Ancient Egypt was a highly developed agrarian society with a massive civil engineering capability. Trauma and skeletal disease were common and vestiges of the evidence for that survive, largely in the form of hieratic images and papyri dedicated to the practice of medicine. The earliest treatise on trauma is the Edwin Smith papyrus, possibly the work of Imhotep. This study details some remarkable examples of musculoskeletal pathology including fatal open fractures, foot deformity of Tutankhamun, and the earliest recorded instances of child abuse

Photobiomodulation (PBM), the use of light for regenerative purposes, has a long history with first documentations several thousand years ago in ancient Egypt and a Nobel Price on this topic at the beginning of last century (by Niels Finsen). Nowadays, it is in clinical use for indications such as wound healing, pain relief and anti-inflammatory treatment. Given the rising numbers of in vitro studies, there is increasing evidence for the underlying mechanisms such as wavelength dependent reactive oxygen production and adenosine triphosphate generation. In cartilage regeneration, the use of PBM is controversially discussed with divergent results in clinics and insufficient in vitro studies. As non-invasive therapy, PMB is, though, of particular importance, since a general regenerative stimulus would be of great benefit in the otherwise only surgically accessible tissues. We therefore investigated the influence of different wavelengths - blue (475 nm), green (516 nm) or red (635 nm) of a low-level laser (LLL) - on the chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes and adipose derived stromal cells of different human donors and applied the light in different settings (2D, 3D) with cells in a proliferative or differentiating stage. All assessed parameters (spheroid growth, histology, matrix quantification and gene expression) revealed an influence of LLL on chondrogenesis in a donor-, wavelength- and culture-model-dependent manner. Especially encouraging was the finding, that cells with poor chondrogenic potential could be improved by one single 2D treatment. Amongst the three wave lengths, red light was the most promising one with the most positive impact. Although in vivo data are still missing, these in vitro results provide evidence for a proper biofunctional effect of LLL