removal of children's orthopaedic metalwork is a contentious issue that has implications for current resource allocation, health economics, complication risks and can impact on future treatments. Understanding how to guide families make informed choices requires an overview of all the relevant evidence to date, and knowledge of where the evidence is lacking. Our aim was to systematically review the literature and provide a meta-analysis where possible, recommending either retention or removal. Materials and Methods. A search of the literature yielded 2420 articles, of which 22 papers were selected for the study analysis. Inclusion criteria: Any paper (evidence level I-IV) assessing the risks or benefits of retaining or removing orthopaedic metalwork in children. Exclusion criteria: Spinal implants; implant number < 40; < 75% recorded follow up; papers including implants in their analysis that always require removal; patients aged >18 years. Results. In total, 4988 patients (6412 implants) were included across all 22 studies. There was a significant amount of heterogenicity between studies. Overall the short term risks of metalwork retention and removal are low, with a few exceptions. In forearm plating re-fracture rates following removal were lower than those seen in studies looking at retained metalwork, provided removal occurred later than 12 months from the initial operation. Forearm re-fracture rates after removal of flexible nails significantly increased if removal was performed before 6 months. Major complications following routine metalwork removal from the proximal femur are relatively rare, with re-fracture rates of 1–5%. The majority of these re-fractures are seen in neuromuscular patients or in patients where removal occurs earlier than 6 months. Routine metalwork removal following SUFE had a complication rate of 30–60%. Conclusions. We found that there are certain subgroups of children that benefit from retention of metalwork and some that benefit from removal. There are several subgroups that we have identified which do not yet have sufficient long term evidence to make a balanced recommendation. We advise that families are made aware of what is known and what is unknown in order to allow for shared decision making

Abstract. Objective. Open fracture management in the United Kingdom and several other countries is guided by the British Orthopaedic Association's Standards for Trauma Number 4 (BOAST-4). This is updated periodically and is based on the best available evidence at the time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the evidence base forming this guidance and to highlight new developments since the last version in 2017. Methods. Searches have been performed using the PubMed, Embase and Medline databases for time periods a) before December 31, 2017 and from 01/01/2018–01/02/2021. Results have been summarised and discussed. Results. Several contentious issues remain within the 2017 guideline. Antibiotic guidance, the use of antibiotic impregnated PMMA beads and intramedullary devices, irrigation in the emergency department, time to theatre and the use of negative pressure dressings and guidance regarding the management of paediatric injuries have all demonstrated no clear consensus. Conclusion. The advent of the BOAST-4 guideline has been of huge benefit, however the refinement and improvement of this work remains ongoing. There remains a need for further study into these contentious issues previously listed

Chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) is treated operatively, whereas acute ligament injury is usually treated nonoperatively. Such treatments have been widely validated. Apoptosis is known to cause ligament degeneration; however, few reports have focused on the possible role of apoptosis in degeneration of ruptured lateral ankle ligaments. The aim of our study is to elucidate the apoptosis that occurs within anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) to further validate current CLAI treatments by adducing molecular and cellular evidence. Between March 2019 and February 2021, 50 patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. Ruptured ATFL tissues were collected from 21 CLAI patients (group C) and 17 acute ankle fracture patients (group A). Apoptotic cells were counted using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Western blotting for caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 and cytochrome c, was performed to explore intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 and cytochrome c, in ligament vessel endothelial cells. More apoptotic cells were observed in group C than group A in TUNEL assay. Western blotting revealed that the apoptotic activities of group C ligaments were significantly higher than those of group A (all p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9, and cytochrome c, in group C compared to group A. The ATFL apoptotic activities of CLAI patients were significantly higher than those of acute ankle fracture patients, as revealed biochemically and histologically. Our data further validate current CLAI treatments from a molecular and cellular perspective. Efforts should be made to reverse or prevent ATFL apoptosis in CLAI patients

Introduction

Following publication of the Ankle Injury Management (AIM) trial in 2016 which compared the management of ankle fractures with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) versus closed contact casting (CCC), we looked at how the results of this study have been adopted into practice in a trauma unit in the United Kingdom.

Aims. Bone demonstrates good healing capacity, with a variety of strategies being utilized to enhance this healing. One potential strategy that has been suggested is the use of stem cells to accelerate healing. Methods. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, WHO-ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov, as well as reference checking of included studies. The inclusion criteria for the study were: population (any adults who have sustained a fracture, not including those with pre-existing bone defects); intervention (use of stem cells from any source in the fracture site by any mechanism); and control (fracture healing without the use of stem cells). Studies without a comparator were also included. The outcome was any reported outcomes. The study design was randomized controlled trials, non-randomized or observational studies, and case series. Results. In all, 94 eligible studies were identified. The clinical and methodological aspects of the studies were too heterogeneous for a meta-analysis to be undertaken. A narrative synthesis examined study characteristics, stem cell methods (source, aspiration, concentration, and application) and outcomes. Conclusion. Insufficient high-quality evidence is available to determine the efficacy of stem cells for fracture healing. The studies were heterogeneous in population, methods, and outcomes. Work to address these issues and establish standards for future research should be undertaken. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-10:628–638

Objectives. The aim of this systematic literature review was to assess the clinical level of evidence of commercially available demineralised bone matrix (DBM) products for their use in trauma and orthopaedic related surgery. Methods. A total of 17 DBM products were used as search terms in two available databases: Embase and PubMed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses statement. All articles that reported the clinical use of a DBM-product in trauma and orthopaedic related surgery were included. Results. The literature search resulted in 823 manuscripts of which 64 manuscripts met the final inclusion criteria. The included manuscripts consisted of four randomised controlled trials (level I), eight cohort studies (level III) and 49 case-series (level IV). No clinical studies were found for ten DBM products, and most DBM products were only used in combination with other grafting materials. DBM products were most extensively investigated in spinal surgery, showing limited level I evidence that supports the use Grafton DBM (Osteotech, Eatontown, New Jersey) as a bone graft extender in posterolateral lumbar fusion surgery. DBM products are not thoroughly investigated in trauma surgery, showing mainly level IV evidence that supports the use of Allomatrix (Wright Medical, London, United Kingdom), DBX (DePuy Synthes, Zuchwil, Switzerland), Grafton DBM, or OrthoBlast (Citagenix Laval, Canada) as bone graft extenders. Conclusions. The clinical level of evidence that supports the use of DBM in trauma and orthopaedic surgery is limited and consists mainly of poor quality and retrospective case-series. More prospective, randomised controlled trials are needed to understand the clinical effect and impact of DBM in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. Cite this article: J. van der Stok, K. A. Hartholt, D. A. L. Schoenmakers, J. J. C. Arts. The available evidence on demineralised bone matrix in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: A systemati c review. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:423–432. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.67.BJR-2017-0027.R1

Background and objectives. The Alexander Technique (AT) is a self-care method usually taught in one-to-one lessons. AT lessons have been shown to be helpful in managing long-term health-related conditions (Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:98−112). This systematic review aims to draw together evidence of the effectiveness of AT lessons in managing musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions, with empirically based evidence of physiological changes following AT training, to provide a putative theoretical explanation for the observed benefits of Alexander lessons. Methods and results. Systematic searches of a range of databases were undertaken to identify prospective studies evaluating AT instruction for any musculoskeletal condition, using PICO criteria, and for studies assessing the physiological effects of AT training. Citations (N=332) were assessed and seven MSK intervention studies were included for further analysis. In two large well-designed randomised controlled trials, AT lessons led to significant long-term (1 year) reductions in pain and incapacity caused by chronic back or neck pain (usual GP-led care comparator). Three smaller RCTs in chronic back and neck pain, respectively, and a pain clinic service evaluation broadly supported these findings. A pilot study reported preliminary evidence for pain reduction in knee osteoarthritis patients. Further studies showed significant improvements in general coordination, walking gait, motor control and balance, possibly resulting from improved postural muscle tone regulation and adaptability, in people with extensive AT training. Conclusion. Available evidence supports the effectiveness of AT lessons for people with chronic back or neck pain. Studies suggest some of the observed benefit may be due to improvements in movement coordination, balance and postural tone. Conflicts of interest: None. Authors are practising Alexander Technique teachers. Funding: None

Numerous surgical techniques have been proposed and described in the treatment of Kienbock's disease. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the current evidence and trends in the management of Lichtman Stages IIIA and IIIB. We performed a literature search using the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies evaluating treatment outcomes in Stages IIIA and IIIB of Lichtman's Classification. We included studies between 2008 and 2018, and studies with Sackett levels one to four inclusively. We excluded studies that included skeletally immature patients, non-English papers, other hand diseases, and those without evidence of significance testing. We evaluated the quality of each included study using the Structured Effectiveness Quality Evaluation Scale (SEQES) and our outcomes of interest included Pain, ROM, Grip Strength, and Functionality. We identified 1489 titles from the various databases. 83 papers remained after the subtraction of duplicates and abstract review. Following full-text review of the remaining 83 papers, 43 more studies were excluded and 40 papers met the criteria for SEQES assessment. There were six low-quality papers and 34 moderate-quality papers. Meta-analysis was not possible due to the variability in how outcomes were reported. A variety of surgical options were presented including decompressions, joint-levelling procedures, revascularization techniques, fusions, arthroplasty and novel combinations of these techniques. These were mainly retrospective and/or cohort studies. Most of these papers had small sample sizes and required further studies. Nonetheless, all of these treatment modalities were shown to offer pain relief and some degree of return of function ranging from minimal improvement to return to normal daily functions. This systematic review has revealed a significant weakness in the literature and a lack of strong evidence in the treatment of Stages IIIA and IIIB of Kienbock's disease. The unknown etiology of this disease and its rarity make it very difficult to produce randomized controlled trials and appropriately-sized studies. As such, there is currently insufficient data to determine a superior treatment modality from another. Furthermore, the fact that most, if not all, surgical interventions produced positive results may also be a consequence of publication bias

Aim. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents significant challenges to healthcare systems globally. Orthopaedic surgeons are at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their close contact with patients in both outpatient and theatre environments. The aim of this review was to perform a literature review, including articles of other coronaviruses, to formulate guidelines for orthopaedic healthcare staff. Methods. A search of Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) databases was performed encompassing a variety of terms including ‘coronavirus’, ‘covid-19’, ‘orthopaedic’, ‘personal protective environment’ and ‘PPE’. Online database searches identified 354 articles. Articles were included if they studied any of the other coronaviruses or if the basic science could potentially applied to COVID-19 (i.e. use of an inactivated virus with a similar diameter to COVID-19). Two reviewers independently identified and screened articles based on the titles and abstracts. 274 were subsequently excluded, with 80 full-text articles retrieved and assessed for eligibility. Of these, 66 were excluded as they compared personal protection equipment to no personal protection equipment or referred to prevention measures in the context of bacterial infections. Results. There is a paucity of high quality evidence surrounding COVID-19. This review collates evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks to put forward recommendations for orthopaedic surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic. The key findings have been summarized and interpreted for application to the orthopaedic operative setting. Conclusion. For COVID-19 positive patients, minimum suggested PPE includes N95 respirator, goggles, face shield, gown, double gloves, and surgical balaclava. Space suits not advised. Be trained in the correct technique of donning and doffing PPE. Use negative pressure theatres if available. Minimize aerosolization and its effects (smoke evacuation and no pulse lavage). Minimize further unnecessary patient-staff contact (dissolvable sutures, clear dressings, split casts)

The mechanical alignment (MA) for Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) with neutral alignment goal has had good overall long-term outcomes. In spite of improvements in implant designs and surgical tools aiming for better accuracy and reproducibility of surgical technique, functional outcomes of MA TKA have remained insufficient. Therefore, alternative, more anatomicaloptions restoring part (adjusted MA (aMA) and adjusted kinematic alignment (aKA) techniques) or the entire constitutional frontal deformity (unicompartment knee arthroplasty (UKA) and kinematic alignment (KA) techniques) have been developed, with promising results. The kinematic alignment for TKA is a new and attractive surgical technique enabling a patient specific treatment. The growing evidence of the kinematic alignment mid-term effectiveness, safety and potential short falls are discussed in this paper. The current review describes the rationale and the evidence behind different surgical options for knee replacement, including current concepts in alignment in TKA. We also introduce two new classification systems for “implant alignments options” (Figure 1) and “osteoarthritic knees” (Figure 2) that would help surgeons to select the best surgical option for each patient. This would also be valuable for comparison between techniques in future research. For figures/tables, please contact authors directly.

The mechanical alignment (MA) for Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) with neutral alignment goal has had good overall long-term outcomes. In spite of improvements in implant designs and surgical tools aiming for better accuracy and reproducibility of surgical technique, functional outcomes of MA TKA have remained insufficient. Therefore, alternative, more anatomical options restoring part (adjusted MA (aMA) and adjusted kinematic alignment (aKA) techniques) or the entire constitutional frontal deformity (unicompartment knee arthroplasty (UKA) and kinematic alignment (KA) techniques) have been developed, with promising results. The kinematic alignment for TKA is a new and attractive surgical technique enabling a patient specific treatment. The growing evidence of the kinematic alignment mid-term effectiveness, safety and potential short falls are discussed in this paper. The current review describes the rationale and the evidence behind different surgical options for knee replacement, including current concepts in alignment in TKA. We also introduce two new classification systems for “implant alignments options” and “osteoarthritic knees” that would help surgeons to select the best surgical option for each patient. This would also be valuable for comparison between techniques in future research

Abstract. Objectives. Tendon and ligament injury poses an increasingly large burden to society. With surgical repair and grafting susceptible to high failure rates, tissue engineering provides novel avenues for treatment. This systematic review explores in vivo evidence whether mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can facilitate tendon and ligament repair in animal models. Methods. On May 26th 2021, a systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, using search terms ‘mesenchymal stem cell’ or ‘multipotent stem cell’ AND ‘extracellular vesicles’ or ‘exosomes’ AND ‘tendon’ or ‘ligament’ or ‘connective tissue’. Risk of bias was assessed using SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool. Studies administering EVs isolated from human or animal-derived MSCs into in vivo models of tendon/ligament injury were included. In vitro, ex vivo, in silico studies were excluded, and studies without a control group were excluded. Data on isolation and characterisation of MSCs and EVs, and in vivo findings in animal models were extracted. Results. Out of 383 relevant studies, 11 case-control studies were included for data extraction, including a total of 448 animal subjects (range 10–90). Six studies utilised bone marrow-derived MSCs. All studies characterised their MSCs via flow cytometry, which expressed CD44 and CD90, and isolated EVs via ultracentrifugation (average diameter 125nm). Five studies utilised histological scoring systems, all of which reported a lower score with EV treatment, suggesting improved healing ability. Four studies reported increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10, TGF-β1); three studies reported decreased endogenous M1/M2 macrophage ratio with EV treatment. Eight studies reported increased maximum stiffness, breaking load, tensile strength in EV-treated tendons. Conclusion. MSC-EVs are effective therapeutic agents for tendon/ligament pathologies, attenuating the initial inflammatory response, and accelerating tendon matrix regeneration. Future randomised controlled trials are needed to definitely demonstrate MSC-EVs superiority in management of tendon/ligament injury

To determine whether spinal facet osteoblasts at the curve apex display a different phenotype to osteoblasts from outside the curve in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Intrinsic differences in the phenotype of spinal facet bone tissue and in spinal osteoblasts have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS. However, no study has compared the phenotype of facet osteoblasts at the curve apex with the facet osteoblasts from outside the curve in patients with AIS.

Facet bone tissue was collected from three sites, the concave and convex side at the curve apex and from outside the curve from three female patients with AIS (aged 13–16 years). Micro-CT analysis was used to determine the density and trabecular structure. Osteoblasts were then cultured from the sampled bone. Osteoblast phenotype was investigated by assessing cellular proliferation (MTS assay), cellular metabolism (alkaline phosphatase and Seahorse Analyser), bone nodule mineralisation (Alizarin red assay), and the mRNA expression of Wnt signalling genes (quantitative RT-PCR).

Convex bone showed greater bone mineral density and trabecular thickness than did concave bone. The convex side of the curve apex exhibited a significantly higher proliferative and metabolic phenotype and a greater capacity to form mineralised bone nodules than did concave osteoblasts. mRNA expression of SKP2 was significantly greater in both concave and convex osteoblasts than in non-curve osteoblasts. The expression of SFRP1 was significantly downregulated in convex osteoblasts compared with either concave or non-curve.

Intrinsic differences that affect osteoblast function are exhibited by spinal facet osteoblasts at the curve apex in patients with AIS.

Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone or bone marrow with a concomitant inflammation involving the bone marrow and the surrounding tissues. Chronic osteomyelitis is historically treated in a two-stage fashion with antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate as local antibacterial therapy. Two-stage surgeries are associated with high morbidity, long hospitalization and high treatment costs. Next to antibiotic releasing biomaterials, S53P4 bioactive glass is a biomaterial that enables one-stage surgery in local treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. S53P4 bioactive glass is gaining interests in recent years in clinical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in a one-stage fashion due to its antibacterial and bone regenerating capacities. By changing local pH and osmotic pressure S53P4 bioactive glass attack bacteria in a different way as compared to antibiotics. In this presentation, we will present current clinical treatment options for osteomyelitis, clinical results and level of evidence of various biomaterials used in osteomyelitis treatment. In addition, the clinical results and health-economic results of S53P4 bioactive glass will be detailed. Thereafter a summary of the current standing across the board in osteomyelitis treatment will be provided

Abstract