Intra-articular injections of local anaesthetics (LA), glucocorticoids (GC), or hyaluronic acid (HA) are used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Contrast agents (CA) are needed to prove successful intra-articular injection or aspiration, or to visualize articular structures dynamically during fluoroscopy. Tranexamic acid (TA) is used to control haemostasis and prevent excessive intra-articular bleeding. Despite their common usage, little is known about the cytotoxicity of common drugs injected into joints. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of LA, GC, HA, CA, and TA on the viability of primary human chondrocytes and tenocytes Human chondrocytes and tenocytes were cultured in a medium with three different drug dilutions (1:2; 1:10; 1:100). The following drugs were used to investigate cytotoxicity: lidocaine hydrochloride 1%; bupivacaine 0.5%; triamcinolone acetonide; dexamethasone 21-palmitate; TA; iodine contrast media; HA; and distilled water. Normal saline served as a control. After an incubation period of 24 hours, cell numbers and morphology were assessed.Objectives
Methods
Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth
factor 2 (FGF2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) on the expression
of genes involved in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts
in culture were analysed. The best sequence of growth factor addition
that induces expansion of cells before their differentiation was
sought. Primary human osteoblasts in Objectives
Methods
This review briefly summarises some of the definitive
studies of articular cartilage by microscopic MRI (µMRI) that were
conducted with the highest spatial resolutions. The article has
four major sections. The first section introduces the cartilage
tissue, MRI and µMRI, and the concept of image contrast in MRI.
The second section describes the characteristic profiles of three
relaxation times (T1, T2 and T1ρ)
and self-diffusion in healthy articular cartilage. The third section
discusses several factors that can influence the visualisation of
articular cartilage and the detection of cartilage lesion by MRI
and µMRI. These factors include image resolution, image analysis
strategies, visualisation of the total tissue, topographical variations
of the tissue properties, surface fibril ambiguity, deformation
of the articular cartilage, and cartilage lesion. The final section
justifies the values of multidisciplinary imaging that correlates
MRI with other technical modalities, such as optical imaging. Rather
than an exhaustive review to capture all activities in the literature,
the studies cited in this review are merely illustrative.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an important cause of
pain, disability and economic loss in humans, and is similarly important in
the horse. Recent knowledge on post-traumatic OA has suggested opportunities
for early intervention, but it is difficult to identify the appropriate
time of these interventions. The horse provides two useful mechanisms
to answer these questions: 1) extensive experience with clinical
OA in horses; and 2) use of a consistently predictable model of
OA that can help study early pathobiological events, define targets
for therapeutic intervention and then test these putative therapies.
This paper summarises the syndromes of clinical OA in horses including
pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, and details controlled studies
of various treatment options using an equine model of clinical OA.
